Low-Power Themes Classifier ( LPTC ) : A Human-Expert-Based Approach for Classification of Scientific Papers / Theses with Low-Power Theme

Document classification is widely applied in many scientific areas and academic environments, using NLP techniques and term extraction algorithms like CValue, TfIdf, TermEx, GlossEx, Weirdness and the others like. Nevertheless, they mainly have weaknesses in extracting most important terms when input text has not been rectified grammatically, or even has non-alphabetic methodical and math or chemical notations, and cross-domain inference of terms and phrases. In this paper, we propose a novel Text-Categorization and Term-Extraction method based on human-expert choice of classified categories. Papers are the training phase substances of the proposed algorithm. They have been already labeled with some scientific pre-defined field specific categories, by a human expert, especially one with high experiences and researches and surveys in the field. Our approach thereafter extracts (concept) terms of the labeled papers of each category and assigns all to the category. Categorization of test papers is then applied based on their extracted terms and further comparing with each category’s terms. Besides, our approach will produce semantic enabled outputs that are useful for many goals such as knowledge bases and data sets complement of the Linked Data cloud and for semantic querying of them by some languages such as SparQL. Besides, further finding classified papers’ gained topic or class will be easy by using URIs contained in the ontological outputs. The experimental results, comparing LPTC with five well-known term extraction algorithms by measuring precision and recall, show that categorization effectiveness can be achieved using our approach. In other words, the method LPTC is significantly superior to CValue, TfIdf, TermEx, GlossEx and Weirdness in the target study. As well, we conclude that higher number of papers for training, even higher precision we have.


