Geology of Northern Sulaiman Foldbelt, Shirani and Waziristan Regions (South Punjab, Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa): New Tomistominae (Miocene False Gharial) from Sakhi Sarwar Area of Dera Ghazi Khan (South Punjab), Pakistan

Northern Koh Sulaiman foldbelt, Shirani, North and South Waziristan (South Punjab, Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) comprised mostly PermoTrias-sic to Recent sediments with subordinate igneous and metamorphic rocks. These sedimentary strata folded and faulted by geodynamic and tectonic forces occurred during Late Cretaceous to Recent revealed through anticlinal and synclinal foldings and active faultings. The Northern Koh Sulaiman foldbelt, Shirani, North and South Waziristan areas host many economic minerals like copper and chromite, construction stones, marble limestones, gypsum and cement resources, uranium and other radioactive mineral resources, low-quality iron, phosphate and muddy coal, high-quality gemstones, petroleum potential and excellent water resources and many other rocks and minerals. High-quality sum and shale/clays available mostly on same sites) which vitally need to install many cement industries in these areas because the ideal central location and now only one cement industry (Dera Ghazi Khan cement industry) is in operation. The Northern Koh Sulaiman foldbelt, Shirani, North and South Waziristan consists of excellent surface water resources which need the construction of smaller and medium-sized dams on different rud kohi/streams/rivers for the development of the area. Sakhi Sarwar area of Dera Ghazi Khan (South Punjab) yielded fossil of new Tomistominae (False Gharial) Gavialidae and further its surroundings recently yielded fossils of famous vertebrates like reptiles (dinosaurs, crocodiles, pterosaur and snake), birds and mammals, and tracks/trackways of Late Cretaceous archosaurs like Sauropaonia, Ornithopaonia and Pteropaonia. Ishkuman Chalt (Hunza Hispar valley, Panmah, Shigor, Hushe and Machelu ophiolitic mélanges. Raskoh Suture arc trench gap and host Raskoh ophiolitic complex which obducted at the early subduction of Arabian Sea plate into Balochistan basin of Tethys. Washuk Suture 2 nd arc trench gap and Washuk ophiolitic complex which obducted at the later phase by shifting of arc trench gap southward.

Machelu ophiolitic mélanges ( Figure 1). Raskoh Suture shows 1 st arc trench gap and host Raskoh ophiolitic complex ( Figure 1) which obducted at the early subduction of Arabian Sea plate into Balochistan basin of Tethys. Washuk Suture shows 2 nd arc trench gap and hosts Washuk ophiolitic complex ( Figure 1) which obducted at the later phase by shifting of arc trench gap southward.
The stratigraphy of Shirani area (of both Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa), South Waziristan District and part of North Waziristan District (Figure 3) is the extension of stratigraphy of Sulaiman Foldbelt. The northeastern part of North Waziristan located in the vicinity of Bannu represents inter-fingering of Sulaiman Foldbelt and Kohat Foldbelt (Figure 3). Correlation and terrestrial and marine strata of North Indus (Kohat-Potwar-Kotli), middle Indus (Sulaiman) and south Indus (Kirthar) basins are presented as chart ( Figure 2).
Stratigraphy of the North Waziristan and South Waziristan districts ( Figure  3) comprised of Triassic Wulgai (shale and marl/limestones) and Jurassic Loralai (alternation of limestone and shale) formations of Sulaiman Group, Early Cretaceous Sembar (maroon to blue shale with limestone olistoliths (olistrostromes) of Parh Group, Late Cretaceous Mughalkot (red and green shale with lithographic limestone, and Pab (maroon to red sandstone with some shale) formations of Fort Munro Group, Early Paleocene Rakhi Gaj shale and sandstone and Dungan (limestones with minor shale) formations of Sangiali Group, Early Eocene Shaheed Ghat (green, grey and variegated shale), Toi (marine green to grey shale alternated with sandstone), Kingri (terrestrial maroon to red sandstone and shale) and Baska (shale with gypsum beds) formations of Chamalang Group, Early to middle Eocene Habib Rahi (limestones and shale), Domanda (mainly shale), Pirkoh (limestones and shale) and Drazinda (mainly shale) formations of Kahan Group, Oligocene Chitarwata (maroon to red ferruginous sandstone, conglomerate and shale), Miocene Vihowa (maroon to red shale, sandstone and conglomerate), Miocene Litra (mainly green sandstone with some shale) and Pliocene Chaudhwan (chocolate mud/shale alternated with sandstone and conglomeratic sandstone) formations of Vihowa Group, and Pliocene-Pleistocene Dada (dominantly conglomerate) and Holocene Sakhi Sarwar (sandstone alternated with chocolatic shale/mud, gritstones and conglomerate) of Sakhi Sarwar Group, and Subrecent and recent alluvial and colluvial deposits ( Figure 2 and Figure 3). Stratigraphic sequence (Figure 2) of northern Sulaiman foldbelt, Shirani, North Waziristan and South Waziristan regions is being described here. The type localities of different geologic formations of Sulaiman and Kirthar foldbelts are shown as green ovals in Figure 1.
