The Role of International Entrepreneurship Capability on International Performance in Born Global Firms

More than two decades, international entrepreneurship (IE) has come out as a distinct academic discipline, and that concentrates on firms that become international from inception or near after it. However, comparatively little is known about the international entrepreneurship (IE), its capability and what drives the international performance of these firms with early and rapidly internationalizations. Therefore, the objective of the investigation is to reveal the dimensions of international entrepreneurial capability (IEC) and its effect on international performance (IP) in born global firms. The study will give an instruction to the born global (BG) managers, vision and strategy to the policymakers, and introduce the effectiveness role of international entrepreneurship capability (IEC) on international performance.


Introduction
The twenty-first century is a challenging decade for international business firms that they have become increasingly common in recent years.Although, traditionally the study of internationalization focused on large, well-established firms, but after globalizations, new and dynamic world economy changed all that and came out the born global (BG) firms or "international new ventures" (INVs) phenomenon [1,2].
On the other hand, the process of globalization has decreased the barriers of trade by advancing in transportation, technology and communication.This situation has shifted in global value chains and has driven the world to new arrangement such as lacking boundaries and the village of glob [3,4].Therefore, it becomes possible the increasing and expansion in the number of firm international activities.Consequently, the interest of investigation has increased in internationalization of young and small companies [5][6][7].
The literature of the internationalization has received sizable attention over the last decades.All around the world, it has been as one of the most significant strategies of growth for entrepreneurial firms [8][9][10][11][12][13].Moreover, Founding and maintaining a competitive advantage need the capacity to grasp opportunities by foreign markets, and it is significant for firms to be active in international marketplace [14][15][16][17].
Research on born global firm-level capability like international entrepreneurship capability is still a lack of investigations [18].Therefore, we have still known very little about the born global firms and serious challenges that have faced with their established companies in the international marketplace [6].On the other hand, these kinds of studies have rapidly increased in the developed countries [19][20][21][22][23].
Generally, there has been a question among scholars who the dimensions of international entrepreneurial capability (IEC) effect on international performance in born global firms.Thus, there is a need to gain insights into the role of international entrepreneurial capability (IEC) and understanding of its dimensions and relationship with international performance (IP).Therefore, this study will respond to those necessary needs in international business (IB) activities.
It endeavors to supply significant perception into the international entrepreneurship (IE), international entrepreneurial capability (IEC), its dimensions and international performance (IP) to reveal how the international entrepreneurial capability (IEC) transfer to international performance in international marketplace.The paper structured as follows: Firstly, The capabilities view as a growing interest theme, with complicated bundles and a multilevel phenomenon are discussed.Then entrepreneurial capabilities have introduced as an ability that enables firms to improve the bundles of resources, and to supply the sustained completive advantage that caused to success the firms in the international marketplace.In addition, the paper is focused attention on international entrepreneurial capability (IEC) as one of the essential capabilities in international business activities and its dimensions.Finally, the study major contributions have discussed.

View of Capabilities
In recent years, the view of capabilities of the organization has growing interest achievement in both areas of business strategy and academic research.From a the literature viewpoint the view of capabilities still is connected very nearly to the literature stream concentrated on the RBV of the firm [24].Furthermore, the view of capabilities has been recognized as a fundamental construct by the domain of evolutionary economics.According to Nelson and Winter [25] illustrated capabilities and routines among the principal structure blocks of evolutionary theory.
The view of capabilities proposes that the capabilities affect more than resources in making possible the leveraging and deployment the resources that assistant a perform of the firms [26,27].In addition, the capabilities construct is cited in management and technology investtigation [28], knowledge management investigation investigation [29,30], the domain of business strategy research, and business history investigation.
Based on Day [30] capabilities are as complicated bundles of collective learning, skills and performance through an organizational process that confirm the functional activities of superior coordination.In another investigation, the definition of capabilities had been presented by Day [30] is the frequently wide reference [31][32][33].Whereas extensively acknowledged, this definition has scrutinized for being narrow in capacity and limiting capabilities to the organizational level, functions and process.
Majority of recent investigations illustrate capabilities as spreading beyond functions and process.At many levels outside and inside the organization, they operate.A capability is a multi-level phenomenon, existing across firms, at the operational unit level and at the firm level.This is a more broad-reaching definition adopted and recommended [34,35].Capabilities have been referred to achieve a desired goal need for a firm's capacity and to purposefully deploy a combination of resources and processes [36].
In the organizational processes, capabilities have been inserted as a compound package of skills and knowledge [37,38].Firms utilize them as a crucial source of sustainable competitive advantage that obtains superior performance by leveraging their assets.
Capabilities were used as the glue that ties different resources together simultaneously and makes them possible to be spread out to gain maximum advantages in their activities [30].

