A Model of Spatial Spread of an Infection with Applications to HIV/AIDS in Mali

In this paper we introduce a classical SI model to capture the spread of an infectious disease within a population. More precisely, the spatial diffusion of HIV/AIDS in a population is modeled. For that, we assume that the spread is due to the anarchical comportment of infected individuals along a road, especially, “lorry drivers”. The question which consists of the control of the infection is also addressed. Infected individuals moving from a town to another one, the diffusion is then anisotropic with a main direction of propagation, namely the road direction. Using a semi-group argument and a maximum principle, the uniqueness of a solution to the problem is established. This solution is also estimated. We end this paper by considering some numerical experiments in the case of HIV/AIDS spread in Mali along a road connecting two towns.


Introduction
Let be an open bounded lipschitzian domain of satisfying the cone property in which it will be assumed that the population is fixed.To describe the disease transmission, a traditional model is introduced.Each member of the population is supposed to belong to one of the these two classes: Susceptible individuals (denoted by ) or Infected individuals (denoted by  2  SI S I ).Each individual which begins in the class , moves to the class S I , having had a contact with an infected person.Infected individuals eventually recover from the disease due to a medical treatment.The disease is assumed to be transmitted from infected to susceptible individuals with a probability 0   , by a "mass action" contact term and spreads spatially with the coefficient 0   .The infected individuals are assumed to recover at a per capita rate of 0   .Demographic changes are neglected under the assumption that the duration of the epidemic is short in comparison with the average life span of an individual.Assuming these assumptions to be relevant, we suppose that the following holds: there are positive constants 0 ;0 ;0 such that functions and satisfy: At an initial time 0 t  , we have two nonnegative, regular The no flux boundary conditions mean that the system is isolated.
The propagation of the disease for a fixed 0 T  is governed by the following simple model: where denotes the outward normal vector to n  .
System (1) has also been used to modelling chemistry reactions (with a different sign in reaction term) [1] or combustion phenomenon.
Even if the dynamics of the system (1) is quite simple, the question we address in this work is: are there parameters that allow to control the system in a finite time in case where the spacial diffusion is directed?In [2] a model structured by spatial position in a bounded onedimensional environment is proposed and analyzed.The spatial mobility is assumed to be governed by random diffusion with coefficients 1 and 2 for the susceptible and infected individuals, respectively.

k k
In the present paper, the susceptible population doesn't move away, so that its diffusion coefficient is equal to zero.Many other models of epidemics with spatial diffusion are studied, see for example [3,4].
The paper is organized as follows: In Section 2 some a priori estimates are derived for the solution of the system (1).In Section 3 the existence and uniqueness of solutions are studied.In Section 4, the existence of coefficients  , S I   and  allowing to control the system (1) in a finite time is derived.This section is ended with some numerical results which take into account the data of the spread of VIH/AIDS in Mali.

A Priori Estimates
We denote by (respectively, ) the classical Sobolev space of order 1 (respectively, Sobolev space of order 2) [5].Let be fixed.By integrating the first equation of the system (1) we obtain Definition 2.1.A pair of functions  ,  I S defined on   0;T is said to be a solution to the system (1) whether I S be a solution of the system (1), then the following holds: A very easy computation provides the following equation, for the function  ,  The weak maximum principle applies [5] and thus

Existence of a Solution
Existence of solution to (1) will be obtained using some classical arguments.Define the unbounded linear opera-tor with homogeneous Neumann boundary conditions and where It is well known that A is strongly elliptic and invertible [6,7].Define the function Since the function F is continuously differentiable, its derivative is bounded on .We then obtain the estimate by using the fundamental theorem of calculus.
The operator A generates an analytical semigroup.According to Lemma 2.2 we consider Problem (7) on a bounded subset of L  .From Lemma 3.1 we know that F is Lipschitzian.Therefore, one obtains the existence and uniqueness of a solution by using Theorem 3.1 and 3.3 in [7].

Controllability of Problem (1) with the Functions α and β
Problem

Numerical Applications and Discussions
the following condition: In the following figures we give the isovalues of the infection in a two dimensional environment.then Figure 1 corresponds to the case in which the diffusion is isotropic.Proof.The solution to Problem (1) is a classical solution.Since the boundary of the domain is regular, from the theory of analytical semigroup, we know that  Figure 2 corresponds to the unisotropic case.We can see in the two cases the spread of the infection.Now we give some numerical results in order to show the effect of the medical care effort on the intensity of the epidemic in two different areas: site 1 and site 2, representing two cities with two different incidence rates.
, from Equation (8) we deduce that In Figure 3 we suppose that no effort for medical care is made.
In Figure 4 we consider that the rates of medical care effort are 1 0.15   in the site 1 and 2 0.0   in the site 2. Then we note a decrease of the intensity of the infection in all the two sites. .
In Figure 5 we consider a medical care effort rate 0.
  in site 1 and 0.5   in the site 2. Then we note a decrease of the intensity of the infection in all the two sites.These results mean that all medical care effort in one of the regions contributes to the decrease of the epidemic in the other one.
In Figure 6 we use simultaneously the same medical care effort rate in the two sites: , then we can see that the intensity of the infection decreases more.
  We have: the incidence rate in the two sites and well control the spread of the infection (Figure 6(b) where 1 2 ; 1 2 0.013; 0.15 ).In this way, it will be important that the leaders in the countries of the same area define together their policies in the fight against HIV spread.
In conclusion, we can say that, in addition to the medical treatment, if in the two sites, we reduce the incidence rate by more sensitization, then we can expect that the epidemic is controllable.That must be an operational aim for the deciders to fight against the spread of VIH/AIDS.

Theorem 3 . 2 .
Assume that the assumptions on the functions  ;  ;  and  0 0 ,  I S hold.Then for all 0 T  , the problem (1) has a unique solution   , I S .Proof.Problem (1) is rewritten in the following way:

Theorem 4 . 1 .
Assume that the assumptions on the functions  ;  ;  and  0 0 ,  I S hold and that  has regularity.Let be given and let 2 be an open subset and let 0 I   be fixed.For   , I S the solution to Problem (1) there is a real 0   such that, if the functions  ,  satisfy