Relativity Theory and Paraquantum Logic — Part II : Fundamentals of an Unified Calculation

The studies of the PQL are based on propagation of Paraquantum logical states ψ in a representative Lattice of four vertices. Based in interpretations that consider resulting information of measurements in physical systems are found paraquantum equations for computation of the physical quantities in real physical systems. In the first part of this work we presented a study of Relativity theory which involved the time and the space with their characteristics as degrees of evidence applied in Paraquantum Logical Model. Now, in this second Part we present a study of application of the PQL in resolution of phenomena of physical systems that involve concepts of the Relativity Theory and the correlation of these effects with the Newtonian Universe and Quantum Mechanics. Considering physical fundamental quantities varying periodically in amplitude, we introduce the paraquantum equations which consider frequency in the analysis. From of these mathematical relationships obtained in the PQL Lattice some main physical constants related to the studies of De Broglie appeared. With the equations of Energy obtained through the analyses is demonstrated that the Paraquantum Logic is capable to correlate values and to unify the several study areas of the Physical Science.


Introduction
The Paraconsistent Annotated Logics with annotation of two values (PAL2v) is a class of Paraconsistent Logics particularly represented through a Lattice of four vertices (see [1][2][3][4]).The main feature of Paraconsistent Logic is the ability to accept contradiction and with fundamental concepts of the PAL2v was created the Paraquantum Logic (P QL ) [5,6].Through the paraquantum equations we investigate the effects of balancing of Energies and the quantization and transience properties of the Paraquantum Logical Model in real Physical Systems [6,7].With study done at [4] were defined the values in a Lattice τ, representative of Paraconsistent Logic, where: Certainty Degree (D C ) on the x-axis is obtained by: Contradiction Degree (D ct ) on the y-axis is obtained by: where, according to the language of the PAL2v:  → is the favorable Evidence Degree (  0,1 ).
From (1) and (2) we can represent a Paraconsistent logical state  τ into Lattice τ of the PAL2v [4,5], such that: where:  τ is the Paraconsistent logical state; D C is the Certainty Degree obtained from the evidence Degrees μ and λ; D ct is the Contradiction Degree obtained from the evidence Degrees μ and λ.
The values of the degrees of evidence are extracted from Observable Variables in the physical world.So, the variations in their physical characteristics are transmitted for analysis in the Lattice τ that represents the Paraconsistent world [4].
A Paraquantum logical state ψ is created on the lattice as the tuple formed by the Certainty degree (D C ) and the Contradiction degree (D ct ) [4].
Both values depend on the measurements perfomed on the Observable Variables in the physical environment which are represented by μ and λ [4,7,8].For each meas- where: D C = Certainty Degree computed by (5); D ct = Contradiction Degree computed by (4). 1) For D C > 0 the real Certainty Degree is computed by: where: D CψR = real Certainty Degree.
2) For D C < 0, the real Certainty Degree is computed by: 3) For D C = 0, then the real Certainty Degree is nil.When the module of the Vector of State is of larger value than the unit MP(ψ) > 1, means that the Paraquantum logical state ψ are in an uncertainty region.The intensity of the real Paraquantum logical state is computed by: When the superposed Paraquantum logical state  sup propagates on the lattice of the P QL a value of quantizetion for each equilibrium point is established [5,6,9].This point is the value of the contradiction degree of the Paraquantum logical state of quantization ( h ): where: h  is the Paraquantum Factor of quantization.
The factor h  quantifies the levels of energy through the equilibrium points where the Paraquantum logical state of quantization ( h ), defined by the limits of propagation throughout the uncertainty of the P QL , is located.Since the propagation exists, then we have to take into account the factor related to the Paraquantum Leaps which will be added to or subtracted from the Paraquantum Factor of quantization [5]  Figure 1 shows the effect of the Paraquantum Leap in the quantization of values when the Superposed Paraquantum Logical states ( sup ) reach the point where the Paraquantum Logical state of Quantization (ψ hψ ) on the P QL Lattice.Where, from Figure 1 we can make the calculations: So, the Paraquantum Factor of quantization in its complete or total form which acts on the quantities is: Comparisons and analogies between the International unit Systems and the British System result in a proportionality factor br related to the British system [10,11].Therefore, in order to apply classical logics in the Paraquantum Logical model [6,9,11,12], the Newton Gamma Factor is 2

