Energy Efficiency in the Competitiveness of the Textile Industry

The aim of this scientific contribution is to show the ways in which efficient energy management influences the competitiveness of companies in the textile industry. To achieve this objective, the present investigation carries out a bibliographic review of the scientific contributions socialized by the Scopus database, and the information detected in the databases of the International Energy Agency (IEA) and International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) was analyzed in Excel spreadsheets. In this scientific contribution, the following topics of results are found: 1) Bibliometric analysis of published research related to Energy efficiency in the competitiveness of the textile industry. 2) Energy use in the textile industry and breakdown of energy use by end use. 3) Opportunities to improve energy efficiency in the textile industry. There are several options for implementing efficient energy management in textile plants, many of which are profitable. However, even cost-effective options are often not implemented in textile mills mainly due to limited information on how to implement energy efficiency measures, especially given that most textile mills are classified as small and medium-sized enterprises. Fur-thermore, it is a reality that these particular plants have limited resources to acquire this information. This fact means that technical knowledge on energy efficiency technologies and practices must be prepared and disseminated among textile plants.


Introduction
The use of energy carriers and their efficient management, to some extent and in various ways, could be said to have marked the evolution of humanity (Hidalgo Open Journal of Business and Management & Hernández, 2021). The textile industry has played an important role in the development of human civilization for several millennia (Bravo Hidalgo, Jiménez Borges, & Valdivia Nodal, 2018). The main raw materials that supported the industrial revolution were cotton, steel, and coal. In this context, technological development from the second part of the 18th century onwards led to an exponential growth in cotton production, beginning first in the United Kingdom and later spreading to other nations on the European continent. The production of synthetic fibers that began at the beginning of the 20th century also grew exponentially (Bravo Hidalgo & León González, 2018;Jensen, 1993).
Throughout history, the textile industry has been considered a labor-intensive process industry. The number of people employed in the textile and clothing industry was around 2.45 million in the European Union (EU) in 2006, around 500,000 in the US in 2008, and around 8 million in China in 2005 (Phetrak, Westerhoff, & Garcia-Segura, 2020).
China is the world's largest textile exporter with 40% of world textile and clothing exports. The textile industry is the largest manufacturing industry in the aforementioned country, with around 32,400 companies. This does not include the clothing industry. In 2008, the total export value of China's textile industry was US $65.4 billion, an increase of 16.6% compared to 2007. China is also the largest importer of textile machinery and Germany is the largest exporter of textile machinery (Sultan, 2013).
EU textile and clothing processing accounts for 29% of global textile and clothing exports, not including trade between EU member countries, placing the EU second after China. In 2006 there were 220,000 textile companies in the EU employing 2.5 million people and generating a turnover of €190 billion. The textile and clothing sector represent around 3% of the total industrial value added in Europe (Jiménez-Marín, Zambrano, Galiano-Coronil, & Ravina-Ripoll, 2021).
The objective of this scientific contribution is to demonstrate the ways in which efficient energy management influences the competitiveness of companies in the textile industry. To achieve this objective, the present investigation carries out a bibliographic review of the scientific contributions socialized by the Scopus database. In addition, information from databases such as the International Energy Agency (IEA) and International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) is analyzed. In this scientific contribution, the following topics of results are found: 1) Bibliometric analysis of published research related to Energy efficiency in the competitiveness of the textile industry. 2) Energy use in the textile industry and breakdown of energy use by end use. 3) Opportunities to improve energy efficiency in the textile industry.