Wulgai Formation: Wulgai Formation was established from village Wulgai [20] (Lat. 30˚42'N; Long. 67˚29'E, near Muslimbagh, Figure 1) between Mus-limbagh and Khanozai towns. It includes lower and upper shale units sandwiched by central limestone unit. Its base is not exposed while its upper shale unit is contacted with limestone (thin to medium bedded commonly) of Loralai Formation as transitional. The Permo-Triassic age was assigned.
Chiltan Limestone: It was established from Koh Chiltan near west of Quetta [20]. It comprised of thick bedded to massive limestones. Its thick to massive limestone is differentiated from lower thin to medium bedded limestone of Loralai Formation and upper brown to black desert varnish type ferruginous siltstone, limestones and shale. Age vary from Middle to Late Jurassic.
Sembar Formation: It was established from Sembar Pass [20] south of Duki and west of Pazha. It comprised of greenish grey shale with negligible marl/siltstone beds. Its greenish grey shale is differentiated from the ferruginous siltstone/marl/shale of Dilband Formation (lower contact) and sandstone of Mekhtar Formation or marl unit of Goru Formation. Age is Lower Cretaceous. In Waziristan the Sembar shale described as Ahni Tangi Formation which contains green and red shales with large olistostromes blocks (olistoliths) [12] [21].
Mekhtar Formation: It was introduced by [5] [9] [10] from the Mekhtar town. It comprised of sandstone/siltstone and shale. Its dominant sandstone is differentiated from shale of Sembar Formation (lower contact) and also shale and marl of Goru Formation (upper contact). Age is Lower Cretaceous.
Goru Formation: It was established by [20] from Goru Range of Moola Zahri area of Khuzdar District. It comprised of greyish grey shale units and white weathered of greyish marl units. Its shale/marl is differentiated from lower sandstone/siltstone of Mekhtar Formation (lower contact) and white limestones of Parh Formation (upper contact). Age is Lower Cretaceous.
Parh Formation: It was established by [22] from the Parh Range in Khuzdar district. It comprised of white limestone with minor grey shale/marl. Its white limestone is differentiated from marl of Goru Formation (lower contact) and shale of Mughalkot Formation (upper contact). Age is lower Cretaceous.
Fort Munro Group: Fort Munro Group (of Late Cretaceous) was first used by [14]. It comprised of Mughalkot, Fort Munro, Pab and Vitakri formations. Mughalkot Formation: It was established by [20] from the Mughalkot village of Shirani area of D.I.Khan. It includes grey shale, sandstone and rarely limestone. Its dominant shale is differentiated from white limestone of Parh (lower contact) and limestones of Fort Munro, or sandstones of Pab Formation when Fort Munro was not developed (upper contact). Age is upper Cretaceous. In Waziristan the Mughalkot Formation was described as Shinkai Post Formation which consists of red and green shale with lithographic limestone and marl sequence [12] [21]. Fort Munro Formation: It was established by [20] from the Fort Munro area (Lat. 29˚57'57''N; Long. 70˚05'00''E; Figure 1; longitude was slightly mistyped by [2]) of D. G. Khan [26]).
Muslimbagh Ophiolitic Complex: It is exposed in Gawal, Muslimbagh and Nisai areas (Figure 1). It comprised of ultrabasic to acidic rocks with sediments and metasediments. Its obduction age seems to be Late Cretaceous. Zhob Ophiolitic Complex: It is exposed in the northern and southern vicinity of Zhob city ( Figure 1). It comprised of ultrabasic to acidic rocks with sediments and metasediments. Its obduction age seems to be Late Cretaceous.
Waziristan Ophiolitic Complex: It is exposed in the western part of North and South Waziristan ( Figure 1). It comprised of ultrabasic to acidic rocks with sediments and metasediments. Its obduction age seems to be Late Cretaceous. Lat. 26˚07'06''N and Long. 67˚53'12''E; Figure 1).
Rakhi Gaj Formation: It was established by [13] [20] from the Rakhi Gaj nala. It includes marine greenish grey to brown sandstone and greenish grey shale.