N
In the paraquantum analysis [7] related to the series obtained from consecutively applying the Newton Gamma Factor where: N  is the Newton Gamma Factor: e computations, which correlate values of Observable Variable in the physical world.
In the paraquantum analysis the time has action dire in the measurements of the Observable Variables of the physical world.Considering the time as a Variable Observable the Equations ( 4) and ( 5) are now dependent of the time measurement, therefore: logical state (): makes the values of the measurements in the Observable Variables modify and, as consequence, appear a propagation of the Paraquantum logical state through the P QL Lattice.At the referential of the Universe of Discourse [13] of the paraquantum analysis the favorable Evidence Degree of the Variable Observable time ( Δtime


) is: Considering the relativity theory c cepts (seen in part I and [13]): Similarly, we can write the equation of the unfavorable Evidence Degree depending on the Factor of Lorentz, which will be computed by the complement of the Δtime  : So, the greater the Factor of Lorentz  is, the closer to zero is the unfavorable Evidence Degree extracted fr .

riable velocity ar
And the Paraquantum om the Observable Variable time that is The Evidence degree values of the Observable Variable space/time and the Observable Va The variation of the time  e in the Relativity theory [13], so, are dependent of the Lorentz factor.As, for these equations the velocity that is related to the speed of light in vacuum is equal to zero, then the Lorentz factor is unitary ( 1   ).This causes the value of the Paraquantum Gamma Factor, which acts in these equations extracted in the Newtonian universe, is always the inverse of the factor of Newton: 1 1 2 For the unitary value of the Discourse Universe (or Interest Interval), in the Newtonian un ntum Gamma Factor acting in the time correlates in the equilibrium point the three greatness physics [9,12], such that:

The Paraquantum Analysis in Newtonian Universe
where:  (14), nian universe, is: The paraquantum velo ese N city is the repr ntation of the velocity of the body which is considered as a physical state of motion in the P QL because it is represented by a Paraquantum Logical state (ψ).For a type of static analysis, therefore without propagation of the Paraquantum logical state (ψ), the quantized paraquantum velocity in the equilibrium point is: where: space (s the result of the space-time paraqu lation on the y-axis of the P QL Lattice with velocity. According to the foundations of the P QL , the quantized paraquantum velocity in the equilibrium point is rep nted in the vertical y-axis of the contradiction Degrees.When the analysis is made for a dynamical process the Equation (20) of quantization velocity considers the raquantum Leap and becomes: From Equation (13): From (19) we can rewrite (22) as follows: According to the physical laws, and using the pr ious equation, we can obtain the paraquantum acceleration in th ev e Newtonian universe: where: V = value of velocity measured at the start; nsidering the equation that ex d law [10,11], we can isolate the Forc raquantum analysis, such that: Being Force obtained by:     expression of the araquantum acceleration (23), we have: This last equation can be rewritten in such a way the one of the Observable Variables may be represented with
Gamma Factor, such that: to the measured va variation of velocity  Paraquantum G e variation  e value of the um Gamma F f the body is multiplied by th by  2 1 measured 1 Hence, for a value of Force F equal lue, that is, without receiving the action of the Paraquantum Gamma Factor, we have: 1) the measured value of the is multiplied by the inverse value of the amma Factor; 2) the measured value of tim is multiplied by th actor; 3) the value of the mass m o Paraquant e inverse value of the Paraquantum Gamma Factor.The value of the average velocity is already multiplied the value corresponding to evidence Degree of Indefinition of the Paraquantum analysis.Hence, the average velocity in the Paraquantum Logical Model has a value computed according to the laws of physics [11] we have: . However, in 2 e Newtonian u rse, inverse value can be expressed in a paraquantum form as follows: th nive of the Newton Factor is considered, so the equation of average velocity where: average V = quantized value of average equal to the value obtained by the laws of physics; easured value of final velocity; From (23) that expresses the paraquantum acceleration and using the approximation of the Paraquan Factor as being the inverse value of the Newton Factor, w tum Gamma e have: 27), we have: Replacing this value of V 2 in (26) of traveled space ∆s, we have: .
Going back to the value of the Paraquantum Gamma Factor, the equation of space which due to the use of paraquantum largenesses expresses a paraquantum value producing it by: where:  27), we can be written: Going back to the value corresponding to the Paraquantum Gamma Factor in the Newtonian unive e, we Using Equation (30) of acceleration and e which expresses Newton's second law mathematically [1 quation 0,11], Force can be computed by multiplying mass by the Paraquantum acceleration, such that: From the laws of classical physics [11] we Work multiplying the value of Force by the displacement, th W The paraquantum Work ( ψ ) is identified with the total kinetic Energy at the equilibrium point where the Paraquantum Logical state is located:  Therefore, the total kinetic Energy is expressed by: 1 1 And the equation of the paraquantum kinetic energy, represented at the equilibrium point of the P QL Lattice, is expressed by: where: = is the kinetic energy quantized wi sp erformed in the physical universe is identified with the quantity of paraquantum kinetic energy q ntized with respect to the physical environmen ing the kinetic Energy the system's energy variation [10, n, from the previous equation we can obtain the paraquantu th reect to the physical world; m = Mass of the body being considered.The Work p ua t.Be-11], the m final energy such that: As the analysis is done in the Newtonian Universe th ted to the speed of and time, tum Gamma Factor [10,13].As, for these equations the velocity that is related to the speed of light in vacuum is equal to zero, then the Lorentz factor is unitary ( 1 This causes the value of the Paraquantum Gamma Factor, which acts i th n these equations extracted in e Newtonian un iverse, is always the inverse of the factor of Newton: Figure 3 shows the representation of time (t), space (s) and of the mass (m) that is multiplying the velocity squared (V 2 ).Is verified that for Newtonian universe the mass is constant and the total Paraquantum energy is represented only in the y-axis of the P QL Lattice.

