Security Cooperation between China and Indonesia to Address Maritime Security Threats

China and Indonesia face the same maritime challenge in Asia. As their relationship strengthens and their multidimensional strategic connection grows. This research analyzes the maritime security threats China and Indonesia, include the current state of China-Indonesia security cooperation, and proposes the following steps to strengthen security cooperation, especially jointly countering maritime security threats. It also provides policymakers with theory and practice guidance. China and Indonesia can improve security by strengthening their alliance. However, there are some trust issues and a weak security cooperation mechanism. China and Indonesia must increase security cooperation to address maritime security threats. The two countries should increase multi-level defence and military cooperation to eliminate maritime security threats.

In Southeast Asia, piracy and transnational crimes have not been adequately addressed due to the expansiveness of the seas and the limited capacity of ASEAN nations to implement maritime law (Purwanto, 2016). Existing research has long disregarded security cooperation, and it is also a crucial aspect of the two nations' strategic partnerships. Security cooperation is a sensitive issue, but its meaning is broad that security cooperation can be initiated in combating piracy and maintaining the safety of sea lanes. Strengthening the development of maritime defence forces in Indonesia also means room for cooperation in military trade between the two sides. The problem of piracy is a potential problem in Southeast Asia (James, 2018). Although the problem of piracy in Southeast Asia  (Arif & Chairil, 2020).
The history of Indonesian-Chinese maritime cooperation includes relationships between Indonesian and Chinese forebears. The cooperation between Indonesia and China is dynamic, although there was a break in diplomatic relations during the case of the 30 S/PKI Movement (Zhou, 2014). Then diplomatic relations were re-established, and cooperation in various fields began to be carried out, including maritime cooperation. Both potentials strengthen Indonesia and China's relationships in developing the maritime sector. Indonesia with the world maritime axis vision and China with the silk route that President Xi Jinping is currently promoting. Maritime cooperation between Indonesia and China has been agreed upon by signing a memorandum of understanding related to maritime defence and security through the Maritime Cooperation Committee. However, the security cooperation between the two countries is not deep enough. For example, China and Indonesia have not established a fixed mechanism for the bilateral "Sharp Knife" joint training series since 2011 (Chinyong Liow et al., 2017).
There is no fixed mechanism for the exchange of military students between China and Indonesia, and it is occasionally interrupted for several policy reasons. From the existing cooperation, anti-terrorism cooperation is still under the ASEAN framework. Maritime security cooperation has not been conducted in-depth, and cooperation in military equipment trade is only superficial. China and Indonesia will move towards closer cooperation, which depends not only on the fact that the two countries are developing rapidly but also on a high degree of integration between the two countries' development strategies (Damuri et al., 2019). The two countries face disputes in the exclusive economic zone of the South China Sea, face the insecurity factor of the sea transportation corridor, and face various maritime security threats. In short, the two countries face   (Fitriani, 2021). The intimate relationship between Sino-Indonesia will bring positive effects to both countries and support the peace and development in the region. Furthermore, China and Indonesia have maintained good coordination and cooperation in international and regional affairs. Some of the issues between the two countries left over by history are starting to be solved.