Entrepreneurial Capability
The idiom "entrepreneurial capabilities" refers to an ability that acquires necessary resources to perform upon opportune moments recognized in the market or new market opportunities creation.At the inception of the venture, entrepreneurial capabilities can be crucial to success, while these capabilities become less important and relevant as the venture matures.More in a specific manner, entrepreneurial capabilities enable firms to improve the bundles of resources.
It can supply sustained completive advantage that caused to success international new venture [39].What kinds of entrepreneurial capabilities are critical to international new venture success?
Based on the literature of entrepreneurship, it has been suggested four dimensions that can be depicted the ventures of entrepreneurial capabilities [40,41].They are people, resources (non-human), timing and opportunity.People and resources as the first two dimensions that handle the ventures capacity toward resources by the markets with factor of strategy [42].Timing and opportunity as the last two dimensions make it possible to deal with the ventures capabilities and maneuvering in special contexts [41].Autio et al. have explored that with fundamental uncertainty of environment that new ventures are faced, how the future investigations in entrepreneurship might think regarding new capabilities emerge and solidify [43].

The Triad Model of Entrepreneurial Capabilities
In this section, a model of entrepreneurial capabilities is related to the literature of entrepreneurial capability reviews and reveals a comprehensive definition of the study.Past researchers have demonstrated a need to strengthen an interpretative framework that can serve as a foundation for future theory of building and testing of entrepreneurial capability [44].Therefore, based on [45] Figure 1 presents a proposed integrative framework for responds to that need.
The triad model of entrepreneurial capabilities hints that the organizational and the personal capabilities, which form the bottom line, are two fundamental capabilities.
International business scholars have mentioned the notion of organization capabilities through interpretation of the firms increasing internationalizations [46].
On the other hand, the ontological side of entrepreneurial capability corresponds with the personal capability.According to this view, it introduces the abilities of entrepreneurs that embedded them, and the individual exclusively has dependence on by an individual and whose incorporate [45].The spirit of the organizational capabilities is the integration of knowledge that the scholars of management have conceptualized [26,47].Proactive personality is the most appealing construct that has been defined as the extent to influence their environments by individual take action [48].Personal and organizational capabilities have influenced on entrepreneurial governance and finesse because of their ethical content, in a reciprocal way.The entrepreneurs' personal capabilities have been shaped by proactive personality and entrepreneurial alertness patterns, and this caused the effective entrepreneurial societal capability [45].
Entrepreneurial social capabilities are also contingent on organizational potentialities, trustworthy strategic direction and networks, that constitute organizational capability.
Societal capabilities that are displayed at the top are the important ones.This capability settles that kind of entrepreneurship, which is acceptable and sustainable in various communications developing through time.This model is sufficient to carry all those aspects to illuminate in a straightforward way and to enable for more elabora-tion.
One of the important issues on entrepreneurship worldwide has been cultural aspect.Culture is indispensable to have in mind the difference between community-based and individual based cultures.In the western countries, the individual-based cultures have been the basic rule of the social life and the civil society has been inflounced by this culture.In the parts of eastern and southern countries, the development of entrepreneurship is linked o subduing property.Nonetheless, in these countries, the collective values have rooted from traditions and community history.These contents have stood in the way of entrepreneurship careers.For instance, in African way, the development of entrepreneurship would have required a process of individualization [49].Collective values regulating social life, as respected codes of conduct, have been a very strong influence within civil society in some collective countries.Although they may have priority in the interests of their businesses, in these countries small businesses that have owner-managers, do not set aside fundamental values such as family, religion, solidarity and mutual.These values are related to the traditions of those countries [45].
An important area in research striving and business practices have been one of the ethical concerns in the field of management [50].The above model shows the entrepreneur's behavior that is related to the ethical part as a common ground interacting with each of the capabilities around the center of this imaginary.

International Entrepreneurial Capability
International entrepreneurship is as one of the important stand researches in entrepreneurship on the role of organizational capabilities of the firm performance that has been induced and renewed [5,[51][52][53][54].International entrepreneurship literature has discussed the three major perspectives [18].
The first international entrepreneurship perspective underscores brokering, value creation, resource stretching or leveraging, and seeking the opportunity through a risk seeking behavior, proactive and combination of innovative.
Strategic management literature has been the origin of this perspective [55,56].This prospective proponent has defined IE as a combination of risk-taking behavior, innovation, proactive and creation of the value in the firms on the cross-national borders [1].
International entrepreneurship as opportunities is the second perspective scenery.This viewpoint has defined it as the examination of how, by whom and the effects of opportunities to create future services and goods that are discovered then evaluated and exploited [57].
Entrepreneurship views in the third viewpoint are as a process of enactment and discovery.This perspective has not agreed with opportunities as objective phenomena.
Proponents of this viewpoint believe the social milieu as a subjective phenomena creation influences among people [58].Consequently, these three major perspectives have provided a base to conceptualize the capability of international entrepreneurship [18].