The Paraquantum Analysis and Fundamentals of an Unified Calculation
The equations of paraquantum velocity, acceleration, sp uanrium point, ace, work and energy found in the Newtonian universe were extracted from Newton's laws [10,11] and consider calculation always in equilibrium point located in the vertical y-axis of the P QL Lattice.
Comparing the amounts of total energy with the q tized pure final kinetic energy at the equilib we have: Being the quantized pure final kinetic energy obtained at the equilibrium point represented by: complemented quantized pure kinetic energy, therefore, from Figure 3: So, the total amount of total kinetic Energy, without adding the effect of the Paraquantum Lea as the unit on the axis of the contradiction degrees of the P Q ps to it, appears L Lattice, so that the normalized value is computed by: 1 1 Equation ( 39) is for generalized values, the relativity theory the pure complemented final kinetic en however, for ergy can be written taking the unitary value in which it is bounded by the speed of the light c in the vacuum, such that: For velo total energy based this condition the P QL Lattice is bounded by the city c of light in the vacuum, such that now it is possible to obtain the paraquantum pure on the maximum bound which is the velocity of light in the vacuum.This is done by an equation of approximated values of the Equation (41) such that: where:  Squaring both sides of the previous equation and considering the linear Momentum P as being the product of mass m by velocity c, we have that: Being P  the Paraquantum Momentum affected by the action of the Para ntum Gamma Factor, such that: qua wher e: E  = Paraquantum pure total Energy of the system involved by the Paraquantum Logical Model; P = Mo um or quantity of li ement.The equa of Energy at the p ent and related to the Linear Momentum and to the velocity c of light: 1 the body is related to the velocity c of light in the vacuum.The existence of the Paraquantum Gamma Factor on the equation points out that the fraction of velocity v of

T
Ac rding to the paraquantum analysis, a fundamental Lattice of the P QL can receive the Evidence Degrees var ing their intensity periodically because the Evide egrees are being extracted from quantities expressed by periodical functions, that can be of the type sin wt or cos wt.In this case, for the paraquantum analysis, it means a propagation  that in the variation the Paraquantum Leaps will produce in vary in module, such side the Fundamental Lattice a Lattice of Inertial or Irradiant Energy that will be expanding or contracting with frequency f.