Its white limestone is contacted with chocolate shale of Domanda (lower contact) and green shale of Drazinda Formation (upper contact). Age is Early Eocene. Darazinda Formation: It was named after Darazinda town [11]. It includes grey shale in lower part and chocolatic shale in upper part. Its grey shale is contacted with Pirkoh limestone (lower contact) and its chocolatic shale is contacted with sandstone of Chitarwata Formation (upper contact). Age is Early-Middle Eocene.
Chitarwata Formation: It was established from Chitarwata village [11] of Vihowa area of Taunsa district. It comprised of white to grey sandstone, grey to brown shale, conglomerate and ironstone. Its sandstone and conglomeratic sandstone is contacted with chocolatic shale of Darazinda (Darazinda) and lower sandstone with red shale of Vihowa Formation. Age is Oligocene. It is terrestrial in Sulaiman basin while its coeval in Kirthar basin is marine Nari Formation (type locality, Lat. 26˚56'12''N; Long. 67˚10'10''E; Figure 1) and marine with rarely evaporitic Gaj Formations (type locality, Lat. 26˚51'40''N; Long. 67˚17'18''E; Figure  1) of Gaj Group. Both type localities are found in lower Gaj River of Johi area and also south of Kutey di Qabar or Dog's grave peak of Kirthar Range.
Vihowa Formation: It was established from Vihowa (Vehova) rud kohi/nala [11] of Taunsa district. It comprised of red shale and red weathered sandstone and a few conglomerate and thin coal seam. Its red coloured shale and sandstone is contacted with white to grey sandstone (black weathering) and brown to grey shale of Chitarwata Formation (lower contact) and with green to greenish grey sandstone of Litra Formation (upper contact). Age is Miocene.
Litra Formation: It was established from Litra nala [11] located south of Vihowa town of Taunsa district. It includes bluish grey sandstone with subordinate shale and conglomerate. Its dominant sandstone is contacted with red shale and sandstone of Vihowa (lower contact) and with chocolatic shale and grey sandstone of Chaudhwan Formation (upper contact). Age is Miocene.
Dada Formation: It was named after the Dada River (lat. 29˚50'N; long. 68˚03'E) at south of Spintangi Railway station [1]. It is coeval to Urak conglomerate. It comprised of thick conglomerate (resistant and elongated ridge formatting) with subordinate brown gritstone, sandstone and brown shale. Its conglomerate is contacted with chocolatic mud of Chaudhwan Formation (lower contact) and brown coloured shale and sandstone/gritstone of Sakhi Sarwar Formation (upper contact). Age is Pliocene -Pleistocene.
Sakhi Sarwar Formation: The name Sakhi Sarwar Formation was established from Sakhi Sarwar town [33] with type section (latitude 29˚59'37''N; longitude 70˚18'04''E) west and northwest of Sakhi Sarwar town. It comprises of varicolored clays, sandstone, siltstone and conglomerate. Its lower contact with Dada conglomerate and upper contact with Subrecent alluvium is transitional and at places anugular. Age is Pleistocene-Holocene.
Subrecent and Recent deposits: These are found as Terrace Alluvial deposits; Fan Alluvial deposits; Colluvial deposits; Mixed sand, silt and clay deposits (non-cultivated lands); Mixed sand, silt and clay deposits (cultivated lands); and Present Channel alluvial deposits.

Tectonic Structures of Northern Sulaiman Foldbelt, Shirani and Waziristan (South Punjab/Saraikistan, Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa), Pakistan
Here many folds and faults of the study areas are being described.
Khajuri syncline is followed by Musakhel Bazar anticline. This is lengthy anticline extending from Dhadhar peak (in the south) to Alu Khan Kach to Musa Khel Bazar and Toi Sar (in the north). This anticline has low to moderate dips.
The oldest core formation is Goru and Parh formations. This Musakhel Bazar anticline is alternated by western Alu Khan Kach (Gharwandi) syncline and then by Khagoon anticline. The western Gharwandi syncline hosts the oldest Mughalkot and Pab formations in the northwestern vicinity of Alu Khan Kach. The Khagoon anticline hosts the Parh Limestones as the oldest Core formation. The dips are low to moderate. Further westward from Khagoon Range to Murgha Kibzai village, the intense imbricate thrusting of Cretaceous strata were observed which is also refolded. Then from Murgha Kibzai to western Indus Suture areas like Qila Saifullah to western Musafarpur-Mina Bazar-Sor Kach-Zhob, the alternated anticlines and synclines were observed.