Indonesia's National Security Interest
There are seven pillars of Indonesian Ocean Policy, namely: the management of marine resources and the development of human resources; maritime security, law enforcement and safety at sea; ocean governance and institution; economic and infrastructure of marine sector and of prosperity enhancement; management of the ocean space and protection of marine environment; maritime cul- Financial Crisis, the number of events had climbed to 115, representing a more than tenfold increase in less than ten years (Camdessus, 1997). In another report from the Regional Cooperation Agreement on Combating Pirate and Armed Robbery, it is revealed that the number of pirate incidents increased by 25 percent in 2010, two years after the global financial crisis of 2008 (Kyrychenko, 2018). It is most probable that these increases are the consequence of a combination of increasing capacity at sea and budget reductions. These modifications will also affect maritime cooperation initiatives such as coordinated pirate patrols, which will be affected. As Indonesia implements the necessary budget cutbacks in light of the economic effect of COVID-19, it must keep in mind the ramifications of such reallocations and the problems that are most likely to arise in the present economic climate.
Regarding security, Indonesia should pay close attention to dangers expected to grow both during and after the epidemic and those already present. Due to growing concerns about maritime security from an increasingly aggressive China and the threat of piracy, which is expected to increase in the aftermath of the pandemic, Indonesia's naval capabilities must be carefully controlled due to budget cutbacks. Assume that Indonesia can decide which skills should be prioritized. Therefore, it will be able to minimize the effect of these cutbacks on security in its waters and regional security, all to the advantage of humanity.
There are two significant reasons why Indonesia's fisheries potential and trade routes are critical to the country's political economy and national security. First, the country's fisheries potential and trade routes are critical for the country's political economy and national security. To begin with, the fisheries industry and trade channels provide critical resources for the national economy of the marine sector. International diplomacy may be carried out via the management of marine resources, which attracts foreign investment and promotes economic and political cooperation. First and foremost, illegal fishing is a conduit to worldwide narcotics trafficking and other related crimes.
The efficient utilization of marine resources and trade routes is not tricky. The preservation and protection of the marine economy must be supported by an increase in the number of elements of maritime security. A guarantee of the state's presence in fulfilling the fundamental rights of its people, maritime security takes the shape of security stability. According to the Present Addendum to the Report of the Secretary-General on Oceans and the Law of the Sea, illicit activities such as drug trafficking, human trafficking, organized crime, terrorist actions, piracy, and armed robbery pose a threat danger to maritime security and navigation.
Sea lane security is a shared duty that involves all countries and international organizations. ASEAN developed this concept in response to security concerns in Southeast Asian countries. Indonesia's first strategic circle, ASEAN, is critical when cracking down on marine transboundary crimes. The ASEAN Community 2025 document states maritime security includes combating maritime terrorism, trafficking in persons and weapons, drug and human trafficking, piracy and robbery, armed pirates onboard ships, illegal oil spills, and IUU fishing in international territories.
As explained earlier, threats to maritime security are cross-border, as are efforts to overcome these threats. A country cannot optimally overcome maritime security threats without cooperation with other countries. Therefore, international cooperation is needed to overcome maritime security threats to increase the effectiveness of handling maritime threats in the region and internationally. For Indonesia, international cooperation in the maritime security sector is integral in implementing diplomacy. As the second biggest archipelagic country in Southeast Asia, Indonesia possesses a maritime territory subject to several national security challenges. It will be difficult for Indonesia to overcome its maritime security threats without establishing cooperation with regional countries and other countries at the international level.
Therefore, Indonesia needs to optimize regional and international regimes as described in the previous section to support the creation of regional maritime security stability, especially in international seas. Maritime security needs to be maintained because there is a possibility of a security threat to Indonesia and the region with the increasing volume of world trade through sea routes, which impacts increasingly dense shipping activities along Indonesian sea lanes. Consequently, this overcrowding creates several non-traditional environmental and security disturbances. Indonesia emphasizes efforts to increase sea defense due Open Journal of Political Science to pressure from big countries that do not want their interests disturbed in Indonesian waters. If Indonesia cannot fulfill maritime security guarantees adequately, there is a possibility that significant countries will "take advantage of this inability by deploying their maritime power in this route. If this happens, it will undoubtedly threaten the sovereignty of Indonesia's maritime territory.
The Indonesian Defense White Paper 2008 and 2015 states that security stability is part of Indonesia's national interest. Therefore, Indonesia needs to observe the development of security conditions in various spheres to identify security priorities and take appropriate steps. Indonesia is also aware that its national security is part of the strategic interests of other countries. Therefore, the implementation of the defense and security functions of the Indonesian state is directed at realizing national security stability that is conducive to regional and global stability.
Meanwhile, in the global scope, the development of the security environment also influences security characteristics by presenting an increasingly complex security concept. These developments affect the existing concept of security. National security threats are now becoming more multidimensional with the emergence of new security issues. In addition, security threats can now also come from state and non-state actors and military and non-military in nature.
Maritime security is also affected by these developments. Issues that pose a threat to maritime security and comprehensively, in the sense that it is not limited to a certain point of view.
In the regional sphere, Southeast Asia is one of the most important marine areas. Southeast Asian maritime routes are among the busiest sea busiest roads.
Due to its important position between the Indian and Pacific Oceans, the Southeast Asian maritime region is frequented by trade ships passing through or transiting. Furthermore, the fact that Indonesia intends to optimize its strategic position further and the management and utilization of its marine resources makes maritime security a crucial issue for Indonesia. Based on this, in the Asia Pacific region, security issues focus on terrorism, transnational organized crime, and potential conflicts, in general, originating from territorial claims.
In the maritime context, maritime security is Indonesia's main national interest because of the strategic aspects. If Indonesia does not immediately make maritime security a top priority, Indonesia will suffer many losses. Acts of crime rampant at sea will negatively impact the flow of national and international trade that passes through Indonesia's sea territory. Maintaining maritime security in Indonesia means maintaining the security of sea services and transportation in Indonesia and Southeast Asia. The condition of lack of security at sea will also harm efforts to utilize marine resources to affect the welfare of the community.
In the end, well-maintained maritime security can bring benefits in regional stability or economic prosperity.