Equation of the Inertial or Irradiant Energy
and Frequency um tizati ency.On the Paraquantum Logical Model, the value of the of the Pa r of quantization h Equation ( 12) expresses the energy of the Paraquant Leap with the Inertial or Irradiant Energy irr E as being that one which varies when the Paraquantum Logical state ψ, in its propagation, passes by the equilibrium point of the Fundamental Lattice of the P QL .So, the variations of the Observable Variables in the physical environment generate inside the Fundamental Lattice of the P QL a Lattice of Inertial or Irradiant Energy that has the same properties of quan on of the Fundamental Lattice.Therefore, in the P QL Lattice of Inertial or Irradiant Energy the variation of emitted or absolved energy through the Paraquantum Leaps is proportional to the quantization frequ Inertial or Irradiant will be influenced by the action raquantum Facto  on its process of expansion and contraction.So, considering Bohr's model: If the maximum Energy exposed on the horizontal axis of the P QL Lattice of Inertial or Irradiant Energy is given by irr E  , then, in a complete orbit of the electron, the quantized Inertial or Irradiant Energy ( irr E  ) will be computed by the application of the Paraquantum Factor of quantization.This condition is expressed by: irr or by: From Equation (49) we can determine: 1) The paraquantum Planck's constant ( Planck h  ) such that: paraquantum elementary charge: 2) The then from Equation (51) we can  , determine the value of the paraquantum elementary charge of the electron which is: Since frequency is obtained through the wavelength and the velocity of the particle, we can consider that (60) th of De Broglie [10,12] that: The representation of stationary wave, which is linked to the electron orbit of radius r around the core, is compared to a string attached to the ed vibration of a string of length d with one end means that in each end there is a knot.This means that the wavelength ges [11].The natural ways of attached  must be chosen such that: For a wavelength  considered as the wave of a circular orbit of the electron, such that comparing with the vibrating string, we have: Since Momentum is given by: P mv  .
Then by Equation (61) we have: The radius of the orbit of the electron is given by:


The number n of times that a qu ens, antization happ therefore, the number of times that the Paraquantum logical state ψ passes by the equilibrium point is propor-tio o time qua ap.Considering the analysis on the Fundamental Lattice of the P QL applied on an orbital model of an electron around a core, as the study which deals with Bohr's model, Paraquantum Leaps will happen on the equilibriu the results of study of Paraquantum Logical Model of hydrogen atom shown in [14] and values related to quantization factors and the equilibrium po As was shown in [14,15] we logical model to calculate en atom nal to tw s the energy produced by the Para ntum Le m point in each variation period [14,15].With [15] we can verify the int.

Energy Calculations in Hydrogen Atom by
Paraquantum Analysis can use the Paraquantum ergy levels in hydrogen .Comparing the amounts of total energy with the quantized pure final kinetic energy at the equilibrium point the equation of the quantities of Energy, for the Bohr's model on the Hydrogen atom, can be written as follows: where: h ψ is the Paraquantum Factor of quantization.

E
is the total Energy that can be transformed through propagation, therefore through the orbit of the electron in the Hydrogen atom.
max N