Main Faults in the Northern Sulaiman Foldbelt, Shirani and Waziristan (South Punjab/Saraikistan, Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) Pakistan
The study area represents Ranrkan thrust fault, Rakhi-Kingri-Musa Khel strike slip fault (left lateral) (Figure 4 and Figure 5) and Murgha Kibzai imbricated thrust faults and refolded zone. The Ranrkan-Hinglun Thrust fault is trending generally northeast-southwest and upthrusted more than 1 km [9]. Chacha-Rakhni-Kingri-Musakhel fault is a left lateral strike fault with relative movement 2-3km in the south [9], relatively movement near Kingri more than 3 km and diminishing in the northern part just west of Musakhel Bazar ( Figure  5). Westward from Khagoon Range (Alu Khan Kach area) to west Takht Sulaiman, the intense imbricated thrust faults (more than 20 imbricated thrust faults) are observed. These imbricate faults are refolded later and also mineralized with barite in the Sembar shale and significant quartz crystals (window/fenestra and faden quartz) veinings and vugs in the sandstone and shale of Mughalkot Formation. Total imbricated faults are more than 20 thrusted faults. This imbricated zone is subdivided into two subzones, each zone represents more than 10 imbricated faults. This thrusted strata mostly belongs to Cretaceous strata dominantly Parh and Fort Munro Groups (Figure 7 and Figure 8).
Significant quartz (window/fenestra quartz having window and a few ribbons and faden quarts having thin thread/white milky line and also ribbons) vugs and veins are found in the Alu Khan Kach (Gharwandi) area ( Figure 5) west of Allah Din house and eastern limb of Khagoon Range and anticline, Kingri Tehsil of Musakhel district, Zhob division. Windowed (fenestra) quartz includes window shape inside the crystal with inclusions while faden quartz is tabular which consists of white fuzzy line/thread/string/fiber/milky line sometimes curvy trail created by tectonic fracturing and then quickly cementing and healing and regrown. The quartz veins in sedimentary strata were found in Sulaiman and Balochistan basins both are under the territory of Balochistan Province. Quartz veins in igneous rocks are reported in Balochistan magmatic arc, western Indus suture (Khuzdar, Muslimbagh and Zhob areas) and northern Pakistan. These sedimentary quartz veins and vugs were first reported in Balochistan Province in 2011 (Page 284 of [16]). Later on these window and faden quartz (named as Kingri diamond) were also figured ( Figure 1 page 262 of [38]; Figure 2(b) page 70 of [9]; Figure 4(b) page 148 of [10]) and reported as gem qualities (page 104 of [8]; page 15 of [37]; page 815 of [39]; page 929 of [36]). These quartz crystals are transparent to translucent rarely coated (thinly) by chlorite tinge. "Faden quartz study via fluid inclusion microthermometry (to know thermal history), X-ray computed tomography (clarity) and cathodoluminescence microscopy (differentiate between natural and artificial/synthetic gemstones; understand geological history) revealed quite stunning results with a very rich history (verbal communication with Estibalitz Ukar, University of Texas, USA during May 2022)". Quartz veins were found in sandstone and shale of Late Cretaceous Mughalkot Formation of Fort Munro Group. Tectonically Gharwandi locality is found in the eastern extremity of Murgha Kibzai imbricated thrust faults ( Figure  7 and Figure 8) which are refolded and again faulted. These intensely imbricated and refolded thrust faults are represented by the Cretaceous strata. Westward from imbricated faults, the folding of mostly Mesozoic with rare Cenozoic and uppermost Paleozoic strata are observed, and eastward from imbricated thrust faults, the major foldings of Cretaceous to Holocene strata were observed. The repeated thrusts and its refolding show strong tectonic intensity (in the area hosting window and faden quartz) which is responsible for fissuring and fracturing, then deposition of quartz as vugs in fissures and further breaking of quartz crystals by geodynamic and tectonic earth movements and then filling by fast cement accumulation and quick healing. Quartz formed in fissures but further opening of fissures/fractures via geodynamic and tectonic events will break the quartz, then quick healing and cementing was done by crystallizations of hydrothermal solutions or silica gel. Many geodynamic events of Indo-Pakistan subcontinent were printed from Late Cretaceous to so far. Further a few quartz (and fluorite) veins were being mined from the southwest of Mekhtar ( Figure 6) as result of exploration for fluorite.
