Branch Dynamics : A Theoretical Interpretation of Natural Phenomena

The mechanism of natural branching is explored, which is characterized by branch dynamics, where interior dynamics and exterior dynamics reveal the unified mechanism of physical and biological phenomena. While interior dynamics is characterized by gene-interaction, gene-interchange and gene-interpretation via the quaternion mathematical processes of Cayley-Dickson branching, Grassman branching and Euclidian branching, exterior dynamics is characterized by multi-vector physical unification. Everything in the world is linked by branches, and the dynamic mechanism of the branching phenomena is approached by branch dynamics.


Introduction
The phenomenon of branching is omnipresent in our world.We can see branches anywhere, whether in the cosmos or in bio-organisms, in mountains, rivers, trees, fingers and blood vessels.Everything develops with branches.Branching is a general natural process in the world, reflecting the unity of the nature.So, branches should be brought into our thinking about physical reality [1].
Let us begin with quaternion and multi-vector mathematical methodology for describing branches.

Structure of Branches
When we choose a quaternion basis {1, i, j, k}, there are Then a quaternion q is denoted by 0 1 2 3 q q q i q j q k     Equation ( 1) can also be written as the form of dual complexes when we introduce a scalar function 0 q   and a vector function And when we record Equation (1.4) as it is a Cayley-Dickson construction [2].So, there exist scalar-vector branching and Cayley-Dickson branching in quaternion and we can call the branches a Hamilton representation of a quaternion, which guides us into the branch world.
Meanwhile, there is multi-vector M k (k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4), where M k is a multi-vector of grade k. k = 0 is scalar, k = 1 vector, k = 2 bivector, k = 3 pseudovector and k = 4 pseudoscalar [3][4][5] as in which Ψ = φ -iθ constructs a complex wave function of matter, while A = V -iU forms a complex vector function of matter particles in space-time and F maintains a bivector as interaction.Equation ( 5) means that matter combines wave function and vector function with their interaction, which is an image fitting the duality of waveparticle, within the concept of combining mass and energy as matter.
The conjuncture of M is


A q q q  , Equation (1) can be also recorded as a scalar-vector construction of quaternion M can be divided into two parts, even M, M + , as left M, M L , and odd M, M  , as right M, M R : The reversion of multi-vector M, denoted by M  , can be defined as In order to describe the branching process, quaternion and multi-vector mathematics are suitable.When we combine quaternionic algebra, geometric algebra and calculus, the mathematical structure for branch dynamics will become apparent.
Suppose R, C, and H denote respectively real, complex, and quaternion fields.For a complex and , called the real part and imaginary part respectively.And for a quaternion with , record and , called the real or scalar part and vector or pure quaternion part respectively.

 
Ve q  Pu q   z  While a quaternion (q) can be expressed by the scalar-vector construction and the Cayley-Dickson construction, there is a conjugation of q with q q  and norm and where and P constructs 3-dimentional Euclidean vector space.

H R P  
Using Pauli matrices and Dirac spinors [6][7][8], we know that a quaternion can split into 2 × 2 complex matrices by substitution , where i  are the standard complex Pauli matrices as follows (together with unit matrix 0 and Dirac matrices become 0 0 0 , 0 0 We see that Equation (15) is the same as the conjugation of q, Equation (10), as  , which means that the Pauli representation and Hamilton representation become conjugations of each other.The algebraic structure shows that the Hamilton representation and Pauli representation exist naturally for a quaternion, which constructs a conjugation pair.
In the Hamilton representation, there are a Cayley-Dickson branch, a Grassman branch and a Euclidian branch, in which the Cayley-Dickson branch is produced by the multiplication of quaternion G 1 and quaternion G 2 with the form of the dual complex function form as   The Grassman branch produced by the multiplication of quaternion G 1 and quaternion G 2 with the form of scalar-vector representation as left branch and a similar Euclidian branch as right branch Noncommutative associative quaternion algebra provides rich algebraic branch structures, which establishes the foundations of branching.And a similar structure could be broadened to octonion (both quaternion algebra and octonion algebra belong to Clifford algebra), if we abandoned the associative property and then got only the alternative algebraic structure.
For multi-vector M, the frame basis can be unified in geometric algebra, spanned by And for multi-vectors M and N, the geometric product is defined as where.means inner product and outer product.

Interior Dynamics of Branches
Using the idea of genes, if there are two quaternion genes G 1 and G 2 in a physical or biological system, with the following forms Copyright © 2013 SciRes.IJMNTA where we can call φ i information functions and A i potential functions (i = 1,2), their algebraic branches will construct their interior dynamics.This process (called 3I) includes the following steps.

Gene Interaction
A multiple of two genes will produce a Cayley-Dickson branch, a Grassman branch, and a Euclidian branch.The Cayley-Dickson branch determines the mainstem: A scalar-vector branch produces various branches, and new genes will be produced when information functions and quality-quantity functions interact in a Grassman branch and a Euclidian branch:

Gene Interchange
The combination or mutation of two genes will also produce new genes such as  2 A

Gene Interpretation
A gene may develop or represent in time-space (t, s) and interact with its environment.During this process, fractals will be generated at the ends.When genes and time-space are present, a physical body will be generated naturally.This is a unified interior mechanism of nature.

Exterior Dynamics of Branches
Synthesizing mathematical quaternion and multi-vector and physical theories [10][11][12], the world is described by notations Keeping the local gauge invariance of physical laws, we know e , e ; where R means Lorentz rotation and matrix UU -1 = I.
When the left branch is driven by M + = Ψ -B and right branch by M  = A and Ψ = φiθ and A are linked by following equation we see that the exterior dynamics is mastered by and so the system Lagrangians become

Branch Dynamics of the Physical and Biological World
Branch dynamics can naturally produce physical and biological branching in cases where two genes act with each other in quaternion space-time.Via the main-stem process of gene-interaction, gene-interchange and gene-interpretation in interior dynamics, various branches are generated and form fractals at the ends.When left and right branching are controlled by physics, exterior developing can be naturally formed.

Two Branching
When interior genes are mastered by gene functions G i and G j , it will produce a Grassman branch

Acknowledgements
The author is grateful to Ms. Regina P. Entorf at Wittenberg University in the US for her assistance with English wording.
At present, whether exterior development is dominated by left or right action, two branching will be produced.The two branches form a basic branch structure in the world, both physically and biologically.Obviously, left and right branches will not be complete symmetry.
a quaternion has an equivalent representation which we can call the Pauli representation as