Introduction
There may be several survey papers in a research field.Latest and somehow old papers' highlights, in addition to a clear description of the field, are included in the survey papers.They summarize and organize recent research results and experiences in a novel way that integrates and adds understanding to tryings in the field.They use highlights of many papers in a research field to understand what sub-field each paper is in.Imagine an author want to write a survey paper or book in a research field.He has to read many papers have been accepted and indexed by many different conferences and journals.He must read them in details to understand accurately what research sub-filed each is in.Due to the large amount of papers, and also in many subfields, time and energy consuming is a typical process repeated each day until completion of the survey paper.So, automatic tools which can classify papers and help our imagined author in preparation of a good survey paper, are very useful and have an important value.
As another reason of using an automatic paper classifier, categorization of new papers submitted to a conference into the conference's research areas may be supposed.A conference chairman has to select a correct reviewer for each paper submitted to the conference in a little time.Since there are many large amounts of papers submitted to the conference, and they are in a lot of research fields covered in the conference, the process of selecting a correct reviewer has a lot of difficulties.In addition, selecting a correct reviewer has a vital importance in having a conference with a high impact factor; because a good paper may be rejected as a result of se-lecting an incorrect reviewer hasn't had many experiences in the paper's research area.Even so, as the time pass, the number of papers in previous conference issues is increasing dramatically, so attempting to find a specific category that a paper is related to it becomes harder and harder.In this situation finding an automatic way of learning important terms in each category by last conference years' labeled papers in it and then using these obtained categories' terms in selecting the category of each new submitted paper is important.
Most famous approach used to automatically classify a bunch of papers is by extracting their terms.Machines can do it with NLP techniques.There are some NLP terms extraction algorithms such as CValue, TfIdf, Ter-mEx, Simple Frequency, GlossEx and weirdness that are being used by many classification tools.But they are mostly weak in extracting most important terms when input text has not been structured grammatically correct.Besides, these current algorithms have no using of advantages of semantic techniques in extracting meaningful and concept terms.Because of these and another disadvantages in those, we propose a novel Text-Categorization and Term-Extraction method called Low-Power Themes Classifier (LPTC).The proposed approach gets some scientific pre-defined field specific categories prepared by a human expert, especially one with high experiences and researches and surveys in the field, as its training phase substances and then categorize test papers based on terms extracting from them and comparing with each category's terms.By considering large number of usages of humans for categorization tasks such as ontology generation and many else, in spite of existed high performance and technological machines, we all may believe that humans, especially an expert in a field, have still most accurate skills in classifying texts comparing to all tools running on the machines.Therefore we have used an expert's prepared categories and their containing papers to collect our training terms for declaring correct category of a new unlabeled text paper based on its extracted terms.The proposed approach is mainly based on concept terms in abstract of a research paper and will generate semantic enabled outputs that are useful for complementing knowledge bases and datasets of Linked Data cloud and also for semantic quering of them by some languages such as SparQL.
Our novel tool categorizes input test papers into categories are predefined by a known expert in the related research field.Especially we have chosen Mr. Chandrakasan's famous book [1].A brief bibliography of him is collected in Table 1.
Also a summary of the used books as our scientific research fields resource, is presented in Table 2.
Disadvantages of using a reference survey hand book   The set of papers labeled, by our human expert (introduced in   as resource of categories is mainly caused by time passing factor.We use categories created by an expert in some years ago and since that time, we have had many changes in research fields/subfields of a domain (e.g.Low Power) including: New fields/subfields addition, dividing existed fields into multiple new fields and etc.These changes can be result in incorrect categorization when we want to classify papers written in recent years.
One way to overcome it is using papers submitted in recent years as our learning items.These papers can be found in related annual conferences such as ISSCC 1 .So, using an automatic paper classifier, which can help the reviewer selector in classifying papers into predefined categories (the research areas of the conference) and then sending the paper to the guessed category's reviewer(s), has many benefits.So, the above sample reasons encouraged us to develop a tool which classifies unlabeled papers into predefined categories.If the studying of accepted papers in the conference of previous years done accurately, the knowledge of each category's keywords may increase and consequently choosing of the paper reviewer can be done correctly.
One of the methods for automatic document discrimination based on their subjects is Text Categorization (TC).Since a decade, text categorization has become an active field of research in the machine learning community.In the TC problem, we are trying to assign sample documents to the set of predefined classes automatically.TC has different names in the world published papers including "text classification" or "topic spotting", and is useful in Information retrieval (IR) and machine learning (ML).Any task which is involved in segmentation of a document (such as determining the subject of a document, spam filtering, categorizing emails based of their subjects, indexing books in the library and) falls into scope of TC.Most of the approaches are based on the term occurrence frequency.The performance of such surface-based methods can decrease when the texts are too complex, i.e., ambiguous.One alternative is to use the semantic-based approaches to process textual documents according to their meaning [2].In general, all Automations are appealing because it eliminates the needs of humans to do the task so it reduces time and costs effectively.In addition, this rule is valid in TC.Using text categorization, conferences can categorize their new submitted papers more quickly and efficiently.
After an introduction to the proposed tool and its importance in many situations, we review related works and then the background knowledge we should have to understand the proposed tool's processing steps.Details of the proposed approach and used algorithms are presented in its next section; And in the end, we have results and experiences.
Besides, Text Document Categorization is being done by support vector machine (SVM) theory mostly.SVM has been reported as one of the best performing machine learning approaches for classification.However, many of researches have focused on the critical problem of the SVM in determining the optimal combination of kernel function and parameters, in order to guarantee high effi-ciency and effectiveness of the classification tasks.By using the computationally intensive grid search algorithms, we can combine the SVM kernel and parameters.[14,15] have some working on this.This method of combination varies different types of kernel functions and parameters through a wide range of values using geometric steps.The set of kernel and parameters combination with the best cross-validation accuracy is selected.Also [16] has presented a new text document classification framework called Euclidean-SVM.It uses SVM approach in the training phase and the Euclidean distance function in the classification phase.By generating a decision surface, namely the optimal separating hyperplane, the SVM constructs a classifier to partition different categories of data points in the vector space.
Like many studying areas, Fuzzy theory has been used in SVM.Some papers illustrate this.Using one-againstone fuzzy support vector machine, [17] is doing multiclass text categorization.Its dataset is Reuter's news.It uses OAO-FSVM to implement a multi-class text classification problem.OAO stands for one-against-one.
Besides these, many attempts have been done measurement criteria used in semantic Text Categorization (TC).Some of them have been presented a different term weighting scheme from usual ones for example TF-IDF.As a sample research, [18] proposes a novel term weighting scheme in comparison to TF-IDF.This novel schema works by exploiting the semantics of categories and indexing terms.
Also there are many researches in semantic TC, such as [19] that presents a concise semantic analysis (CSA) technique for text categorization tasks.CSA extracts a few concepts from category labels and then implements concise interpretation on words and documents; [20] that proposes MBPNN (modified back-propagation neural network).We can solve wide kinds of problems by BPNN.It consists of at least three layers (one input, one output, and at least one hidden layer) and uses backpropagation as learning mechanism.[2] In which the semantic meanings of words are extracted using the unified medical language system (UMLS) framework.In TC, each document is represented by a vector of non-negative numbers.Each number shows the occurrence of a specific word in that document.Combining all documents result in a matrix with a dimension of N by d called bag-of-words.N represents the number of documents and each of d columns represents the frequency of the specific words in documents.TC algorithms often analyze bag-of-word to learn from sample documents and predict the category of future documents.Because of high dimensional learn samples, learning will take a lot of time and is not efficient.In most cases, we try to find features, which have most influences in class separation and eliminate other features called feature selection.In this paper, we use a semantic method for feature selection and compare it to one simple non-semantic method.Feature selection helps on reducing the high dimensionality of samples into a much lower dimensionality but tries to keep the distance between classes in the bag-of-word as much as possible.Reducing the dimension helps on lowering the computational cost of categorization, but it is likely to make classes more mixed.Every feature in classes has its own effect in class definition thus removing it has individual influence in class separation, so selecting which feature is better to be removed based on semantic methods from samples is our focus in this paper.For this purpose, results of two feature selection methods were proposed and evaluated, including term strength (TS) [21] method and a semantic method.
Anyone can recognized our proposed approach in categorizing papers as relating to measuring papers' relatedness.Some approaches have been tried to measure similarity of two papers but by their non-textual features [22] in comparing to our proposed approach does its categorization using textual vector of each paper.However for relatedness of scientific papers, the approach proposed in [22] model a digital library on a directed graph in which every node represents one entity: a paper, an author or a venue.On another side, each edge shows relationships between these entities.Therefore there would be six different types of relations between any two papers.
In this paper a novel approach, with a high precision in comparing to similar ones, is proposed for categorizing of unlabeled input papers and then identifying their subject or topic.This novel approach uses NLP techniques for getting a paper's concept terms to be able to measure similarity of abstracts in two different papers.

