Creation of an Agricultural Security System: An Effective Model of Sustainable Land Use

The article discusses the effective use of degraded foothill lands of the Kamashy district of the Kashkadarya region of Uzbekistan. Sustainable land use in the arid lands of the foothill zone, due to water conservation, growing seedlings of nut and fruit trees, growing fodder crops in row spacing, allows local livestock breeders to create a rational model of agroforestry system of land use. The organization and development of agroforestry will ensure sustainable land use, create additional jobs, increase household incomes and improve the standard of living of the population.


Introduction
The arid foothills of the Kamyshy district, as well as other districts of the Kashkadarya region, are mainly used for growing grain crops on safflower and cattle grazing. Due to frequent droughts, crop yields are declining. Farmers end the year with a profit only when the grain is sown in a favorable season, which happens once every 3 -5 years. In other years, farmers barely cover their expenses, and often at the end of the year, farmers suffer losses. At the same time, due to the inefficient use of land as pastures, the land is degraded [1] [2].
Such methods of land use damage soil fertility and the ecosystem as a whole.
A small amount of wheat harvested from such lands can also be obtained due to a slight increase in grain yields on irrigated lands. A number of projects to improve the efficiency of animal husbandry are also being implemented in this

Purpose and Objectives
-Support of the local community by introducing the best practices of sustainable land use in order to organize the effective use and restoration of degraded territories and pasture ecosystems of the foothills; -Improving the livelihoods and well-being of the rural population, sustainable land use on arid lands, through water conservation, growing seedlings of walnut and fruit trees, growing forage crops in row spacing, creating a rational model of agroforestry system of land use; -Expansion of additional environmental benefits at the local, national and global levels.

Material and Methods of Research
Sowing of forage plants and planting of tree crops was carried out according to the generally accepted method, that is, the sowing of forage plants such as Aelleniasubaphylla was carried out at the rate of 12 kg per 1 ha, Ceratoideseversmanniana, 10 kg per 1 ha, Kochia prostrata 10 kg per 1 ha [4] [5], and the planting of tree crops was carried out according to the garden type with a scheme of 6 × 5 meters at the rate of 320 pieces per 1 ha, and the sowing of seeds and planting pistachio seedlings in the Kamashy forestry were carried out according to the scheme of 8 × 8 and 8 × 7 meters at the rate of 156 -178 seats per 1 hectare [1] [6].
Identification of pasture types and determination of the yield of fodder mass on the test areas by seasons. Assessment of the degree of degradation of the vegetation cover of pastures [3] [4] [5].
To determine plant species, the "Determinant of plants of Central Asia" in 10 volumes  and "Flora of Uzbekistan" in 6 volumes (1951-1962) are used. Latin names of plant species are given according to the summary "Vascular plants of Russia and neighboring states within the former USSR" [7].

Research Area
With the support of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Na-American Journal of Plant Sciences and saline agricultural landscapes of Central Asia and Turkey" was implemented in the arid foothills of the Kamashy district of Kashkadarya region [1]. In order to organize the effective use of degraded foothills, the best practices of sustainable land use were applied in the following areas: -In order to prevent the degradation of pasture lands, work has been carried out to increase their productivity and restore and maintain the production activities of landscape ecosystems, as well as to improve environmental pro-