Materials and Methods
This scientific contribution is based on a critical review of scientific publications focused on efficient energy management of textile industry processes. Only publications contained in the Scopus database or academic directory are considered. Open Journal of Business and Management Scopus is a bibliographic database of abstracts and citations of scientific journal articles. It covers approximately 24,500 titles of serials (journals, conferences, research book series) from more than 5000 publishers in 140 countries, including peer-reviewed journals in the fields of science, technology, medicine, and social sciences, including the arts and humanities. The technology platform is developed by Elsevier and is accessible on the Web for subscribers, but index entry and revaluation are managed by an editorial committee independent of Elsevier.
Scopus also offers author profiles that cover affiliations, number of publications and their bibliographic data, references, and details of the number of citations each published document has received. It has alert systems that allow the registrant to track changes to a profile. Using the Scopus Author Preview option, you can search by author, using the affiliate name as a limiter, verify the author's identification, and set up an automatic notification system that alerts you to changes in the author's page via RSS or e-mail.
On the other hand, analysts and studies the information detected in databases of recognized relevance such as the International Energy Agency (IEA) and International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA).
The search criteria used in these databases and academic directory were "energy efficiency, competitiveness, textile industry". With these search criteria, a total of 1041 documents were detected, between the years 1974 and 2021. The information detected in the databases of the International Energy Agency (IEA) and International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) was analyzed in spreadsheets. Excel.

Bibliometric Analysis of Published Research Related to Energy Efficiency in the Competitiveness of the Textile Industry
The international scientific community shows great interest in research focused on increasing the competitiveness of the textile industry through energy efficiency and the use of renewable energy sources. Figure 1 shows an increase in scientific publications related to this topic. It can be seen that as of 2005 the number of publications has increased notably.
Currently, the scientific journals contained within the Scopus academic directory, which offer more diffusion to publications related to the incidence of energy efficiency in the competitiveness of the textile industry, are (See Figure   2): • Journal Of Cleaner Production.
• Desalination And Water Treatment.
• Energy. Open Journal of Business and Management    Figure 4 shows the number of documents published by nations or territories.
The largest volume of scientific contributions related to this topic is of the scientific article type. Figure 5 shows that 75% of the scientific contributions socialized by the Scopus database are of the scientific article type.

Energy Use in the Textile Industry and Breakdown of Energy Use by End Use
If the energy consumption of the textile industry is compared with the metallurgical, food or chemical industry; it can be assumed that the textile industry demands little energy. But the reality is that the textile industry comprises a large number of plants that together consume a significant amount of energy. The total manufacturing energy consumed by the textile industry in a particular country depends on the structure of the manufacturing sector in that country. For example, the textile industry accounts for about 4% of final energy use in manufacturing in China, while this proportion is less than 2% in the United States of America (Isaac & van Vuuren, 2009). The total cost of energy consumed in the textile industry is different in various nations or territories. Figure 6 shows the general proportions of cost factors for cotton yarn in the United States of America and China. The cost of energy is usually a third or fourth of the total cost of the product.
The processes of the textile industry use large amounts of electrical energy and energy carriers such as fossil fuels. The share of electricity and fuels in the total final energy use of the textile sector in any country depends on the structure of the textile industry in that country (Bravo Hidalgo, 2015). For example, in yarn spinning, electricity is the dominant energy source, while in wet processing the main energy source is fossil fuels. Data from the paper (Khan, Hou, Zakari, & Tawiah, 2021) from 2021 on a global scale, show that 61% of the final energy used in the textile industry was fuel energy and 39% was electricity. The textile industry is ranked as the fifth largest consumer of steam among the 16 main industrial sectors. The same study showed that around 36% of the energy input to the textile industry is lost on site (e.g. in steam generators, engine systems, distribution, etc…).
Evidently, in the textile industry processes, energy is used in different end uses for different purposes. Figure     Considering the laws of thermodynamics, it is presumable the existence of losses in the different energy transformations that occur in the processes of the textile industry. Figure 8 shows the site energy loss profile for the textile industry.
[120]. About 39% of the energy input to the textile industry is lost on site.
Engine-driven systems have the highest proportion of on-site energy waste (15%), followed by distribution at 9% and boiler losses at 7%. The proportion of losses could vary for the textile industry among various nations, depending on the structure of the industry in the country being analyzed. However, Figure 8 illustrates where losses occur and the relative importance of each loss in the textile industry.