Background
We have used many technologies in our work; mostly semantic web related technologies.Some of them are: RDF (Resource Description Framework), Ontology and famous Ontologies such as SKOS and SIOC, NLP based tools, and etc.This section contains their definition.
One of the important parts of our proposed approach is the process of extracting terms and keywords of a paper's abstract.This process has been called Named Entity Recognition (NER).

Named Entity Recognition
NER is the process of extracting keywords from a text.It can be done using rule-based or statistical approaches or a combination.NER is as same as Information Extraction task but including two parts: 1) Finding the entity boundaries; 2) Founded text strings categorization into types.Some good NER systems have been developed, such as "Nymble" explained in [23] that use machine learning: Hidden Markov Models and MENE (Maximum Entropy Named Entity) is proposed in [24] that use Maximum Entropy model.NER can be done also with the helping of Semantic and Linked Data technologies.

Semantic Web and Linked Data
The semantic web is web of data.It is not a different web than our current normal World Wide Web (WWW) in case of containing data, but its data are structured and linked.The main goal of using semantic web is putting data on the Web in a form that both of machines and humans can understand it.For achieving this purpose, Linked Data and its standards help us.So, one important thing anyone should care about in semantic web activeties is Linked Data.Linked Data is a method of broadcasting, sharing, and connecting data on the Web via resolvable URIs that can be followed automatically by a machine.For show all Linked Data around the world, Richard Cyganiak and Anja Jentzsch created the Linked Data Diagram of the Cloud.Each distinct data set published as Linked Data has been shown as a node in this cloud diagram.Also RDF links between items in two data sets are represented as arcs.The Linked Data cloud consists of over 7.4 billion RDF triples, interlinked by 142+ million RDF links (Last updated by 2011-Sep- 19). Figure 1 shows it in a small view.

Resource Description Framework (RDF)
RDF provides a model for describing resources that may have some properties.In RDF, a "resource" is any object that can be uniquely identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI).RDF, as a product of the Worldwide Web Consortium (W3C), is an application of XML [25].The proposed tool generates FOAF documents as one of its output types.

FOAF (Friend of a Friend)
FOAF, the famous semantic web project in our world, help us to achieve one important goal in semantic web: Storing data in distributed locations and using ontologies and reasoning to aggregate it.Users in any social network, can produce their semantic profiles by using this vocabulary [26].A FOAF document may contains coauthors of an academic user and his research fields of interest.Also it can give us contact information, bibliography of the user.

Ontology
There are many definitions for word Ontology.However, the following contains a good one: "Ontology is a formal specification of a shared conceptualization" (Tom Gruber, see [27]).A large amount of ontologies is currently defined, such as: FOAF, SIOC, and SKOS.
There are some ontology libraries in Web.Ontology libraries are the systems that collect ontologies from different sources and facilitate the tasks of finding, exploring, and using these ontologies [28].However, we found two sufficient ontologies we have used in generating our outputs: SKOS and SIOC.
Simple Knowledge Organization System (SKOS) is used for representation of thesauri and taxonomies concept terms or any other type of structured controlled vocabulary.It is built upon RDF and RDFS.
The SIOC (Semantically-Interlinked Online Communities) Core Ontology is required to describe information from online communities (e.g., message boards, wikis, we blogs, etc.) on the Semantic Web.SIOC uses RDF too for defining of its data.Exporting information about the content and structure of online community websites in a machine-readable form is a design purpose of SIOC.Thus, various tools, exporters and services have been created to expose SIOC data from existing online communities.