Results and Discussion
The project organized a model section of agroforestry on the territory of the farm "OltynbayevYeri" of the Kamashy district. This farm has 105 hectares of arable land, which is mainly used for growing wheat and barley. The yield of pastures depends on weather conditions, in years with heavy rainfall, the yield is good, but in years with little precipitation, the yield is low, and in some dry years, such as 2020 and 2021, there was no forage harvest at all (Figures 1-4).
The farmer built a 50 cubic meter pool on his plot for watering fruit trees.     an area of more than 0.5. They proved to be resistant to drought and in these conditions took root by almost 100 percent.
In 2019-2020, the trees were watered with fresh water, which was delivered by water carriers from fresh water sources. In 2021, a well was drilled to fill the pool on the territory, a pump was installed and irrigation of planted trees was carried out with this water from a depth of 125 meters. It should be noted that when studying the composition of groundwater, the presence of 6 -8 g of mineralization in 1 liter of water was determined. Water is used for watering animals and watering planted trees. But no negative effects on plants and animals were noticed.
As a rule, most varieties of Prunus dulcis yield up to 10 quintals per hectare by the 8th year of vegetation. The yield increases from year to year. In 10 years, the trees will enter full yield [1] [6]. If almond orchards are laid on these lands in accordance with agrotechnical rules, there is no doubt that in 7 -8 years the farmer will receive a significant income.
Calculations show that when planting almond seedlings and other trees according to the 6 × 5 meter scheme, 333 almond seedlings will be planted on 1 hectare. (1 hectare is equal to 10,000 m 2 of area, the almond planting scheme is 6 by 5 meters, while dividing 100 meters by 6 meters we get 16 trees, dividing the rest by 5 meters we get 20 trees. When multiplying 16 × 20 = 320 trees per 1 ha).
If you water each tree every 5 -6 days, starting in May, and use 2 buckets (20 liters) of water per 1 tree for each watering, then 100 liters of water will be consumed per 1 tree per month. 320 trees consume 32,000 liters or 32.0 cubic meters of water. If we count the period of drought from May to October, then in just 6 months about 200 cubic meters of water are spent on irrigation of trees.
With the introduction of the technology of mulching and drip irrigation of trees, the consumption of irrigation water will be reduced by 50% -60% [8].
It should be noted that when using these lands for agricultural crops, high yields can be obtained only in years with good precipitation, and when using these lands for planting nut crops together with agricultural crops such as Prunus dulcis and Ziziphus jujube, high yields can be harvested. es, damage to slopes and areas that could be used more productively ( Figure 5 and Figure 6).
In the vegetation cover there are such valuable forage species as Poa bulbosa, Bromus tectorum, in places there is Carex pachystulis, Agropyrum orientale.
Pastures are narrow-zone forage lands used in the spring and summer period.   In addition, winter and summer koshars for 50 -60 heads of small cattle (sheep, lambs) have been built on the territory of the farm, manure from which, in turn, is annually brought directly into the field. Organic fertilizers improve the structure of the soil, increase its fertility, and increase the growth and productivity of planted trees (Figure 7 and Figure 8).
The introduction of sustainable land management means their continuous use for many years in the production of goods and other products to meet human needs without disturbing the ecological balance. In mountainous and foothill areas, the main activities of the local population are animal husbandry and agriculture, but they have limited access to water sources and, accordingly, high yields. Therefore, depending on the conditions of the region, it is necessary to find alternative ways to profit from farming on irrigated lands through the de-   and Figure 10).
To propagate ferula, it is recommended to prepare seeds ripe in summer, dig holes 5 -10 cm deep in autumn, sow 3 -5 pieces of seeds and cover the surface with soil [1]. The study showed that with 1 hectare of Pistaceavera plantations, using this technology, you can get ten times more profit than with traditional land use, since 18 years after the Pistaceavera plantation enters fruiting, you can   get up to 25.6 thousand dollars in profit. It is noted that growing pistachios is 50 times more profitable than growing wheat on these arid lands. Pistachio fruits begin to ripen 18 -25 years after planting and bear fruit for 100 years [2]. As soon as the harvest is harvested from the grafted Pistaceavera, the incomes of the local population will grow, and their living conditions will improve.

Conclusions
1) It is advisable to replenish the dried trees on the site by planting additional seedlings and expanding the areas of Prunusdulcis, Pistaceavera and Ziziphusjujube.
2) Laying Pistaceavera on arid pasture lands of the foothill zone and growing medicinal and fodder plants of reintroducers such as Kochia prostrate Ceratoideseversmanniana and Aelleniasubaphylla in the aisles is the best model form of creating a system of agroforestry and sustainable land management and creating a solid fodder base for animal husbandry.
3) The implementation of multi-purpose economic activities increases the incomes of farms and solves accumulated socio-economic problems. Multi-purpose land use provides for the "diversification" of production and reduction of risks associated with natural and climatic conditions. In other words, multi-purpose land use is an effective measure against natural disasters.
4) The organization and development of agroforestry in agriculture will ensure the rational use of land, the creation of additional jobs, an increase in household incomes and an increase in the standard of living of the population.