A Guess Model of Black Holes and the Evolution of Universe

Based on the gravitational theory, fundamental data, and comprehensible suppositions, an evolution model of the universe was proposed. The universe exists in explosion and constringency mobile equilibrium state. The critical sizes of celestial bodies were calculated in their evolution process.


Introduction
As the theoretical ratiocination (Einstein's theory of relativity) and the cumulating of the more and more obtained data or phenomena from astronomic observation of the celestial bodies, people began to have a general impression of the universe, such as the clangorous words expressed: big bang, expanding universe, and black hole et al. (Ginsburg 1985).From a point of view that the microcosm decides the macrocosm, more information of the universe can be predicted from present knowledge of the elementary particles.
In this paper, some parameters of evolution of the universe were calculated.The main thoughts were the Newton's universal gravitation and the structures of matter.
Suppositions: the combining energy of nucleus (strong interaction in nucleus) came from gravitation, and the nucleus consisted of gravitons; the combinative form between nucleus was its overlaps one another.

Formula Derivation A-Gravitational Acceleration of a Particle from Solid Sphere
According to Newton's law, the gravitational force between two distant particles has the form: 2 F ma F GmM r  , and  .Hence, the gravitational acceleration, 2 a GM r  .However, to a neighboring large body (has a mass of M, radius of R), the radius of the body cannot be neglected; its accurate result can be obtained by processing a mathematical integral.
As Figure 1 expressed, a solid sphere has a radius of R, a homogeneous density of ρ, the particle has a mass, m, and has a distance, nR, from the center, the gravitational acceleration, a, of the particle was derived as follows: where, "M" is the arbitrary point in the solid sphere, "h" the point corresponding to "M" horizontally."r" is the distance of the point "M" from original point "o", ρ′ is ideally homogeneous mass density of a solid sphere, ρ the average one.k stands for the calibration factor of average mass density.For a general integral As the results of (2) and (5) expressed, thus, (1) becomes the earth, the averag density ρ is 5.5153 × 10 3 kg•m −3 , the radius R is 6.356078 × 10 6 m.The gravitational acceleration on earth surface was calculated (n = 1) to be 12.68 m•s −2 .However, the real value of gravitational acceleration on earth is 9.81 m•s −2 .It is 0.7736 times than the calculated one.It is because of the earth that does not have an ideally homogeneous density used in above formula derivation process.The ratio can be used as calibration factor, k, of average density of a solid sphere (ρ′ = kρ.For earth, k = 0.7736; and it was sup-posed to be fit for any other celestial bodies).

Formula Derivation B-Self-Gravitational
Pressure in Center of Solid Sphere The gravitational pressure in center from solid sphere can be calculated according to Equation (6).
in F For e mass The area beneath the curve calculated by computer gave the result of 0.62129.Thus, p = 0.62129 × 4Gkρ 2 R 2 /3.Supposing the considered celestial body has the same value of calibration factor k of earth, then we obtained p = 0.6408Gρ 2 R 2 . (7.1)

Formula Derivation C-Gravitational Potential Energy from Solid Sphere
The gravitational potential energy, E g , from a solid sphere can be calculated.gave the result of 1.7193.Therefore, we have E g = 1.7193 × 4GkρmR 2 = 5.320GρmR 2 . (8.1)

Maximal Radius of Celestial Bodies
Atoms have similar energy demand whe compressed in nucleus forming a new atom (which has lower atomic number).Taking atom zinc as an example, when one electron of Zn is compressed in nucleus, the is n one electron is otopic atom Cu is then formed.The energy demand, ΔE a , can be calculated.According to quantum theory, the energy of an outer electron of a atom has the form E ≈ −13.6Z 2 /n 2 (in ground state).Thus, For an extreme hot electron of atom of hydrogen, ΔE a = ΔE 1 + 13.6 = 63.6 eV = 1.02 × 10 − radioactive is decreasing adius a , we guessed that the hydrogen at nucleus.Then, the maximu pressure, p max,a , for compressing a hydrogen atom to neutron could be derived as: where, Δr was replaced with the radius of hydrogen atom a 0. The pressure comes from the gravitation of celestial body.Combining Equations (7.1) and (9), we have 0.6408Gρ 2 R 2 = 1.64 × 10 13 , then,

Minimum Neutron Star
A model of neutron star was showed in Figure 5.A neutron body with the radius of R is in the center of the star.
A general matter layer with the thickness of (n − 1)R is around the neutron body.
contains two parts.Equation ( 6) can express linearly in a short segment.
The gravitational pressure on the surface of neutron body can be calculated.It where, ρ n is the nuclear mass density, ρ the mass density matter.Substituting the parameters, we have Combining Equations ( 9) and ( 0), we have 1 7.1) and ( 13), we have

Minimal
the radius of a neutron star achieved its maximal value, as the mass continuing accumu ing, a graviton body began growing, the radius of neutron star then decr eutron star began to have the ability to draw back a photon; we call it becoming a body of black hole.The maximum radius of black hole can be calculated by imitating the process of what in paragraph 3.2.Just replacing ρ and ρ n with the value of According to Equations ( 12) and ( 13), following rela-30 max 2.98 10 kg.