E
is the maximum energy on the level N of transition frequency or in the current state of excitation of the electron.
N is the transition frequency or number of times of aption plication of the Paraquantum Factor of quantization.
The value of the quantity of Energy of Propaga quantized, when considered in its static form, therefore, without considering the effect of the Paraquantum Leap, is computed by: Since the process of transformation of energy is dynamical, we must consider the effects of Paraquantum Leaps on the Paraquantum Logical Model.So, the Inertial or Irradiating Energy is expressed by: The total energy transformed at the equilibrium point of the La t t ice of the P QL is computed by: So, Equation ( 64) is rewritten as follows: or as follows: Or, in a more complete way, as follows: The second term of Equation ( 69) is the complemented value which represents the remaining maximum energy, therefore, it is that amount of energy ca ing transformed in order to increase the excitation level of the one which outcomes the value which will be repre tical and horizontal axis of the Lattice st pable of still bethe electron.So, for each new excitation level of the electron, the remaining energy E Rest max is sented on the verof the P QL.For a atic analysis, we have: From (72) the energy variation value is expressed by: Therefore, the remaining maximum Energy in the atom model depends on the excitation level of t tron.
he elec-When the analysis process is considered dynamical, we must take the effect of the Paraquantum Leap into account and determine the Remaining maximum Energy adding the Inertial or Irradiating Energy.So, Equation (72) in its complete form is: And the energy transformed value between the Fundamental level n = 1 and the level N = n is: Paraquantum Logical model used in analyses of quantum mechanics environments produ effects in the P Lattice [9,14,15].ease from zero of the velocity (v) relative to the speed of light in vacuum c is verif incre uilibrium ny valu ex ontradiction, w ainty degrees.The equations of the degree of contradiction represent the kinetic energy, which in a dynamic analysis has added energy inertial or irradiant from Para antum leap.
Following this same procedure, now with the Paraqua values of the Potential Energy are linked to effects of increase of the mass.
Figure 6 shows a representation of P QL Lattices to correlate the areas of Science Physics, where the energies may be represented and studied on the axes.
When the Paraquantum logical State (ψ) moves to the extreme point of the vertex right of the Lattice the value of the inertial energy (or irradiant) added to the kinetic energy decreases.There will also be a decrease in kinetic energy (Degree of contradiction-y-axis) and an increase in potential energy (Degrees of certainty-).x-axis ied that the Paraquantum logical State (ψ) moves as ases the value of the Lorentz Factor.In this case, as From Equation ( 16):  with the Paraquantum logical state (ψ) is out of eq po r so ma measured v   and 1 int, the calculations have to conside es posed on the y-axis, the degrees of c as ell as the values for the x-axis, of the cert  In the equilibrium point with: From Equation (76): Were the inertial energy (or irradiant) 1 Energy r Relativity theory un  Therefore the total kinetic fo iverse is: ) and the va e of the mass    Paraquantum Factor of quantization (h ψ ) related at variation in evidence degrees;  There is an irradiant Energy (or Inertial) due to Paraquantum leaps;  Quantization is made through the equilibrium points of lattices that are expanded;  For higher level of quantization the degree of certainty will be higher.The Lattice boundaries are fix  ed by the value of the speed c of light in a vacuum; For higher level of  quantization the degree of certainty will be higher and the degree of contradiction is smaller.
. Conclusions nom-science.Therefore, by all indications, the analysis through the Paraquantum Logic presents great possibilities to produce the ena that correlates the concepts of the Theory of the Relativity and foundati sical quantities were established.From these relations some important constants related to the studies of De Broglie appeared.So, with the interpretations on the P QL Lattice is possible to connect the values of the main constants of physics with the factors determined in studies of the Paraquantum Logics.As demonstrated in this work, the resu P QL lattices and shows with clarity the behavior of physical quantities in three main areas of

AF
Vector of State  will have origin in one of the two vertexes that compose the horizontal axis of the certainty degrees and its extremity will be in the point formed for the pair indicated by the Paraquantum function   P  .If the Certainty Degree is negative (D C < 0), then the Vector of State   P  will be on the lattice vertex which is the extreme Paraquantum logical state False: .If the Certainty Degree is positive (D C > 0), then the Vector of State  will be on the lattice vertex which is the extreme Paraquantum logical state True: .If the certainty degree is nil (D C = 0), then there is an undefined Paraquantum logical state . P The module of a Vector of State  is:

1 
In the language of the Paraquantum Logics, the entanglement between the favorable Evidence Degree (μ) and de unfavorable Evidence Degree (λ) produces the representation of a final Paraquantum logical state    atual visualized through the Intensity Degree of the Real Paraquantum logical state (μ ψR ) (Equation (9)).

.Figure 1 .
Figure 1.The paraquantum factor of quantization h  related to the evidence degrees obtained in the measu ments of the re observable variables in the physical world.

Figure 2
shows the representation of time (t) and )

; 2 =
of the state of acceleration of the system V value of velocity measured at the end; P  = Paraquantum Gamma Factor (Equation (14)); s = measured of traveled space;  h  Co pressed Newton's secon e F of the pa = Paraquantum Factor of quantization.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Representation of time (t) and space (s) and the result of the space-time paraquantum relation on the y-axis of the

velocity which is 2 V
= m measured value of initial velocity; P  = Newton Gamma Factor which is 2 .Th e written in a paraqu e equation of traveled space can b antum fashion as follows: of quantizatio lating V 1 in Equation (

FinalkE 2 V 2 V
 = Quantized final kinetic energy; = value of the velocity measured at the e The total amount of energy involved in the tum Logical Model i omputed at the val related to the physical environment, the paraqtal energy in the static state is expressed by: nd.Paraquann a static state is that one c e of the measured final velocity such th u energy of the system involved by (36) the Paraquantum Logical Model in the Total E static state;  = Total quantized Ene vo e velocity in these equations is not rela light in a vacuum c, but obtained by dividing the space where only time suffers the action of Paraquan-rgy of the system inlved by the Paraquantum Logical Model; = Final value of measured velocity.