China and Indonesia Maritime Security Issues
From the general perspective of cooperation between China and Indonesia, there are main propositions about the two countries' maritime security threats. Potential security threats caused by maritime restrictions. China and Indonesia were facing these issues (Acharya, 2014). Due to the complexity of geographical conditions and restrictions on the international law of the sea. Behind the friction of maritime boundaries are the contradictions of maritime interests of various countries. The involvement of extraterritorial threat to regional maritime, particularly the power competition between China, the United States, Japan and India in Southeast Asia, has brought much uncertainty to regional security. That includes the impact on security cooperation between countries in the region and the possibility of armed conflict caused by direct armed intervention.
The dispute is about the exclusive economic zones between China and Indonesia. Although there is no sovereignty dispute between the two countries, disputes at the national level over the North Natuna region are relatively quiet (Siow, 2021). However, minor fishing disputes can develop into major military conflicts when faced with the influence of some nationalist sentiments in Indonesia and the threat of rigid military policies. Non-traditional security threats such as anti-terrorism and maritime crimes. On this issue, the two countries share common interests and are more likely to find ways to cooperate in nontraditional security areas. These threats are terrorism, extremism, piracy, transnational crime, drug trafficking, and human trafficking, which should be the concern of both countries.

Indonesia and China Cooperation in Security Sector
In the face of complex maritime security threats, at a critical stage of the continued strategic progress of the two countries, it is necessary to strengthen the docking of security cooperation and jointly eliminate security threats through deeper security cooperation. The researchers elaborated on the issue of the status quo of security cooperation between the two countries, interviewed relevant informants, and conducted research on relevant documents and materials. The results of the study are as follows.
China-Indonesia security cooperation is an essential foundation for cooperation between China and Indonesia. The two countries' leaders also attach great importance to developing bilateral relations. The two nations have significant possibilities for security partnerships because of their complex geopolitical security environment and the necessity for a secure environment established by their economic cooperation. The basis for cooperation between the two countries is also solid, with the attention of the leaders of both sides and national strategies and the continuous improvement of cooperation documents and statements.
Cooperation between the two countries is in line with the new win-win international relations, but there are specific problems in mutual trust, which require joint efforts from both sides to overcome them. curity cooperation is still low, and it is more of an informal mechanism for security cooperation. This mechanism is not fully binding on the behaviour of all parties (Christin Sinaga, 2018). The mechanism's operation depends more on bilateral and multilateral interest or awareness. Whether or not both parties follow this mechanism depends more on the national interests of both parties.
When one party thinks that this mechanism is no longer for its own sake, that mechanism no longer exists. For example, since 2000, the "China-ASEAN Defense and Security Dialogue", originally planned to be held once a year, has also been suspended after two meetings.

