Cosmological Distances in Five General Cosmic Models

Four cosmological distances were investigated in the light of the five general cosmic models which were developed in a previous study. These are the proper distance, luminosity distance, angular diameter distance and distance modulus. Each of these distances was studied in terms of the redshift of the extragalactic objects. Estimations of the horizon distance of the universe, the total mass and the mass of matter within the horizon distance, the equivalent numbers of the Milky Way-like galaxies and the Coma-like clusters of galaxies to the mass of matter were determined in the general models at the present time.


Introduction
One of the most interesting aspects of investigating cosmic models is determination of cosmological distances of the extragalactic objects in these models such as the proper distance, luminosity distance, angular diameter distance (the proper distance of the object when its light was emitted) and distance modulus.
In a previous study five general cosmic models were developed using comprehensive selection ratios of the universe components which are luminous matter, dark matter, photons, neutrinos, and dark energy [1].Although some physical properties of the universe were discussed in these models, we concentrate in this article on precise determination of cosmic distances of the extragalactic objects in terms of their redshifts.
The importance of this study comes from the fact that the cosmic distances mentioned above are most commonly used in many cosmological researches.As a consequence of specifying cosmic distances, interesting estimations were computed in the general models at the present time.These estimations are horizon distance, total mass within the horizon distance, mass of matter (luminous and dark matter) within the horizon distance, and its equivalent numbers of both the Milky Way-like galaxies and the Coma-like clusters.
Description of methodology is given in Section 2, while results and discussion are presented in Section 3. Accuracy and errors are illustrated in Section 4, and conclusions are shown in Section 5.

Methodology
The proper distance of an extragalactic object at present time is given by where 0 is the radial comoving coordinate of the object now, and where is the scale factor of the universe expansion, the speed of light, e the emission time of the object photon and the curvature of space in the Substituting by Equation (3) in Equation (1) we get From [1] we have seen that the expansion speed of the niverse is u where ,0 ,0 and ,0 r are the density parameters of the dark energy, matter and radiation at the present time respectively.0 , m     H is the Hubble parameter at the present time.Equation ( 5) can be written as Substituting by Equation (6) in Equation ( 4) we find where   where The Robertson-Walker metric of spacetime which describes the expansion or contraction of homogeneous and isotropic universe is given by where , , r   are the comoving coordinates of a point in space.The volume of three dimensional sphere can be written as where det RW g is the determinant of the spatial part of the Robertson-Walker metric matrix and given by   Substituting by (15) in (13) we have For flat space (1) and (2) give Substituting by ( 17) in ( 16) we get at the present time Similarly the volume of sphere of radius From the previous study [1] it is obvious that at any given cosmic time the total density of the universe is given by where the parameters , , , The mass of matter within is Since the masses of the Milky Way galaxy MW M and the Coma cluster are , [2], where is the solar mass.Therefore the equivalent numbers of the Milky Way-like galaxies and the Coma-like clusters to

Results and Discussion
The proper distance-redshift relation (7) in the general models up to is plotted in Figure 1, where the distributions increase with and they coincide on each other for but they slightly diverge from each other afterwards such that the distributions of the general models where 0 is the decelerating parameter of the universe at the present time [3,4] and the difference between the two estimations increases also with This is due to the repulsive effect of the dark energy.Initially, when the universe has small volume the effect of gravity is greater than the effect of dark energy, so the initial expansion rate of the universe is slow just as in Friedmaun models.However, there will come a point when the repulsive effect of the dark energy will equal and then exceeds the effect of gravity and the universe will expand in continuously increasing rate.In this case, distant galaxies will have greater distances from us than their distances in the case of the Friedmaun models [5].
. z Figure 3 illustrates the distributions of the angular diameter distance-redshift relation (9) in the general models up to 6. z  These distributions coincide on each other for 2.8182, z  then they start diverging slightly from each other with the distributions of the general models , A C and are at the top followed by those of the general models and respectively.All distributions raise up appreciably fast until the value max B D E z z  given in each general model in Table 1, then the distributions decrease gradually with increasing .
z The distance modulus-redshift relation is determined using Equations ( 8) and ( 10) and represented by the   distributions in the general models up to exhibited in Figure 4.It is prominent that increases continuously with in all general models, and the distributions of these models coincide on each other.

Values of
M W and COMA were computed in the general models at the present time using Equations ( 11) and ( 22)-( 25) respectively.These values and their possible ranges are shown in Table 2.More details about calculations of these estimations are given in the next section.

Accuracy and Errors
In computing the proper distance of an extragalactic object at the present time in terms of its redshift one can get an average value of to good degree of accuracy by applying Equation ( 7), where the parameters 0 , 0 and  2.

Conclusions
In this paper distributions of the proper distance, luminosity distance, angular diameter distance and distance modulus were investigated in terms of the redshift of an   extragalactic object in the light of the five general cosmic models which were constructed in a previous paper.It is found that all of these cosmological distances increase continuously with redshift except the angular diameter distance which increases very rapidly with redshift to maximum value and then it decreases gradually with increasing .z Calculations of the horizon distance, the total mass and the mass of matter within the horizon distance, the equivalent numbers of the Milky Way-like galaxies and the Coma-like clusters of galaxies to the mass of matter were all obtained in the general cosmic models at the present time.
10) where are the apparent and absolute magnitudes of the object.The distances , It is obvious from Equation (7) that the horizon distance of the universe at the present time is given by

A
and C are at the top followed by those of the general models and respectively., , B D E The distributions of the luminosity distance-redshift relation in the general models up to are shown in Figures 2(a)-(e).In each figure the upper curve represents Equation (8) and the lower curve represents the relation

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.The proper distance redshift relation in the general cosmic models up to z = 6.

FFigure 2 .
Figure 2. (a) The luminosity distance redshift relation in the general cosmic model A and Λ = 0 model up to z = 1; (b) The luminosity distance redshift relation in the general cosmic model B and Λ = 0 model up to z = 1; (c) The luminosity distance redshift relation in the general cosmic model C and Λ = 0 model up to z = 1; (d) The luminosity distance redshift relation in the general cosmic model D and Λ = 0 model up to z = 1; (e) The luminosity distance redshift relation in the general cosmic odel E and Λ = 0 model up to z = 1.m possible observed 163 models of the case A[1].Assume the average of these 163 values of is t M t N M W and COMA with their possible ranges in the general models as illustrated in Table

Figure 3 .
Figure 3.The angular diameter distance redshift relation in the general cosmic models up to z = 6.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4.The distance modulus redshift relation in the general cosmic models up to z = 6.Table 2. Estimation of the horizon distance , the total mass and the mass of matter within the horizon distance, the equivalent numbers of the Milky way-like galaxies and the Coma-like clusters to the mass of matter in the general cosmic models at the present time.Model