2 V
complemented final quantized kinetic Energy; c = Constant value of the velocity of light in the vacuum, imposed as maximum value; = measured value of the particle's velocity; m = Mass of the particle being considered.From Equation (40) we can write the paraquantum equation such that:

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Representation of time (t), space (s) and of the mass (m) that is multiplying the velocity squared (V 2 )-with the paraquantum kinetic energy E (ψ) represented in the y-axis of the P QL lattice.
Paraquantum pure total kinetic Energy of the system involved in the Paraquantum Logical Model; c = Constant value of the velocity of light in the vacuum, imposed as maximum value; P  Wh = Paraquantum Gamma Factor.ich related to the physical environment it is expressed by:

3 . 1 . 1 .netic Energy of the 3 . 1 .Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Senoidal variation of the evidence degrees in the physical world which causes the propagation of the paraquantum logical state ψ represented by the vector of state P(ψ).
Logical state ψ that makes the Vector of State   P ment near mov tion hysical environm

Figure 5 effects at 3 . 2 .
Figure 5 shows Paraquantum Logical Model in anaaction effects at

Figure 5 .
Figure 5.The paraquantum logical model in analyses of quantum mechanics with the contraction effects at lattices. of the Newtonian universe indicates a relation: For Theory Relativity P QL Lattice → relativity

PE
logical state (ψ) outside of the equilibrium point, on the x-axis the values of the Potential Energy will be exposed.It is verified that in the Relativity Theory the measured 1  = Potential Energy.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Representation P QL lattices to correlate the areas of science physics.
79)When the velocity v relative to the speed of light in a vacuum c approaches the unit, then the Paraquantum logical State (ψ) approaches the vertex far right Lattice.At this point the sum of kinetic Energy (

Fig city vure 7
related at speed of the light in the vacuum c.The Paraquantum kinetic energy shows the representation of space-time and of the velo  is in the y-axis and the Paraquantum Potential energ he effects related to energy in the Newtonian u in the universe of the theory of relativity and in quantum mechanics, can be represented in a single Lattice of the e x-axis of the P QL -Relativistic Lattice.

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Representation of space-time and of the velocity v related at speed of the light in the vacuum cwith the paraquantum kinetic energy Ec (ψ) in the y-axis and the paraquantum Potential energy Ep (ψ) in the x-axis of the P QL -Relativistic lattice.

4 
For P QL Lattice in Relativity World → Factor is fixed only in the equilibrium point;  Quantization of the kinetic energy through of the Paraquantum Factor of quantization (h ψ ) is made only in the equilibrium point; In this paper we presented a study of physical phe ons of the Paraquantum logic.Through the originated Equations of the Paraquantum Logical Model we did analogies with relativistic effects where we verified the relation between the Factor of Lorentz γ and the Paraquantum Gamma Factor γ Pψ .The effects of these factors were studied in detail and we observed that the Paraquantum Gamma Factor (γ Pψ )which aggregates the phenomena found in the theory of relativity and in the Newtonian universe, makes the connection among the physical universes through the correlation with the Factor of Paraquantum Quantization h ψ .This correlation produced equations about physical quantities where through the paraquantum equations we investigated the effects of energy balancing and quantization properties.With the paraquantum equations, in the lts are easy to view through of the study of physical fundamentals necessary for a unified phy- Quantization of the kinetic energy and of the Potential energy are made through of the Lorentz Factor; which the Paraquantum factors appear and deal with the Observable Variables as periodical variations, relation between quantizations and intensity frequencies of phy  There is an irradiant (or Inertial) Energy due to Paraquantum leaps;

.1.4. The Paraquantum Planck Constant and raquantum Elementary Charge
55) we can consider that the paraquantum Planck's constant multiplied by the frequency of the Observable Variable is a fraction of the quantization of the Inertial or Irradiant Energy of the Fundamental Paraquantum Logical Model.So, for the Paraquantum Logical Model we can express this fraction or quantizetion of the Inertial or Irradiant Energy, such as: irre From Equation ( . = Paraquantum Factor of quantization; e  = Paraquantum elementary charge: