An Experimental Methodology for Storm Mitigation

There are many theoretical explanations for the mitigation of tornados, storms, and hurricanes and one or two known simulation models that address the reduction of the intensities of these forces. We introduce an innovative methodology that releases environmentally friendly aerosol particles responsible for cloud condensation and weakens the intensities of these forces. For the past nine years, we did several experiments and analyzed the results. Experimental results give evidence to this methodology is practical, environment-friendly, cost-effective, and consistent. In this paper, we described our experiments along with results in three different scenarios such as tornado (March 2021, Georgia USA), storm Claudette (June 2021, Georgia USA), and hurricane Elsa (July 2021, Florida USA). Our experimental outcome and subsequent relevant me-teorology data support the reason for mitigating the intensity of these destructive forces in and around the experiment locations.


Introduction
Storms and Hurricanes can cause tornadoes, heavy rains, wind, thunder, hail, etc., causing a disturbance in the environment and damaging property, harming lives, and producing flooding. The international hurricane research center (IHRC) reported new research to mitigate hurricane-induced effects on residential buildings and other structures [1]. For hurricane mitigation planning, Philip et al. [2] have considered automated decision support systems using computer technology. Shirley et al. [3] gave evidence that social vulnerability influenced outcomes of natural disasters such as hurricanes. $16 billion in damages were caused could reduce flood damage without being vulnerable to wind. It was reported [11] that depending on the conditions of their atmospheric and oceanic surroundings hurricanes can be regulated. Kerry Emanuel's [12] hypotheses predict that the maintenance and intensification of tropical cyclones depend on the self-induced heat transfer from the ocean.
Rachel Fritts [13] observed that industrial air pollution would increase the intensities of storms and hurricanes as more pollution will create more heat and condense the water. Sarah Gibbens [14] noted that Climate Change and Global Warming make the intensities of the storms and hurricanes much more rapid as observed in eight of the storms in 2020 had increased wind speeds of 35 mph in less than 24-hour periods. As Adam [15] noted, if we take the last five years (2016-2020) into consideration, climate disasters in the United States of America exceed $600 billion.
Project STORMFURY [16] used an artificial modification of stimulation outside the hurricane/storm eyewall through silver iodide seeding on eight different days in four hurricanes and observed that the winds decreased between 10% -30% on four of these days. It was argued that the artificially stimulated convection would compete with the convection in the original eye wall. This would cause a change in the radius of the eye wall leading to a decrease in the wind speed. The authors further argued that even a 10% decrease in the wind speed would decrease the damage to a greater extent. As a booster to this project's details, Daniel et al. [17] reported that the simulated numerical models showed aerosols responsible for cloud condensation can weaken the storms. The report said that the land and ocean aerosols (Black Carbon, Organic Carbon, Dust, Sea Salt, and Sulphates) were considered in the simulations and this study was based on STORMFURY work.
Huan et al. [18] observed the simulation effects of sea-salt aerosols on the structure and precipitation of a developed tropical cyclone and noted that increasing sea-salt aerosol emissions leads 1) to a more obvious warm core structure and more latent heat release, 2) shifts peak precipitation towards the tropi-V. Chaganti [22]. Jiang et al. [23] found that anthropogenic aerosols discharged from land can promote convective precipitation rate at the periphery of a Tropical Cyclone (TC).
The above experimental and simulated works fall in line with our already existing research work in finding methods to artificially modify the convection of the outer wall of the Hurricane. Griffith et al. [24] introduced a ground-based, manually operated Silver Iodide generator ( Figure 1) for the operation of winter cloud seeding to obtain snow. They used a seeding solution that contained 3% solution of silver iodide complexed with sodium iodide and paradichlorobenzene dissolved in acetone that is burned in a propane flame.
Experimental implementation to mitigating tornadoes, storms, and hurricanes is a scientific challenge and if done, gives a lot of benefits such as decrease in human fatality, and reduced property damage worth billions of dollars.
Research work [23] supports anthropogenic aerosols discharged from land can promote convective precipitation rate at the periphery of Tropical Cyclone.
In this paper, we propose the method to weaken the storm/hurricane/tornado

Generating Ground-Based CCN
We conducted several experiments that release environmentally friendly aerosols into the atmosphere. Over the past few years, we conducted these experiments to produce manually ground-based CCN. We arranged 30 inches round and 9 inches depth copper firepit ( Figure 2) and burned selective wood pieces from certain trees along with selective food materials to produce environmentally friendly aerosols (cloud condensation nuclei) that can reduce the storm intensity. The aerosols are environmentally friendly as these aerosols did not increase the Air Quality Index (AQI) in the area and in fact decreased the AQI within a few hours of the experiment. As the temperature is not sufficient to melt and vaporize the copper in the fire pit negligible amount of copper particles are included in the smoke plume aerosol or particulate matter, PM 2.5 or PM 10 . The natural question is how do we know these aerosols made their way into the clouds to be seeded? We have given sufficient evidence in the results section. These CCN will likely grow into cloud drops at the atmosphere's LCL (lifting condensation level).
Parameters such as wind, rain, place, and surroundings were taken into the consideration. We did the experiments in an open space with a high roof to prevent rainwater falling in the firepit (brazier). Also, to prevent winds (if present), we use temporary wooden protective walls.

Materials
• Ghee (clarified butter): Brooke et al. [25] calculated the relative hygroscopicity of atmospheric aerosol organics and concluded that the hygroscopicity of   [28]. Jim Haywood [29] reports from simple conceptual framework of monodisperse distribution of cloud droplets in clouds that anthropogenic aerosols which are active as CCN can increase the optical depth of clouds and increase reflectivity of clouds. Also, if the number of cloud droplets increase along with the decrease in the size of the droplet, there is chance for the clouds not to reach the critical size for precipitation.

Process
The selected materials were grains, nuts, ghee (clarified butter), and some aromatic materials such as sandalwood. These materials are burned in specified quantities and at specified intervals for producing efficient results. The materials were manually placed with the help of long spoons (process can be automated for scaling) into the firepit to give time for the materials to properly combust as shown in Table 2.

Effects of Produced PM2.5 and PM10
According to National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)'s Earth Due to the burning the concentration of PM 2.5 in the above said volume (see Equation (2)) would increase by (from Table 3 and Equation (2)).

Heat Released in the Process
As wood and food burning always release heat and all materials burned/combusted in our experiment was wood and food related, the combustion/burning process release heat as referenced in Table 4.

Utilization of Heat Released in the Combustion/Burning Process
The released heat will be used to lower the density of burnt material to increase the buoyancy of generated aerosols upon their injection into the troposphere.

Experiments
We would like to present our experiments conducted on three different occasions

Experiment 2
On learning that Tropical Storm Claudette (18 th

Experiment 3
On learning about Tropical Storm Elsa that would turn into a Hurricane on the west of Florida, and could damage Tampa Bay region and west Florida, we conducted our experiment in the premises of hotel Super 8 by Wyndham near Sarasota Springs, FL ( Figure 3) and released environmentally friendly aerosols on the evening of 5 th July between 6:00 PM and 8:00 PM (EDT USA), and on the morning of 6 th July 2021 between 7:00 AM and 9:00 AM (EDT USA). Experimental results give evidence to this methodology to be practical, environment friendly, cost-effective (significantly less expensive when compared to cloud seeding with silver iodide), and consistent.

Results
Mainly the following scientific parameters and their values published by EOSDIS

Experiment 2: Results and Discussion (Experiment on 19 th June 2021 Evening and 20 th June 2021 Morning)
From Therefore, from the above discussion based on the data in Tables 8-10, we can safely say that the extra aerosols that were released by our experiments caused artificially invigorated convection [16] [17], decrease in wind speeds, and          After that the speed continued to increase but the maximum sustainable wind speed slowly picked up. No noticeable damages were reported in Georgia, South, and North Carolinas. It was dissipated earlier than it was predicted and by deviating from its original path in the Atlantic Ocean. From

Experiment 3: Results and Discussion (Experiment on 5 th
July 2021 Evening and 6 th July 2021 Morning) Table 12 clearly indicates that the number of aerosols has increased on 6 th and 7 th , of July 2021. This is plausible due to re-leasing aerosols on the evening of 5 th July 2021 and Morning of 6 th July 2021. In any case the number of aerosols has in-creased from 5 th to 7 th , and it is an indication that there is a chance for CCN formation. Cloud Effective Radius is a measure of cloud particle size in microns. Cloud Phase Infrared Cloud Phase infrared layer indicates the phase of cloud particles inferred from the infrared wavelengths 8.5 microns to 11 microns. Changes in the cloud phase affect the climate feedback mechanism. Table 13 gives the Cloud Effective Radius obtained during the daytime. The Cloud Effective Radius transformation between daytime of 6 th July 2021 and daytime of 7 th July 2021 indicated that the size of the Ice Nuclei (IN) has decreased. This indicates there were additional aerosols that decreased the Cloud Effective Radius. We can see from the Table 14 to get the status of these IN that matches with the Table 13. Storm Elsa turned into Hurricane at about 8:00 PM (0000 UT) on 6 th of July 201 and fallen back to Storm status between midnight of 6 th July 2021 and 1:00 AM of 7 th July 2021.
Therefore, a lot of heat must have been released from conversion of water vapor to IN (Ice Nuclei), and it was plausible that the extra aerosols that were released by our experiment caused artificially invigorated convection [16] [17], decrease in wind speeds, and subsequent mitigation of the Hurricane Elsa.