In Siahan-Makran Range of Balochistan basin under Panjgur and Kharan districts of Balochistan Province, the quartz veins/vugs in sedimentary strata were found in Eastern Waro (Survey of Pakistan toposheet 35M/16) and Siagari Shand area (Survey of Pakistan toposheet 31A/11) (page 929 of [36]; page 815 of [39]), and many other places quartz-carbonate veins including stibnite in the core. Eastern Waro locality was found in eastern plunge of Waro syncline and here network of thin quartz vugs/veins hosted in sandstones and shales of Oligocene Panjgur Formation. A major quartz vein (with 0.458ppm gold) was found in Siagari Shand area (southern slope of mountain; north of Sabzap) which is thick upto 2 m and long about half kilometer in Eocene Siahan shale and sandstone. Quartz crystals upto 1cm length is common. Siahan Range has enriched imbricated/repeated thrust faults which created high temperature and pressure for deposition of window and faden quartz. Gemstones and jewelry resources especially chert and jasper and others from older rocks and also from placer mollase Vihowa Group and rarely copper minerals were also reported from different areas [36].
Huge to large reserves of clays especially fuller's earths are observed in different formations of Chamalang, Kahan and Vihowa Groups especially on the limbs of tectonic anticlinal and synclinal structures ( Figure 4). The clay deposits upto easily mineable depths 200 meters were estimated about 1 billion ton from eastern Sulaiman foldbelt. The clay was estimated 10 million tons upto 200 meter easily mineable depth in Zinda Pir anticline areas [56]. Low grade iron deposits (Fe 2 O 3 14% -21%) from Fort Munro and surroundings ( Figure 4) were reported in Rakhi Gaj sandy ferruginous beds, and high grade ironstone (very small deposit) from Rakhi Gaj to Barthi areas of Dera Ghazi Khan and Taunsa districts were found in Chitarwata Formation [8] [9] [10] [15] [16]. Small deposits and showings of iron, ocher and industrial minerals and other commodities are found in different areas [57] [58]. Many strata such as green shale and green sandstone and others need exploration for agrominerals because Pakistan is an agricultural country [36] [59]. Silica sand from Chitarwata Formation was found in Zinda Pir anticline [15]. The millstone, quartzite and quartzose sandstone in Pab Formation of Rakhi Gaj, Rarkan and other areas [36] is very significant especially for steel industry. The occurrence of uranium and other radioactive minerals were found in the different localities of Dera Ghazi Khan and Taunsa districts (Saraikistan). Oligocene and Neogene fluvial strata of eastern and western limbs of Zinda Pir anticline encouraged to further explore uranium and other radioactive minerals in Neogene to Recent alluvium and placer deposits [60].
The huge construction materials are being exploited in the Sakhi Sarwar area (Figure 4) (Figure 3) are represented by exposed folding of Neogene terrestrial sediments of Vihowa and Potwar group. These exposed anticline are significant for petroleum exploration and drilling because below the exposed terrestrial Neogene, the Mesozoic and Paleogene strata are mostly marine and also represent best reservoir rocks such as Pab, Dungan and Eocene limestones in the vicinity of Tank and Jandola and other eastern part of South Waziristan. Like this the eastern part of North Waziristan, the areas the exposed Neogene terrestrial deposits while subsurface below this the subsurface marine strata suitable for petroleum resource are Wulgai shale, Loralai limestone and shale, Sembar shale, Chichali shale, Kawagarh limestone, Hangu shale, Lockhart limestone, Panoba shale and Sakesar limestone (or may be called Habib Rahi and Pirkoh limestones). The best petroleum reservoir rocks are Loralai limestone, Kawagarh limestone, Hangu sandstone, Lockhart limestone and Sakesar limestone (or may be called Habib Rahi and Pirkoh limestones) are found which represents best oil resource rock and oil reservoir rocks.
There are significant surface and ground water resources. The surface water wasted as flood after rainfall so there is need to construct many smaller to medium sized dams (on many rud kohi/nalas/streams like Tochi, Domanda/Chaudhwan, Kaura, Vihowa, Sanghar, Luni, Sori Lund, Vidor, Mithwan, Sehan, Anambar, Lorali, Dhana Sar, Toi Nala, Mekhtar, etc.) for water storage which can be used for drinking and house usages and also for cultivation in the adjoining barren lands which help to overcome the shortage of wheat and other agricultural commodities.

Fossil of Miocene New Tomistominae (False Gharial), Gavialidae from Sakhi Sarwar Area, Dera Ghazi Khan, South Punjab, Pakistan
The names Gharial or Gavial, Gharialis or Garialis or Gavialis are primarily based on Ghara (earthen pot) in Hindi and also in Urdu and Saraiki languages mean drinking water storage earthen pot. The anterior snout with protuberance of external nare forms the shape of Ghara. The reference [61] provides some explanation for a discrepancy on names Gavialis, Garialis or Gharialis: "The French mode of writing this word, Gavial, appears to have originated in a misreading of the manuscript of some naturalist; the r and v being nearly similar in form. As Gharial is the correct native name, there seems no reason for perpetuating the misnomer." This difference has perpetuated in the vernacular use of the extant name with Gharial in English versus gavial in French but for some reason the Latinized genus name Gavialis has been retained since its first use by [62]. The Gavialis gangeticus-a living Gharial lives in a fresh water of India and Nepal. But a century ago its distribution was wider such as in Bangladesh, Bhutan and Pakistan where now possibly extinct and surely extinct now from Myanmar [63].
Recently a revision of genus Gavialis from India and Pakistan was taken by [64]. From India Gavials were known from Pliocene-Pleistocene strata like Gavialis gangeticus [65], Gavialis hysudricus [66] (revised Gavialis gangeticus by [64]) and Gavialis leptodus [67] (juvenile Rhamphosuchus crassidens by [64]). Gavials were known since a long from the land now Pakistan [66]. The Gavialis lewisi [68] was reported from the Pliocene strata of Dhok Pathan locality of Salt Range and Gavialis browni [69] was also reported from the Pliocene strata of Nathot locality of Salt Range, Punjab Province, Pakistan (North Indus or Upper Indus or Kohat-Potwar-Kotli basin; Figure 1), Gavialis pachyrhynchus [68] (revised cf. Rhamphosuchus crassidens by [64]) and Gavialis curvirostris [66] (revised Rhamphosuchus crassidens or new Tomistominae by [64]) were reported from the Miocene   [78]. Sakhibaghoon khizari seems to be derived Tomistominae longirostrine. The present discovery of Sakhibaghoon khizari in Miocene deposits of Pakistan expands the distribution of Tomistominae to Indo-Pakistan especially Pakistan. The present specimen of Gharial Gavialidae is also first in South Punjab which increased its distribution and also revealed connection with Taiwan

Systematic paleontology of Sakhibaghoon khizari
Eusuchia [79] Crocodilia [65] (sensu Clark in [80]) Gaviloidea [81] Gavialidae [82] Tomistominae [83] Sakhibaghoon khizari new genus and new species   1) a mediumly robust rostrum ( Figure 10); 2) anteroposteriorly elongate posterior premaxillary processes ( Figure 10); 3) a diastema at the junction of anterior maxilla with premaxilla ( Figure 9) ( Figure 10); 4) equal and wide separation of the 3 rd -6 th maxillary teeth ( Figure 10); 5) heterodont maxillary teeth including circular, subcircular, oval and triangular ( Figure 10); (6) maxilla bearing teeth ( Figure 10); 7) 1 st maxillary tooth is relatively small and obliquely anteromedial to posterolateral elongated oriented and 2 nd to 5 th maxillary teeth with thick heterodont nature as 2 nd transversely elongated, 3 rd and 4 th are rounded to subrounded and 5 th maxillary tooth is triangular ( Figure 10); 8) teeth of Miocene terrestrial fresh water riverine Sakhibaghoon khizari are relative thin in diameter than the teeth of Oligocene terrestrial fresh water riverine Asifcroco retrai which has relatively more thick teeth (almost twice in diameter); 9) teeth of Sakhibaghoon khizari are widely spaced (space between teeth is wide) while the teeth of Asifcroco retrai are close to each other and nearly contacted with each other, which represents Asifcroco retrai is a member of Crocodilidae Eusuchian reptile; 10) anteroposteriorly elongated nasal strip of Sakhibaghoon khizari in the mid jaw with its transverse width decreasing anteriorly ( Figure 9) while this feature is not found in Gavialis gangeticus [65] from India and Pakistan, and Gavialis bengawanicus [84] from Thailand and Indonesia (Java); 11) transverse width of nasal strip of Sakhibaghoon khizari in the mid jaw is decreasing anteriorly (Figure 9) while in Gavialosuchus eggenburgensis [85] from Miocene of Europe this feature is increasing anteriorly; 12) transverse width of nasal strip of Sakhibaghoon khizari in the mid jaw is decreasing anteriorly (Figure 9) which is matching with Maomingosuchus petrolica (synonym, Tomistoma petrolica [86] from late Eocene of China [87], Penghusuchus pani [88] from Taiwan, Toyotamaphimeia machikanensis from Japan [89], "Crocodilus" gaudensis [90] updated as Tomistoma gaudense by [66] (13), teeth of Sakhibaghoon khizari are circular to subcircular ( Figure 10) while in Penghusuchus pani and Toyotamaphimeia machikanensis the teeth are circular. Description of Cranial Elements: The Sakhibaghoon khizari fossil found as surface find (fragmentary) from the Miocene Litra Formation which consists of dominantly friable greenish grey sandstone and with minor muds or shale. The collected fossil represents the middle or central portion of rostrum/snout. This preserved rostrum represents ferruginous light brown coloration (Figure 9 and Figure 10). This partial rostrum fragment includes articulated premaxillae, maxillae, teeth and nasal (Figure 9 and Figure 10) which is being described as below.