The Dimensions of International
Entrepreneurship Capability (IEC)

International Networking Capability (INC)
International networking capability (INC) refers to the relation to counterparts in foreign networks, and the firms establish and develop their positions in international markets [59].Networks and relationships as important factors have been mentioned and influenced on business improvement [60,61].For instance, by relation to counterparts in foreign networks, the firms can establish and develop their positions in international markets [59].Knowledge flow and exchange become possible by marketing connection and it foster communication between included groups, and establish a crucial channel for them [62,63].Moreover, Investigators have theoretically recommended [64] and empirically observed [60,65] that network relationships enhance and expedite firm performance [60,66].In order to understand firm's performance and behavior, some of the researchers have suggested that researches of business should shift a focus from traditional relationships to a business context of network relationships and this is an increasing need for the world of business research [67,68].
On the other hand, one of the important entrepreneurial capabilities is international networking capability that mentions the company's capacity for acquiring a resource of wealth from surrounding by way of connection invention.Also, it involves the social insert for utilization of their performance into another country marketplace [67,69].The capability of networking is more important than other strategies that chase after, by entrepreneurial companies.These firms acquire resources and get over environmental ambiguity and obstacles which can be important on the performance [70,71].Viello [72] presented the concept of "network" as a simile that covers joint performers.These performers can be either persons or organizations, and they have the relationships that bind them jointly and capture large in number the forms.As an example, it can refer those among one who supplies products or services, customers, or government agencies.Networks of relationships as an important resource have extensively recognized in the literature of strategic management and international business that it can provide the competitive advantage by leveraging [73][74][75][76].Generally, international firms that acquire up-to-date knowledge to improve performance and nurture their relationships effectively, they are proactive in seeking network capabilities and often have a better chance of selecting reliable foreign partners [77,78].

International Marketing Capability (IMC)
According to Song et al. [79], international marketing capability (EMC) comprises the rivalry of knowledge of client and ability in section to make groups of things a target market in pricing and advertising in merge market action.The capability to acquire knowledge, customer necessity and situation of their products in a successful manner, can be observed as an important determining factors of prosperity even for the small technology-based companies [80,81].Technical ability in many cases is not sufficient, so a young firm need to learn the others skills [82].For instance, the knowledge of marketing is a significant skill in existing understanding that is connected to the market.
The prior studies clarify international marketing capabilities that can be the firm's capacity to improve and perform the strategies of market, utilizing something that is known of rivalry to make exceptional value, by way of, necessary marketing components [83].Marketing capabilities enable firms to tender production and provide assistance belonging to value purchasers fell to go beyond the potential value of alternative donation.It supplies the base from whichever the company that act on each other with the varied foreign marketplace [3].At this point, globalizations is made easy to come out of buyers who are in a superior way arranged larger in quantity degree information, and ordinarily extra demanding [79].
Companies with potent international marketing capableness make particular marketing connected scheme aimed at get over these disputes and make as large as possible performance.Besides, it also enables firms to better study and realizes cline demands in order that they can hammer novel marketplace sections.Furthermore, international marketing keeps off commitment to incurrect ways.Hence, firms key out the "right" business situation nascent by potent marketing capableness in the procedure of internationalizations.Also they strongly plan commercial new angled products in the marketplace to catch inexperienced business chance [18].
Consequently, marketing capabilities have a key role to succeed in an accomplishment in the global markets [79].It comprises the rivalry of knowledge of client and ability in orther to make groups of things a target market in pricing and advertising in merge market action.Furthermore, marketing capabilities are interested in the procedure of sales strategy evolvement and performance [84].

Innovation and Risk-Taking Capability (IRC)
Innovation capability is the firm-level ability to manage technological innovation that can be the specific expert opinion and competence connected to the evolvement of the firms.Furthermore, it acts like an introducing to the new products or processes in the marketplace [85,86].Initiation of the innovative project has been featured in small and young technology ventures by low investment and high uncertainty with risk-taking [87].Information that is connected to resources has been fundamental to the success of innovation [88].The creation of knowledge capability has been an essential predictor in the high-technology firms with an innovation outcome that is revealed by Smith, Collins et al. [89,90].
Innovation ability direct attention to the company's capacity that embrace different and modern innovative thoughts, productions, or procedure formulated to serve the international marketplace [91].According to Bruyat and Julien [92] fundamentally, creativity is inherent in entrepreneurship to the scope that a lot of investigators seem to utilize the two sayings in an interchangeable manner.Risk-seeking ability mentions company's capability to tackle consequential and hazardous resource obligations in an international marketplace.Risk-taking conducts, as an example of acquiring heavily obligation in order to use occasions in the foreign markets probably to characterize in international entrepreneurial companies [91].Therefore, inventive and risk-taking ability is nearly connected together [93].There is a fact that a comprehensive exercise connects the two patterns in order to get the enterpriser manner of the firm [94].The capabilities of technology affect on the success of innovation and it makes possible a firm to add value to processes and products.On the other hand, the success of innovation has a meaningful positive impact on the performance of organization [95].

International Learning Capability (ILC)
In the new ventures context, Autio et al. [54] has suggested that internationalizations may give to accelerate learning and capability reinforcement.Learning arguments to capability development have been extended by researchers through emphasizing a cumulative learning effect [54,96].Organizational learning and experiential knowledge have been accepted as a principal strategic contrivance that differentiates firm performance.It has been argued in the international business literature [97].In addition, for performance and survival, the importance of learning from failure has been studied and highlighted [98][99][100].
Every organization may develop to certain general capabilities and has a sure mixture of organizational learning capabilities (OLC) [101].According to Di Bella et al. [102] organizational learning capabilities (OLC) have been defined as processes and construction of formal and informal situated properly for the acquirement, communion and utilizing of education and abilities in an organization.The abilities for self-expressing, programming and paying attention to environmental performance by scanning spread and shares knowledge to perform and test [103].Moreover, dynamical abilities can be merged, created and configured differently.Capabilities speak of quickly altering environmental situation [104].
Assuming written above, international learning capabilities (ILC) can be define as a company's capability to obtain, participate and use its benefit and intelligent operations to make a scheme and disperse information.The literature of extending shows that the forms of the organizational learning are an important attribute of the culture of an organization that is connected to the organizational theory [105,106].The importance of organizational learning in holding with marketplace necessity is emphasized by Bertels and Savage [107].The versatile company would nurture learning average that makes strong its capacity to spread out in international marketplaces [93].

International Experience (IE)
Investigation in the formation of capability in start-ups has emphasized the founders' previous work experience role [36,37,108].Furthermore, the cumulative effect of experience on the behavior of the firm has been emphasized by organizational learning literature [109][110][111].In addition, on the speed of internationalizations, Management previous experience has affirmative influence [112].
On the other hand, the foremost dimension in international entrepreneurial capability is the international experience.It is important to determine the factor of time in internationalizations [113,114].The born global scholars emphasize the operation in a worldwide economy.To do this, they need more importance international experiences that entrepreneurs habituated to use.Moreover, the born global theorists stated that the differences of older firms have formed by the impact of the education, international living and work experience of the founders [18,115,116].
The psychic distance in particular markets reduce risk and ambiguity as much as possible that an be decreased by previous knowledge [115].In addition, among countries, the previous activities of BG established companies caused the persons who decide to perform a significant function within expanding the companies to accelerate of making activities international [117].To support this reasoning, according to Cohen and LEvinthal's [118] to absorb the capability of an idea, global born firms commence with fundamental knowledge regarding internationalizations.Therefore, BG's firms are further capable of gather modern education related to international activ-ity.If firms are be able to operate successfully in international markets; therefore, international experience gains should also develop the other capabilities of the firms [119].

Conclusions
This paper provides further information and evidence of the role of international entrepreneurship capability (IEC) on born global (BG) companies' performance through a review study of international entrepreneurship literature, capabilities and its dimensions.It explained and revealed the strong connection between the dimensions of international entrepreneurial capability (IEC) and international performance (IP) in born global (BG) firms.The study major contributions carried out are twofold.First, at the macro level, the proposal from a practical standpoint can be used by policymakers such as governmental planners and top managers whose plans play a significant role to make the entrepreneurial companies international.Secondly, at the micro level, this study can offer the managers of born global (BG) firms a comprehensive picture from international entrepreneurial capabilities (IEC) and supply valuable perceptions into how they can deal with dynamic international marketplaces.Therefore, it will be adequate that the international entrepreneurship capability to be introduced and presented in the local literatures in the industries and services that are internationalize their activities.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.The traid model of entrepreneurial capabilities.