Vector Space Model
We can represent each text document as a vector in the following manner: , , , where mj is m'th term of document j .So after this representation, each paper abstract will be a vector.Therefore, vector operations can be used to compare new abstracts with each existing category represented as a vector of its concept terms.We have used these criteria in our test phase, when the database is filled of concept terms and their relevance values in each category.

Coseine Similarity of an Abstract to a Category
By comparing the deviation of angles between the new abstract's vector and each category's vector where the category is represented as the same kind of vector as the abstract, Relevance rankings of abstracts can be calculated, using the assumptions of document similarity's theory.
In practice, it is easier to calculate the cosine of the angle between the vectors, instead of the angle itself.Formula of the cosine of two angles is as: where j is the new abstract's vector and is the category's vector is tested for relevancy.
Using the cosine the similarity between abstract and category can be calculated as: 1 This measure has the following advantages:  Allows ranking documents according to their possible relevance;  Simple model based on linear algebra;  Allows partial matching.

Proposed Approach's Details
To do NER, we had decided to use MIT Text2Rdf java package, at the first.Text2Rdf is a text mining application which converts documents into the unambiguous and machine understandable format RDF.We wanted to use it since it returns important terms of a text in separated RDF nodes like: <kmm:term>bidirectional power flow</kmm:term> That we can parse the output RDF result of the package and extract named entities in these nodes as concept terms of an abstract.This way is a good one that has no needs of internet request/response processes and has a high speed and performance.However, we couldn't use it because of some limitations described below: If one paragraph has many words and complicated sentences, this package can't parse it.For example, the phrase: "The feature of the bidirectional power flow allows the converter to provide energy as a power source or to regenerate power back to the AC power grid with high overall energy efficiency."But with a simpler one it has no problem: "The feature of the bidirectional power flow allows the converter to provide energy as a power source or to regenerate power back to the AC."Also if in one abstract just one dot has been omitted accidently, the tool will output no RDF.
Because of above and some else limitations, we had to consider a different NER tool.After searching the web in some days, we found a powerful one named: "Al-chemy-API".As its developers said us, it uses well known Natural Language Processing (NLP) algorithms and machine learning.The following contains the features of its web service:  It supports many languages.With this functionality of our tool, any conference can review a paper that is in a non-English language. It links an extracted entity to a variety of other sources: The website for the entity, Freebase, Mu-sicBrainz, and others.By help of this useful advantage we are able to do many cross language works, different language from training papers;  It allows a large number of web service c so for a high-impact factor conference with a large number of papers to guess their categories in a few days, it is a good one;  AlchemyAPI provides c and Linked Data, enabling any content to be brought into the "Semantic Web" world with relative ease.Most of files in our presented tool, both input an rated output ones, are represented semantically.In other words, they obey semantic web standards given by W3C consortium 2 .
AlchemyAPI lev nal information describing named entities detected within a piece of content.
So, AlchemyAPI is a go ach our goal in linking our generated results to Linked Data.
To ss key via its free-and-easy registration.AlchemyAPI has many tools: Named Entity Extraction, Concept tagging, Keyword/Term Extraction, Sentiment analysis, Relation Extraction, Topic categorization.
If we choose RDF, Figure 2 can help ocessing.Whenever nked Data is included in API responses.This includes "sameAs" RDF links to related objects in the Linked Data cloud's datasets.
Figure 3 is an exam ks to Linked Data (for the state of "Massachusetts").Linked Data is supported within all AlchemyAPI re onse formats, including XML, JSON, and RDF.
In this section, we introduce o out of this paper and discuss how they are calculated and their pros and cons.
Both evaluated methods in this research are trying t document categories by analyzing the number of occurrence of concept terms in each document (TF).Also they use another metric representing number of documents has the concept term (DF).These methods use DF to determine which word has low category based information, and so it has a least role in distinguishing of documents.
For c ch document is counted.Moreover, for each DF a lower boundary is considered.Words with lower DF than this boundary will be removed from document DF vector because these words are assumed to have no meaningful category based information or in the other words, these terms cannot define their category boundary.We can say these words are somehow noise in their documents and removing them is recommended.Threshold the Frequency is a very simple and intuitive way to reduce high dimensional documents to a lower dimension and is very low cost on huge document collections.It should be noted that a term with low frequency is not always a noise so removing it may cause categories to be mixed even more.

Concept Term's Relevance Score
Relevance Score is a self-criteria calculated by the NLP tool: AlchemyAPI we used it.This measure identifies conceptual relevancy of a term to a text, such as an article's abstract.In the other words, testing an abstract of a paper on Philosophy, especially on Metaphysics, term "existence" has a high relevance score.AlchemyAPI web service returns these criteria for each (concept) term in different types of response, such as XML, RDF, and JSON.
Note that this relevance score's possible values are in range of: [0.0 -1.0] (1.0 = most relevant).

Semantic Text Categorization
After evaluating above approach, we tried a simple intuitive methodology to measure the similarity of each new paper's abstract to each category.The category with highest similarity value is the paper's conceptually closest category.For example, for a sample paper, we obtained the values of Figure 4.
So the guessed category of this paper based on our approach is "Access Control" with about 0.563 relevancy.

Proposed Text Documents Categorization Steps
After making ready the input papers and categorizing them to their research filed based on, for example, a survey, we extract concept terms of their abstracts.We have done this by requesting AlchemyAPI web service with our API key that has permission of 30,000 requests per day.This permission has been gained via mailing to Al-chemyAPI's supporting man.The default allowed number of requests is less than this, but after defining yourself as an approved academic user to AlchemyAPI, 30,000 would be the maximum number.More daily API calls (up to 200,000,000 daily) are available through an AlchemyAPI Subscription Plan.The AlchemyAPI response type is selectable, that we selected RDF one for extracting terms and their relevance.Figure 5 is a sample RDF response.In this RDF response, ontologies such as: AAPI, OWL, GEO (representing the geographic coordinates associated with the concept tag) have been used.Also there exists a sameAs link to DBpedia for the concept term.This link is provided only for entities that exist in this linked data-set.Besides DBpedia, there are many other linked databases: Yago, Opencyc, Freebase, Geonames, MusicBrainz, etc.
The running phases are described in detail below:

Running Phases
In our proposed tool's processing, there are two phases Training phase and Test phase, as shown in Figure 6.

Training (Learning) Phase
In this phase, we teach the machine which words/phrases are repeated more than others in each category.Then we fill the database with these kinds of data.We have several folders each has one available category's documents.
In each document, we have either the abstract text of an article or PDF version of the whole paper which must be processed for converting to clear text and then abstract extraction.First of all, we extract the terms of each document with the AlchemyAPI web service and store them with their repletion frequency in the database.After that for each category, we make the union of the terms of its documents' abstracts and store them in the database with the sum of each term's frequency in all the documents of that category.Now we have the categories list and their terms with repletion of each term in that category.For easier comparing of together we need to have a database with the same terms.So at the last step of learning phase, we make union of the terms of all groups together and put zero for terms that are not appeared in a category.Then we have a table in the database that has the terms of all categories and the frequency of each term in each category.Now we can use these data for comparing new documents and finding the nearest group that the new article belongs to.You can see this phase in flowchart of Figure 7.

Test Phase
At this step, as flowchart in Figure 8 shows, the input is a document that we want to know its category.First of all, we extract the abstract of that document and then the frequency of each term of that abstract.For being able to compare the results of this step to the results of training phase (the data in database), we should change the format of storing the new data by changing the term position to database term's position, omitting extra terms and put zero for non-repeated terms.Now we can compare the repeat frequency of terms of the input document with all the other categories' terms and find the nearest category to this document.For understanding how close is the article to each category, we use cos of two termfrequency vectors.The bigger of the angle between two vectors, the closer the vectors, the more similar input document to the category.

cos 
In this phase, we also use some sub functions as follows:

Calculating Most Relevant Category to a Test
Paper Which category will is the real test paper's category?The answer is the goal of Test phase.As above described, in this phase we calculate how much relevant the test paper is to each category.In reality, Relevancies values are cosine of the angle between two vectors: document's vector and category's vector.These values are represented as floating point numbers.After calculation of these cosine values, we see which category has the bigger value to the document and pick it up as the most relevant category to the test paper.Figure 9 shows the steps of similarity calculation algorithm (for a category) in detail.

Calculating Similarity of the Test Paper to a
Category Based on cosine approach and by using database filled in training phase, we calculate the similarity of the test paper to a both represented as the vector of their concept tags and keywords.The whole process has been shown in Figure 9.

The Outputs of the Proposed Tool
The produced outputs of our tool are very useful and can be used in many situations.
In this section we describe use cases and formats of the different important tool outputs.