Premaxilla: The middle portions of both fellows of premaxillae ( Figure 10) are preserved which can be observed on ventral view of middle rostrum. The preserved anteroposterior length of left premaxilla in ventral view is measured 10 centimeter/cm (which is preserved medially from the level of 1 st maxillary tooth to the level of 5 th maxillary tooth of adjoining left maxilla). The preserved length of right premaxilla in ventral view is measured 13 cm (which is preserved medially from the level of 1 st maxillary tooth to the level of 7 th maxillary tooth of adjoining right maxilla). The transverse widths of left and right premaxillae are decreasing anteriorly (or increasing continuously proceeding posteriorly). The transverse width of preserved left premaxilla is slightly more than the width of right premaxilla in ventral view may be due to compression. The transverse width of left premaxilla in ventral view is measured 2.8 cm at the level of 1 st maxillary tooth, 3 cm at the level of 3 rd maxillary tooth, and 3.3 cm at the level of 5 th maxillary tooth. The transverse width of preserved right premaxilla in ventral view is measured 2.6 cm at the level of 1 st maxillary tooth, 2.8 cm at the level of 3 rd maxillary tooth, 3.0 cm at the level of 5 th maxillary tooth. The fellow of left and right premaxillae meets with each other via mid line contact or suture. The midline suture is slightly wavy to almost straight shown in ventral view. The midline contact has transverse width 1 mllimeter/mm and preserved length more than 8.7 cm. Premaxilla is wide and elongated strip observed just below the internal nasal cavity. Left premaxilla contacted with left maxilla via contact line or suture. Transverse width of slightly wavy suture line or contact line (between premaxilla and maxilla on both flanks) varies from 0.5 to 1 mm on ventral view. This suture contact line is medially convexed and laterally concave on teeth positions while on space it is straight or slightly convex laterally and concave medially. There are numerous anteroposteriorly fibrous lineations (parallel to subparallel) observed on the ventral view of both left and right premaxillae. Very rare pits are also observed in the premaxillae (ventral view). The dorsoventral width or depth of premaxillae seems to be thick and massive ( Figure 10).
Maxilla: The anterior and mid portion of both the left and right maxilla (with articulated basal part of teeth) are preserved. The preserved anteroposterior length of left and right maxillae in ventral and also in dorsal view is measured 9.7 cm and 13 cm respectively. The transverse width of preserved left maxilla is 1.0 cm at the level of 1 st maxillary tooth, 1.65 cm at the level of 2 nd , 3 rd and 4 th maxillary tooth and 1.8 cm at the level of 5 th maxillary tooth. The left maxilla is reduced at the level of 1 st maxillary tooth showing a diastema (at the anterior contact of maxilla with premaxilla just posterior/back to external nare tuberosity or Ghara) (Figure 9 and Figure 10). The left maxilla thickness increases (forms step) between 1 st and 2 nd maxillary teeth and maintains same thickness from 2 nd maxillary tooth to 4 th maxillary tooth (Figure 10), and further increases and forms step at the level of 5 th maxillary tooth ( Figure 10). The lateral or outer profile of left maxilla shows wavy profile which convexing laterally on teeth positions while convexing medially on spaces between teeth.
The transverse width of preserved right maxilla is 1.0 cm at the level of 1 st maxillary tooth, 1.25 cm at the level of 2 nd , 3 rd , 4 th , 5 th and 6 th maxillary tooth and 1.6 cm at the level of 7 th maxillary tooth. Right maxilla is preserved between the level of 1 st maxillary tooth and level of 7 th maxillary tooth. The anteroposterior length of preserved right maxilla is 13 cm which is measured between the level of 1 st maxillary tooth and level of 7 th maxillary tooth. Ventrally left and right maxillae are separated with each other by both fellows of left and right premaxillae and midline contact or suture. Dorsally left and right maxillae are separated by left and right nasal strips and midline contact or suture. Further some marginal part of lateral portion of maxilla destroyed (at level of 2 nd maxillary tooth to 7 th maxillary tooth). There are numerous anteroposteriorly fibrous lineations (parallel to subparallel) observed on the dorsal view of both left and right maxillae. The dorsoventral width or depth of maxillae seems to be thick and massive ( Figure 9). Sakhibaghoon khizari has rare pits on maxilla while Tomistoma calariranum has dominant pits.
