Dark Energy from Kaluza-Klein Spacetime and Noether ’ s Theorem via Lagrangian Multiplier Method

The supposedly missing dark energy of the cosmos is found quantitatively in a direct analysis without involving ordinary energy. The analysis relies on five dimensional Kaluza-Klein spacetime and a Lagrangian constrained by an auxiliary condition. Employing the Lagrangian multiplier method, it is found that this multiplier is equal to the dark energy of the cosmos and is given by           2 2 2 21 22 mc 2 21 22 5 2 E D mc k k mc             where E is energy, m is mass, c is the speed of light,   5 1 2    and  is the Lagrangian multiplier. The result is in full agreement with cosmic measurements which were awarded the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics as well as with the interpretation that dark energy is the energy of the quantum wave while ordinary energy is the energy of the quantum particle. Consequently dark energy could not be found directly using our current measurement methods because measurement leads to wave collapse leaving only the quantum particle and its ordinary energy intact.

where E is energy, m is mass, c is the speed of light, and  is the Lagrangian multiplier.The result is in full agreement with cosmic measurements which were awarded the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics as well as with the interpretation that dark energy is the energy of the quantum wave while ordinary energy is the energy of the quantum particle.Consequently dark energy could not be found directly using our current measurement methods because measurement leads to wave collapse leaving only the quantum particle and its ordinary energy intact.


where . This is approximately equal to [32].
In the present work we proceed directly to calculating E(D) from first principles without any reference to ordinary energy: 2 We mention in anticipation of the following sections that our main tools which we use to achieve our goal will be a combination of Noether's theorem [5], the symmetry groups of the standard model [5] and a simple Lagrangian (£) endowed with a multiplier  to account for certain auxiliary conditions (G) connected to symmetry and dimensions constraining the variation of the Lagrangian [9,33].In anticipation of the main conclusion of the present work we stress that our failure to measure the dark energy is unambiguously linked to the act of measurement itself which leads to the collapse of the quantum wave which is the reason for the existence of dark energy and we are left with the ordinary energy of the quantum particle only i.e. the measured 4.5 percent of the total energy of the cosmos [1][2][3][4]16,32].

The Standard Model and Kaluza-Klein Spacetime
The main idea behind the present strategy of calculating the dark energy is to calculate a density ratio representing the degree of emptiness or what is equivalent the sparseness of elementary messenger particles with respect to empty space [5,9].To do this we have to quantify the relevant inherent values of particles and space.It is self-evident that the first is given directly by the number of elementary messenger particles of the standard model [5,34], while the second is slightly more involved and requires us to think deeply about the compactified dimensions of the bosonic space of the strong interactions as well as the Kaluza-Klein D = 5 unification of gravity and electromagnetism [26,27,29,30].We start with the messenger particles of the standard model.

Lie Symmetry Groups and the Standard Model
At the time when Einstein and others considered the problems leading to the special theory of relativity around 1905 [5,[35][36][37], nothing was then known about the elementary particles except for the electron and the photon and Maxwell's electromagnetic field theory [5].
In the meantime we have an almost complete standard model which beside the photon (U(1)) consists of an additional eleven messenger particles, 8 Gluons for the strong force in addition to three weak force massive bosons [5,9].These particles correspond to the 11 + 1 = 12 generators of the combined Lie symmetry group of the standard model [5,9,19]       i.e., twelve massless gauge bosons [9,19].

Bosonic Strings Dimensions and Kaluza-Klein Spacetime
To unify gravity with electromagnetism [5], T. Kaluza first and O. Klein later on proposed a curved five dimensional extension of Einstein's general relativity [26,27].
Much later the 26 dimensional bosonic string theory was developed and was motivated by the experimental success of Veneziano's dual resonance model and Nambu strings [17].Thus a maximum of 26 dimensions are needed and a minimum of five dimensions are required for the partial electromagnetic gravity unification [5].The preceding information is reasonably sufficient to start our dark energy analysis.