FOAF of the Authors
With these FOAF files in hand, we can understand what an academic author has research on and who his co-authors in writing papers are.This can be done by using SPARQL, a rich query language used for Semantic Web purposes such as consulting databases of FOAF data.
In the learning phase, besides extracting terms of the input papers from their abstracts, we save name of the papers'.We store these names in RDF files using FOAF vocabulary described above.For a sample FOAF output see Figure 10.
Generated FOAF documents can be viewed using some visualization tools such as: GraphViz and Prefuse.For a Prefuse based sample visualization of a social network file indicating friends of persons in Figure 10, see Figure 11.
With the help of these FOAF documents as our novel proposed tool, we can make Linked Data much larger and more powerful.For instance, we can make links between two familiar datasets, DBLP (a server providing bibliographic information on major computer science journals and proceedings [29]) and FOAF profiles, in Linked Data Cloud depicted in Figure 1.
From this figure, we can see that this FOAF is about "Cabal-Yepez" and also we can infer that "Granados-Lieberman" is one of the persons have submitted a paper with the help of "Cabal-Yepez".In the simplest words, "Granados-Lieberman" is a co-author of "Cabal-Yepez".

Our Standard (Semantic) Output Formats
Since our output's formats are useful in many further research attempts, we consider them here in this paper:

Output Format One
This output format is a simple text file that we make it for each of our documents and says the relevance of the document to each of the categories.Relevance is a number between 0 and 1 that shows how close the document is to the category.The style of storing these Txt files depends on all of categories and their documents.Each Txt file is stored in a folder positioned like the initial folders' hierarchy that was the input to the test phase.In each Txt file number of lines is equal to number of training phase's categories, and at the first of each line name of each category is written and in front of that, there is the relevance number of the document to that category separated with a # character and the name of the Txt file is the same name of the input tested document.Figure 12 is an example of this output type, assuming that there are only three different categories in our field: Access Control, Secure Semantic Web Services and Trust Management.

Output Format Two
This output file is a unique Txt file that stores the final result of the process of categorizing the documents in test phase.Number of lines in this file is equal to number of the documents and each line starts with the name of document and its path on the hard disk and front of it there is the name of guessed category for that document separating with ----sign.After that there is a # sign and then the relevance value of the document to the guessed category.Figure 13 shows you an example of this output with three lines:

Output Format Three
The purpose of this type of output is the same as the second type.Only the format is different and more machine understandable.The format of the third output type is XML and you can see a short example of it in Figure 14 below.This sample output includes only one category with two documents assigned to it.<?xml ...?> <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntaxns#" xmlns:sioc="http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns#" xmlns:skos="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#"> <sioc:post rdf:about="D:\files\test\input-files\Computer Aided

Output Format Four
Design Tools\Power Analysis Techniques\12"> <sioc:topic> This type is the most useful type for further semantic purposes and researches.The structure of this output is also the same as the second and third outputs and just the format is RDF in this step.The process of making this RDF file is done by two ontologies SKOS, SIOC that we introduced them above.<skos:Concept rdf:about="http://example.org/skos/concepts#Low Voltage Technologies and Criuits"> <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Low Voltage Technologies and Criuits</skos:prefLabel> </skos:Concept> </sioc:topic> </sioc:post> The post RDF schema element of SIOC is used to represent each document, and topic element is used to identify guessed category of that document.Within that SKOS ontology's classes are used since this ontology has definitions for the categories as they are a research filed each.One sample of this useful and good output is

Evaluation of the Proposed Algorithm Itself
Based on the survey book on "Low power digital CMOS design" [1], we generated a dataset from papers labeled by category names defined in an XML file presented in Figure 16 in the following.Also each paper's category is defined in the standard XML as in Figure 17.
Where "relativePath" defines the folder in which the paper's file exists.
The initial simple Dataset had about 176 papers files for the training phase in seven categories and also 38 files as test phase's inputs.The training phase time for this dataset was about 50.9913 minutes and for test phase, 24.586 minutes in a system with a core(TM)2 duo CPU 2.5 GHz, 4 GB Ram.The time is high in comparing to the other computer processing approaches, since this approach uses web services and so this time is highly dependent to the internet connection speed, mainly requesting/responding speed.
The precision of the approach after test phase is about totally: 72%.It means that if we had tested 100 papers for categorizing them, our semantic approach would guess the category of 72 of them accurately.This precision is highly dependent of the number of papers used for learning in the training phase.The more papers in training phase, the more extracted terms in the database, and consequently more papers categorized in correct categories.
More terms in a category is very useful in predicting a test paper's correct research filed, since with more terms, we know more about a field and important keywords used in papers on it.
In the evaluation running of the tool, we had 176 paper files.Number of papers, by each category, is presented in Figure 18.
The precision in each category is also calculated during processing.Partial precisions and recalls have been shown in Figure 19.For an exact and detailed definition of Precision and Recall metrics, especially in our proposed approch's evaluation steps, you may see formulas ( 4) and ( 6) under Section 5.2.1.
These results can be improved if we use WordNet based stemming.We have implemented this stemmer also, but due to high time of it in processing, we had not used it in this step.
The Terms/Keywords have been extracted from all training papers have either one word, two words, three words or more that three words.Each of these term types' count is calculated after Training phase completion.Figure 20 shows results of this partial calculation.We can see that 3-word and more than three-word terms have a little difference in their growth patterns in comparison to the total count and the other term types' count.For a sample, category: "Circuit and Logic Styles" has 187 3-word terms in comparing to 152 term count of category: "Computer Aided Design Tools" (187 > 152), but for 1-word terms, it is 109 in comparing to 129 (but 109 < 129).
Also more exact numbers of Figure 20 are presented in Table 3.