Nasal: Although incomplete, the nasal is anteroposteriorly elongate given that  Figure   9).
Anteroposteriorly elongated nasal strip of Sakhibaghoon khizari in the mid jaw with its transverse width decreasing anteriorly while this feature is not found in Gavialis gangeticus [65] from India and Pakistan, and Gavialis bengawanicus [84] from Thailand and Indonesia (Java). Transverse width of nasal strip of Sakhibaghoon khizari in the mid jaw is decreasing anteriorly while in Gavialosuchus eggenburgensis [85] from Miocene of Europe this feature is increasing anteriorly. Transverse width of nasal strip of Sakhibaghoon khizari in the mid jaw is decreasing anteriorly which is matching with Maomingosuchus petrolica (synonym, Tomistoma petrolica [86]) from late Eocene of China [87], Penghusuchus pani [88] from Taiwan, Toyotamaphimeia machikanensis from Japan [89], "Crocodilus" gaudensis [90] updated as Tomistoma gaudense by [66] (others are circular and subcircular, asymmetric D-shape) in Sakhibaghoon khizari matches with oval teeth of Gavialis gangeticus. Teeth of Sakhibaghoon khizari are heterodont like circular to subcircular, oval and triangular while in Penghusuchus pani and Toyotamaphimeia machikanensis the teeth are only circular (homodont). Teeth of Sakhibaghoon khizari are widely spaced (space between teeth is wide) while the teeth of Asifcroco retrai are close to each other and nearly contacted with each other which represents Asifcroco retrai is a member of Crocodilidae Eusuchian reptile. The teeth of Miocene terrestrial fresh water riverine Sakhibaghoon khizari are relative thin in diameter than the teeth of Oligocene terrestrial fresh water riverine Asifcroco retrai which has relatively more thick teeth (almost twice in diameter), which again represents that Asifcroco retrai is a large sized member of Crocodilidae Eusuchian reptile.

Recently reported vertebrates from Sulaiman foldbelt (Balochistan and South Punjab), Pakistan
Recently, (since 2000) the famous vertebrates were reported from the Mesozoic and Cenozoic strata of Sulaiman basin (middle Indus basin). In South Asian countries, the dinosaurs are only known from India and Pakistan. From India the dinosaurs are known since a long about close to 2 century [102] [103]. From Pakistan the dinosaurs are known since 2000 [104]. The latest Cretaceous Vitakri Formation (riverine alluvial) [24] [26] [105] of Fort Munro Group is exposed mostly in the Vitakri and its vicinity areas (Figure 4) which host the sauropods, theropods, mesoeucrocodiles, pterosaur, snake and bird [105]. The small, medium and large sized herbivorous titanosaurian sauropods were reported from    [109] sauropod. Before August 2021, these vertebrates were informal and unofficial by the rules of the ICZN, but all they formalized by the rules of the ICZN in August 2021 [105] and September 2021 [109].

Conclusion
The Northern Sulaiman Foldbelt, Shirani, North and South Waziristan (South Punjab/Saraikistan, Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) represents Permo-Triassic to Recent rocks, alternated anticlines and synclines with active faultings, cement resources, excellent water resources, construction stones, low-quality iron and muddy coal and possibly phosphate, and many other significant minerals like gemstone quality quartz crystals like the window and faden quartz crystals deposited by high-temperature hypothermal process. The area has large raw materials for cement resources. The area has large surface and groundwater. The new Tomistominae Gavialidae (False Gharial) Sakhibaghoon khizari fossil was found in the Miocene Litra Formation of Vihowa Group of Sakhi Sarwar area. This new Tomistominae is the first from the Indo-Pakistan subcontinent, especially from Pakistan. This specimen of Gavialidae is the first in South Punjab (Saraikistan) of Pakistan which increased distribution and also revealed a connection with Asia, Eurasia and Laurasia.

Recommendations
The Northern Sulaiman Foldbelt, Shirani, North and South Waziristan (South Punjab/Saraikistan, Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) has large raw material for cement resources which also needs to install many cement industries because now only one cement industry (D. G. Khan cement industry) is operations. The northern Sulaiman basin needs the installation of cement Industry because of its vast resources, its central location in Pakistan, etc. The construction of smaller and medium-sized dams on different rud kohi/nalas/streams/rivers is vital for the sustainable development of the area. The geological and paleontological exploration may reveal better results.