Mass of Black Hole
When lat eased correspondingly.When the mass of graviton body grew large enough, the n done and ρ g (showed in Equation (20)), Equation (11) became Equation (12).Where ρ g is stands for the mass density of graviton.

Calculation of Graviton
Nuclear has the combining energy of about 8 MeV (Wichmann 1971).Deducting the influence of proton, the maximum combining energy of nuclear would be 9.15 MeV, i.e., 1.47 × 10 −12 J.The parameter of the radius of a graviton, r 0 , is the first needs to obtain.Depending on above suppositions described in Section 2.1, and the normal gravitational potential energy formula, E = Gm 1 m 2 /r, substituting m 1 , m 2 with the mass of neutron, E with the combining energy in nucleus, then we have r Gmm E  Supposing the energy demand for dest ΔE n , is equal to its maximum combining en have Following the derivate process in Section 3.
where m g is stands for the mass of a graviton.

4.
x parts; and the process goes a circle (a → f →a).a) Growing of y.Preponderant no kg, radius, 4.41 × 10 8 km.
b) Formation of neutron star.As the continuously accumulating of matter, the normal molecular celestial body begins to compress accompanied with engendered in the center.The compressing process looks like a process of phase variation.In the process, it will release large c) Growing of graviton star.With continuously compressing, a graviton body would begin to grow center.The graviton star has a critical mass of 7.558 × 10 30 kg, radius of 14.9 km.d) Formation of black hole.When graviton star grows to its critical value, it becomes a mi the mean time.It can capture photons just near its surface.Afterward, it gradually grows in mass with the accumula e) Explosion of black hole.When the density of black hole increased large enough, the distance between gravitons going over a critical small value, the gravitational mechanism destroyed.The gravitation becomes repulsive force.Then, explosion occurred; the entropy increased sharply.Neutrons, protons, electrons, etc. particles an afterward atoms were produced subsequently in the ex plosion process.After explosion, this part of universe exists in expansion state in a unabidin f) Constringency of partial univers of explosion, the running matters slowed down, spread in wide space, mixed, and became part of cosmic dusts.Then, partial universe would exist in a contractive state in a long run.In intermediate constringency, the celestial bodies formed.

Discussion
When a celestial body has abundant material source in its surroundings, it will grow quickly and has a larger mass than we calculated.If the celestial body exists in process b, it would be a fixed star.The larger mass it has, the more quickly it will be compressed, and more efficiency the energy would release.i.e., the larger mass it owns, the higher brightness it will has.In th star could burn with no existence of special fuels of nuclear fusion, but merely existence of normal atoms.
will have a big black hole in its center.
The universe consists of vast cosmic dusts and galaxies.They go along circle evolutive processes described above.Occasionally a limit big black ho causing the expansion in a partial space.long time scale, most space contracted slowly.The universe exists in a mobile equilibrium state of explosion and constringency (Thomas & Hermann 1948).Those observed stars, which leave away at acceleratory velocity (Hubble 1929), might result in other reasons.It is by no means that the whole universe is expanding now.Reversely, our surrounding universe showed us its contractive views.We cannot imagine that the Milky Galaxy is formed in an expansion pr

Tags
A roughly information about graviton was derived in this pa cs.Future observation of existence of new smaller bla parently meaningful.

Evolvement of the Universe
The evolutive process of the universe was divided by us into si According to the calculated results in this paper, it is evident that every galaxy normal celestial bod rmal celestial bodies will attract substances from its surroundings.It gradually grows as it accumulates the mass.It would have the maximum mass of 5.06 × 10 29 le explodes, However, in a neutron body quantity of energy (lose of masses), become an extremely hot body and shine.A maximum neutron star has a maximum mass of 2.98 ×10 30 kg, maximum radius of 15.3 km.shape of our ocess.
in the per.It is an exiting result to the researchers in fundamental physi nimum black hole in ck hole is ap ting of matter.As the mass increasing, far more distant photons can be hold in.The compressing energy that released absorbed by itself.As an isolated system, the entropy of the black hole decreased spontaneously in its growing process.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Sketch map of a particle (m), which with a disance, nR, from the center of the solid sphere.t calculated diagrammatically.The diagram showed in Figure 3.
Partial d function F (n).The variable nchanges from zero to one.
force increasing, many otopes formed with the atomic number .Considering the atom of hydrogen, that has the maximum compression r 0 oms would be the last element to be compressed to m To a hot gas celestial body, which has the same average mass density of sun (1.409), then, we have

Figure 5 .
Figure 5.A model of neutron star.