Comparison with Conventional Algorithms
Our approach is mainly based on the extraction algorithm steps.In the above statistics, you can see results of our used semantic approach with the following steps:  Extracting concept terms of papers' abstract by using NLP approaches, such as: AlchemyAPI (defined in above);     AlchemyAPI uses knowledge bases, e.g.DBPedia, for better linking of extracted terms with their relevant semantic information and data;  Stemming extracted terms for more correct comparing in 2 phases, Simple OR by helping from external knowledge such as WordNet.So our used approach is a semantic enabled one.But there are many other terms extraction algorithms.We have evaluated 6 of most famous between them: C-Value [30], TfIdf used in [31,32], Basic (Simple) Frequency, GlossEx [33,34], TermsEx [35], Weirdness [36].
Thank to changing of source codes of these 6 algorithms implemented in JATE 3 (Java Automatic Term Extraction) toolkit and making them sufficient to our need in evaluation and comparison of them with our presented approach, we had a simple task in compare to implementing them from start by ourselves.However, decompiling codes of this toolkit, finding needed files location definition in the codes (such as text file of Stop Words path and BNC corpus file path), and other needed java classes for running each algorithm separately, finding main class/function of each algorithm separately and changing input parameter types of it to both our text papers' file paths lists and single file path, took 1 month in evaluation part of our presented approach times.
Our developed tool logs almost all events during its execution.It also saves the results of its two phases (Training and Test phase) into their sufficient Txt or CSV files.Therefore the running results can be viewed by other applications such as Excel.The results save into separate files for different algorithms (6 JATE algorithms and our presented LPTC algorithm).These aftermath statistics are shown in the following figures.At the end of training phase execution, which its main part is Terms extraction of input papers' abstract, we have had log files containing number of Terms (Terms count) extracted from abstracts by each algorithm.Table 4 shows these values for C-Value algorithm.All 5 other algorithms, as implemented in JATE toolkit, extract equal number of Terms (see Table 5 for number of Terms extracted by them).In these two tables, Terms count is separated by Terms type.This type is detected by number of words in the Term and there are 4 types: 1-word Terms (e.g."optimization" or "resynchronization"), 2-word Terms (e.g."power system" or "lower leakage" or "multigrid-based technique"), 3-word Terms (e.g."benchmark microprocessor chip" or "software power model" or "optimization and simulation" or "large-scale powersupply network"), ">3-word" Terms (e.g."real and reactive power optimization" or "hierarchical power supply distribution model" or "signal-to-interference ratio power control technique").
Execution times have been logged also.6, we can conclude that 3 last algorithms (GlossEx, TermEx, and Weirdness) totally need more minutes in extracting terms of the categories.It is because of this fact that these 3 algorithms use a reference corpus beside of the target corpus (papers collection of a category) for comparing the term frequency in both.Furthermore TermEx algorithm takes much time (54.593minutes) than GlossEx and Weirdness since it additionally takes into account a atypical dimension called "domain consensus" which captures domain concepts with high frequencies within small subset of the corpus (e.g., single document) but are completely absent in the remainder of the corpus [37].