Messenger Particles Density in D = 5 Kaluza-Klein Space
In Heterotic string theory we have 16 extra dimensions and 26 running in the opposite direction [17].Taking out the five K-K spacetime dimensions, we are left with 16 -5 = 11 and 26 -5 = 21 dimensions [5,9,17,18].We note that this eleven (11) corresponds to the 12 messenger particles of the standard model minus the single photon of U (1) involved in special relativity which is indirectly included in the Kaluza-Klein unification of gravity with electromagnetism [26,27,29].Seen in this way, the density of the messenger particles with respect to "non-utilized space" is given approximately by [5,19]  We note that this G will play a fundamental role in our analysis.

Noether's Theorem and Lagrangian in Multiplier λ Constraint on the Energy
Noether's theorem [5,19] shows us clearly the vital connection between symmetry, quantum particles and the conservation of energy.Thus the 12 -1 = 11 messenger particles which are materialized by symmetry breaking bifurcation must be taken into account via the Lagrangian multiplier method to account for the constraint on energy in contrast to freely variating Newton's kinetic energy when we let the velocity v tend to the velocity of light c.The same applies to the 26 -5 = 21 compactified bosonic dimensions [17].

Isoperimetric Variation Function Leading to Dark Energy E(D)
Next we write down a simple energy function playing the role of a Lagrangian in terms of a state variable "a" which need not be specified for the present purpose [33] 2 2 The leading positive term in the bracket is clearly nothing more than Newton's kinetic energy while  is a Lagrangian multiplier and G is the constraining auxiliary condition [33].
Letting the velocity the energy function of ( 5) becomes where c is the speed of light.Finally for a stable steady state solution given by vanishing of the second variation one obtains   Solving for  one finds Thus dark energy is a scaling of Einstein's famous equation using a Weyl-Nottale scaling [7,19] exponent equal to 21 22       .Furthermore, we gain a new and marvellous equation resulting from summing up ordinary energy E(O) and dark energy E(D) and finding Einstein's energy exactly as we hoped and quite honestly as we expected from the outset [9,16].

The Transfinitely Exact Analysis
To arrive at the exact expression for dark energy density which we know from the set-theoretical E-Infinity quantum mechanics to be [16,31]    and derive this formula without resorting to our fundamental result, namely that ordinary energy is the energy of the quantum particle while dark energy is the energy of the quantum wave as per the wave-particle duality, we proceed as follows: From fractal logic [34] we know that the fractal weight of the number of the 12 gauge bosons of the standard model is not 12 but the transfinite fuzzy value   which means [19,34] (11) 0 12 11.70820393

  
In addition the photon is given by the fractal weight number   5 1 2 0.618033989     rather than the classical unity [19,34].Consequently one finds [34]   and  is Hardy's probability of quantum entanglement [20,23,25].Similarly, the 26 bosonic string dimensions are actually 26 + k where   Proceeding as in the integer analysis but using our new transfinite fractal weight values, we find the corresponding Lagrangian In other words the dark energy density is given by in full harmony with our previous integer approximation analysis of Section 3.3.The result given by ( 16) is confirmation of the fact that dark energy is the energy of the Schrödinger quantum wave [32].This has considerable implications on both the theoretical and experimental level.

Conclusions
A method for determining the dark energy density of the cosmos is presented based on the concept of gauge boson density in a D = 5 Kaluza-Klein spacetime combined with 26 dimensional bosonic string space and using Noether's theorem.It was found that the multiplier  constraining the corresponding Lagrangian is equal to the dark energy density This is the complementary energy of the quantum particle and refers exclusively to the absolute value of the negative energy of the quantum wave [32].The result is in superb agreement with the measurement executed by the research teams of the three 2011 Nobel Laureates of dark energy [1,4,11].Finally it is vital to note that dark energy is of opposite sign to ordinary energy.Noting that ordinary energy is obviously connected to attracting gravity, it follows logically that dark energy is the cause of anti-gravity, i.e. it is behind the observed puzzling increase in the rate of cosmic expansion [1][2][3][4][10][11][12].In other words  plays the role of a cosmological constant without putting anything by hand as in some alternative theories [2,3,5].Finally we should stress that our failure to measure dark energy is basically connected to the measurement problem of quantum mechanics [5,25].Since measurement collapses the quantum wave [5] there is currently no means for a direct measurement of the dark energy of the wave unless we find a way for a collapse free measurement.This maybe the most important lesson we could learn from the entire problem of the missing dark energy of the cosmos [1][2][3][4][9][10][11][12]16,32].