The anti-terrorism drills of the Chinese and Indonesian military's "Sharp
Knife" series have not been planned after three times. A series of security cooperation mechanisms between the two parties does not have a long-term perspective. Further is the formation of the two sides based on the development of the situation and problems. On the other hand, non-traditional security threats constantly change, and content is constantly evolving. The establishment of mechanisms must be targeted and responsive (Sriyanto, 2018). However, many cooperation mechanisms in this area are empty; how to achieve the change from crisis management becomes a problem that the current security cooperation mechanism must solve.
Strategic cooperation and docking between China and Indonesia are already at their best in history, but there are still many shortcomings in security cooperation between the two countries. This shortcoming will affect the further deepening of cooperation between the two countries; some contradictions are not handled properly and may damage the strategic docking between the two countries. Before we stand in the historic opportunity, the two countries hope to deepen cooperation further and jointly win the country's strategic development opportunities.

China-Indonesia Cooperation on Maritime Security
The ninth meeting of the Technical Committee Meeting on Marine Cooperation, which was first convened after bilateral diplomacy between President Jokowi and President Xi Jinping at the APEC Summit, is one of the approaches to accomplish GMF ambitions in maritime diplomacy. This bilateral conference reached an agreement on Sea Satellite Security, the China-Indonesia Table Top Maritime SAR (National Search and Rescue Agency) Exercise Project, and the  (Parameswaran, 2015).
In terms of countering piracy, Indonesia collaborated with neighbouring nations to develop a multilateral approach, although it was challenging to imple- To eradicate pirate and illegal fishing, the Indonesian navy and BAKAMLA propose utilising a "green water" navy to police and protect Indonesia's EEZ.
The Indonesian navy contributes to regional maritime security by participating in the Malacca Straits Ship Patrol (MSSP), a coordinated and collaborative antipiracy patrol by sea and air conducted by Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand. The MSSP's effectiveness in decreasing piracy in western waterways prompted Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines to agree in May 2016 to joint and coordinated patrols in the Sulu and Sulawesi seas (Thompson, 2017).
China increased engagement with Indonesia's military forces, indicated by preparations for coordinated patrols against illegal Chinese fishing vessels and a new combined special Forces exercise linked to China's desire to protect access to these coastal lanes (Grossman, 2021). In addition to the mindset mentioned earlier, the prospect of the partnership between Indonesia and China to eliminate illegal fishing may be inferred from several bilateral meetings between

China and Indonesia in South China Sea Tensions
Cooperation between the two countries is emphasized in three significant areas of the maritime sector, which must be maintained to construct the future archi-