Real Possibilities of a Total Efficient Management of Energy in the Processes of the Textile Industry
The real possibilities of a total efficient management of energy in the processes of the textile industry are made up of both real possibilities of modernization and optimization of processes as well as the complete replacement of the current machinery by new state-of-the-art technology. In this context, the present inves-  • Efficient energy management practices in the yarn spinning process: A detailed explanation of each energy efficiency technology/measure provided in this document can be found in (Heijkers, Zeemering, & Altena, 2000 However, for a given type of loom, most energy efficiency improvement opportunities are related to the way the loom is used (productivity), the auxiliary utility (humidification, compressed air system, lighting, etc…) and maintenance. of the looms (Larioniv & Viktorov, 2017).

Discussion
The authors' research Cagno & Trianni (2012) establishes that governments are pursuing a variety of measures to reach common and more efficient environmental and energetic policies: Nonetheless, the effort has shown to be not sufficient, since the objectives stated in the European Union (EU) Directive 2009/28/EC on energy efficiency seem quite distant to be reached. A greater attention has obviously been paid toward the industrial sector, which utilizes a major share of primary energy consumption: Till now several actions have been taken to achieve the energy performance of buildings, but very few are in operations. Nonetheless, in order to be most effective, governments should focus their attention not only on energy intensive large enterprises (LEs) but also on nonenergy intensive small and medium enterprises (SMEs) that represent the majority of the total number of industries, cover a consistent share of the energy consumption of a whole domestic industrial sector, and are usually less efficient than LEs. This paper aims to highlight the most effective energy savings opportunities (ESOs) for reducing energy consumption in industrial operations that have been successfully implemented in a large number of SMEs case studies investigated in North America and Italy, showing a correspondence (in terms of savings and costs) between the two databases. This paper analyzes the ESOs, characterized by the best available technologies and practices (BAT/Ps), with a cross-analysis within three manufacturing sectors, i.e., primary metals, plastics, and textiles, and considers different subsidizes among SMEs, in order to show commonalities and differences among the sample. The ESOs have been analyzed and ranked according to different criteria of importance, highlighting the most diffused, those having the highest energy savings, and those with the shortest pay-back time. The scope of the elaboration of these criteria is twofold: on one side, it allows to be closer to the entrepreneurial sensibility, guiding entrepreneurs in evaluating a possible investment in energy efficiency; on the other side, it provides important suggestions for a public local authority that, through financial support and/or other policies, aims at diffusing the adoption of BAT/Ps and increasing the sectors' energy efficiency and competitiveness. From the analysis carried out, it can be deduced that there is no standard solution to minimize the obstacles to energy efficiency. In the process of disseminating and adapting measures that help achieve efficient energy use, not only do the individual decisions of the controllers and entrepreneurs of the textile industry converge, but various types of actors must intervene and interact. (Joshi & Singh, 2010) state that the proper use of energy represents a promising market for energy technologies and services, where textile companies could benefit from transferring from a model of pure energy supply to a model of provision of integrated services. of energy. However, these mutual gain relationships, users-companies, could be limited due to the existence of economic, political, social, organizational and behavioral barriers, and the absence of functioning energy service markets. According to the multi-criteria analysis, different types of barriers converge to explain the non-adoption of cost-effective energy efficiency measures.
In this sense, a specific solution can show results in a certain period of time, so it is clear that the implementation of energy efficiency measures will not necessarily be carried out by economic agents. This means that what is really important to strengthen decision-making at the local and national level is the constant need to monitor, evaluate and update the changing consumption patterns of consumers, in order to achieve permanent feedback that produces sustainable changes in time (Demessinova et al., 2020).

Conclusion
This document is a review of the use of efficient energy management applicable to the textile industry. Actual cost and energy savings of measures will vary, depending on plant size and configuration, plant location, plant operating characteristics, production and product characteristics, local supply of raw materials