Evaluation Results of Test Phase
Precision is the most important factor in evaluating of a classifier algorithm.Precision is the proportion of returned documents that are targets.For a sample category in a classification problem, it is calculated as following formula (4).You see that number of Terms extracted by our approach is lowest comparing to the other algorithms (Figure 24), but precision and also recall of it in guessing correct category of an input test paper, is in highest position (see Figures 23 and 25).
So a situation against to "more extracted terms, higher precision"rule presented before, is occurred.This is because of just one important factor is existed in our approach but not in the other Term Extraction algorithms: semantic extracting of Concept Terms.In the other ap-      proaches, as explained above, terms are extracted only by their frequency and document frequency, in different ways.So there is no help of external resources in them.
In other words, in our presented approach, external semantic resources, such as knowledge bases in Linked Data, helps in determination of important and key concept Terms and also field terminology of the paper.For a comparison sample, suppose we have no occurrence of term "Transistor"4 totally or just 1 occurrence in only one of our input abstracts.This term is famous in low power field.Although our semantic NLP presented method can extract this as a concept term, It cannot be consequently detected by frequency based term extraction algorithms, like JATE algorithms.As a result of this advantage in our approach, a higher percentage is obtained, although the number of terms is low.The above disadvantage is existed for terms with high document frequency (occured in almost all abstracts) since JATE algorithms (e.g.TfIdf) are not able to detect these types of terms as important key-words.

Conclusions and Future Work
We saw that an automatic approach, like proposed Low-Power Themes Classifier (LPTC), can end the high time and resources consuming process of manual labeling a bunch of papers.Because of some unavoidabe disadvantages in the current NER methods, such as CValue, TfIdf, GlossEx, TermEx, Weirdness that are mainly based on Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques and classifiers, a semantic approach based on RDF, FOAF and ontologies was proposed.Since papers' terms are extracted semantically in our approach, highest precision (among the other Term-Extraction algorithms) in guessing correct category of a test paper is obtained, although it has smallest number of extracted terms.Higher precision compring to another classifiying approaches is also because of usage of training categories prepared by an expert in our sample specific field (e.g.Electronic).The proposed approach is mainly based on concept terms, represented in RDF documents, in abstract of a research paper and will generate semantic enabled outputs are useful for complementing knowledge bases and datasets of Linked Data cloud.We also showed that our proposed approach's precision is 72% that is at least 9% better than other algorithms.In addition, we can say that higher number of papers for training, even higher precision we have.
The time is almost high for our approach, so an improved performance can be a start point for a further work.Also by the output type 4 described above which is based on RDF standard, we can have many new ideas, such as querying these RDF documents with SPARQL for finding guessed category of a document tested with this approach already, and adding interests and co-authors of scientific researchers to Linked Data DBLP dataset.This tool can be used in guessing not only category of a document or paper but also conceptual topic of a text or an HTML web page (a good way for search engines to have better results based on semantic analysis).
Another using of this approach is in the multi-Fields criteria, and emerging of the research areas' subtopics and concepts.
as categorizing a paper has been written in a alls per day, omprehensive support for RDF d gene erages Linked Data to provide additio od choice for us to be able to re use AlchemyAPI, you must have a valid API ac- ce us in extraction pr an entity is successfully disambiguated, Li ple RDF-formatted response with lin sp 4.1.Criteria of Measures ur measures used through-4.1.1.Occurrence of Terms in Each Documents o find alculating DF, number of occurrence of words in ea sim ,

Figure 4 .Figure 5 .
Figure 4. Pre defined categories and their similarities (releancies) to a sample test paper.v

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Total system in a view.From start to end: (a) Training phase-Categorized (Labeled) papers as inputs and a filled database of terms & Relevancies of them as output; (b) Test phase-Comparing a test paper to each category and guessing of the category paper belongs to.

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Training phase: Filling database with each category's concept terms and keywords extracted from the category's papers abstracts.

Figure 8 .
Figure 8. Test phase: Process of guessing test papers (papers we want to guess their categories).

Figure 10 .
Figure 10.Sample of FOAF output document.

Figure 18 .
Figure 18.Number of papers used in the training phase of our experiment.

Figure 20 .
Figure 20.Count of each term type in each category in algorithm LPTC evaluation.
precision in classification problems, we see another measure called recall.In a good summary definition, Recall is the proportion of target documents returned.It is calculated by formula in(6).Comparative recalls for each algorithm in each category are shown in Figure22(in scale of 1).Also totally obtained recall for each is shown in Figure23(in scale of percentage or 100

Figure 21 .
Figure 21.Precision of each algorithm per category.

Figure 22 .
Figure 22.Recall of each algorithm per category.

Figure 23 .
Figure 23.Total recall in each algorithm.

Figure 24 .
Figure 24.Number of terms extracted by each algorithm.

Figure 25 .
Figure 25.Precision of correct category guessing in each algorithm.

Table 6
shows them in minutes.Most of values in this table are times (minutes) taken in Terms Extraction module.