China and Indonesia Cooperation to Address Maritime Security Threats
China and Indonesia's cooperation and development are in a rare period of crucial strategic opportunities in history; regardless of whether these opportunities can be grasped, they are significant for the two countries' development. However, the geopolitical complexity of the Asia-Pacific region and the potential security threats around the South China Sea are not being ignored due to the two countries' strategic docking and economic development. The two countries must Especially in defence and military aspects, strengthen exchanges between defence think tanks of the two sides and explore new ways and means of security cooperation between the two sides.
According to the win-win theory and building a new type of great power relationship, it is essential to strengthen security cooperation between China and Indonesia and eliminate security threats. The construction of a "new type of great power relationship" has dramatically affected China-Indonesia security cooperation. The development of maritime diplomacy aims to make the oceans a bond of cooperation, so it is essential to proactively resolve the existing confrontations in traditional geopolitics and make them more lenient. This way, Southeast Asia will no longer develop into a frontier of confrontation between East and West, and countries like Indonesia may no longer be in a dilemma.
Therefore, starting by establishing a "new type of great power relationship", easing the strategic competition between China and Japan the United States in the region, and strengthening cooperation between major powers, or creating a better environment for China's maritime security cooperation Indonesia, can even produce positive results. Only when relations between various countries in the region are harmonious and stable can we build a good order of cooperation, eliminate security threats and maintain a sound security environment.
From the discussion above, a proposition can be made that counteracting maritime security threats must be achieved by strengthening cooperation between China and Indonesia. The two countries should work together to build a new win-win relationship between major powers, eliminate the crisis of confidence in the region, and create a good foundation for cooperation. According to the above discussion, it is possible to conclude that countering maritime security concerns requires more collaboration between China and Indonesia. The two nations should collaborate to establish a new win-win partnership between sig-Open Journal of Political Science nificant powers, erase the confidence crisis in the area, and establish a solid basis for cooperation. Strengthen communication at the government level, explore new means and techniques of security collaboration, deepen security cooperation, construct multi-level and multi-field security cooperation mechanisms, and create a win-win security order mutually advantageous to China and Indonesia.
Eliminate maritime security risks common to the area.

Conclusion
The maritime security risks China and Indonesia confront allude to the danger to the maritime order posed by geopolitical, political, economic, natural, and manufactured elements, which have harmed the economic, commercial, security, and national interests of the nations in question. It is long-term, intricate, and international. From the standpoint of collaboration between China and Indonesia, the two nations face the following maritime security concerns. Non-traditional security concerns include terrorism, piracy, and other marine crimes, such as the smuggling of illicit items such as narcotics and weapons, smuggling of people, hijacking ships with weapons, abduction, and other transnational crimes losses to maritime commerce resulting from natural catastrophes at sea.
In addition to the security mentioned earlier, risks, security difficulties and other disagreements between the two nations have the potential to evolve into security threats. The ambiguity of maritime demarcation, notably the China-Indonesia fisheries conflict, poses potential security risks. Behind the friction of maritime borders are the competing marine interests of different nations. Threats to regional security have resulted from intruding extraterritorial powers, notably the power rivalry between China, the United States, Japan, and India in Southeast Asia, which has introduced several unclear aspects to regional security.
Increasing the strategic alliance between China and Indonesia strengthens security cooperation between the two countries. Security cooperation includes policy alignment, military commerce, personnel training, joint exercises, and defence technology transfer. The grounds and circumstances for security cooperation between the two nations are quite significant, on the one hand, owing to the complicated geopolitical security scenario in which they are placed. On the other hand, a secure environment is required for the long-term growth of economic cooperation between the two sides. The collaboration between the two nations is consistent with the new win-win international relations, but trust issues need the collective efforts of both countries to resolve. In addition, the degree of security coordination mechanisms remains low, and most of them are informal. Existing security cooperation structures must also solve the dilemma of achieving change through crisis management. Enhance military trade collaboration between the two nations to boost security cooperation. China should pay attention to Indonesia's lack of maritime law enforcement capabilities and its urgent need to enhance maritime authority. Indonesia's aspiration to become a "recognized maritime power" necessitates the development of the nation's maritime strength, which creates opportunities for China's military-industrial exports. By enhancing collaboration in these sectors, the two nations may increase their marine might and deepen their cooperation.
Increase mutual trust and multi-purpose interactions and collaboration. Understanding Indonesia's attempts to preserve its interests and protect ASEAN unity and cooperation with China has specific protections from Indonesia's perspective. Understand and respect Indonesia's marine feelings and national independence, and encourage the steady development of China-Indonesia ties. It was second, enhancing bilateral multi-level contacts in all disciplines, including politics, economics, the humanities, education, and religion. Promote the com-Open Journal of Political Science monwealth of the people and build the groundwork for amicable contacts between the two nations by eliminating misconceptions, giving local Chinese and abroad Chinese a role, and aggressively spreading Chinese culture.