Window Air Conditioners Transition and Restriction in Saudi Arabia

This paper will provide a proposed solution for saving energy consumption due to residential air conditioners by reducing the window air conditioners type which is the most consumed energy and has a big percent of spreading inside KSA than the split type, also it will discuss some restrictions for trading and manufacturing of air conditioner devices inside KSA besides some restrictions on market and buildings to achieve the objective of reducing the consumption of energy which become a big trend in kingdom vision 2030. The results of this suggesting solution will help the decision-makers to start its plan for execution as it has a big difference between using window type from 2022 till 2030 and if we stop its sales and replace by an efficient one of split AC type in energy consumption in addition to CO 2 emission reduction and decreasing of energy cost, hence our kingdom can save petroleum raw materials and keeping the environment to become clean from pollutants so that these resources are delivered to successive generations correct and clean as we received them from those before us.


Introduction
The strong demand for Air-Conditioning in the Kingdom occurs because of extreme solar heating in Saudi Arabia [1]. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is one of the nations with much-blessed energy wealth, mostly fossil-fuel oil, and gas, where availability of energy supplies has been a core factor in all industries that The cooling systems as seen in Figure 3, Saudi residential buildings consumed approximately 130 TWh of electricity in 2018, with air conditioning accounting for 66 percent of total electricity demand [3] [4]. Saudi Arabia's Green Initiative and the Middle East Green Initiative, as part of the kingdom's Vision 2030 economic transformation plan, have positioned Saudi Arabia at the forefront of regional attempts to achieve international environmental goals. By 2040, Saudi Arabia, a billion hectares of land will be restored, conserving, and sustainably managed. The Saudi Green project plans to plant 10 billion trees, just as 40 million hectares of damaged lands are restored. The goal is also 4 percent of the global initiative to reverse soil loss and one trillion trees. A similar programmer will be launched for the area by the Middle East Green Initiative. In Saudi Arabia, 50 billion trees will be planted throughout the Middle East with nations [5].   There is some national regulation in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia that regulates the energy efficiency of residential air conditioners. The Saudi Standards, Metrology, and Quality Organization (SASO) has made significant efforts to establish the SASO 2663 Energy Labeling and Minimum Energy Efficiency Criteria for Air Conditioners in 2013 and later updated as shown in Table 1, which helps to reduce the energy consumed to form the Saudi grid

Importance of AC Window Units' Transition
Saudi Arabia is one of the most vulnerable nations to global warming. It has been 40 years since the average temperature in Riyadh and other cities in the country has risen more than 3˚C. Although the country remains the world's third-largest user of electricity for air conditioning (AC) after the United States and China, domestic energy reform and higher AC energy quality requirements have reduced the country's reliance on oil to stay cool [6], Cooling demand would also increase unabated if two feedback loops do not change direction. One is clear and global: the more fossil fuel we use to keep ourselves and our food cool, the more carbon we emit, the hotter the atmosphere becomes, and the more fossil fuel we continue to burn to stay cold. For example, in July 2014, Saudi Arabia burned a record 1 million barrels of oil per day to produce electricity, and air conditioning accounts for more than half of Saudi summer peak power demand. This loop must obviously be broken, both within the Kingdom and more broadly [7]. Air conditioning accounts for more than half of all annual energy use in homes, and about 70% at peak cooling demand. Since 2010, Saudi Arabia's energy use in buildings has increased at an average annual rate of about 6%. Typically, 70% of electricity use is attributed to cooling [3], which caused this trend. Just 10 countries account for 86 percent of the world's window AC devices, according to the Japan Refrigeration and AC Industry Association, although most global markets have largely prohibited or severely limited their use already [8] as shown in Figure 4 country Share of households that have to air-conditioning (AC) in 2016 [9]. After the United States, Saudi Arabia is the second-largest market for window units in the world, with 772,000 units sold in 2018. As shown in Figure 5 below Replacement of these purchased window units with the medium standard AC split relevant Saudi Arabian Standards Organization (SASO) will save about 20 terawatt-hours (TWh) of electricity (units) per year [4].
As a result, the use of window AC units is extremely high, and upgrading window AC systems to break or upgrading all AC systems to high-performance units with an EER of 13.0 has the greatest effect on saving both annual energy usage and consumption for all Saudi areas, as seen in Figure 6 below.
Moreover, the Kingdom currently runs a customer benefit program called the High Efficiency Air Conditioning (HEAC) program, which offers a refund of 900 Saudi riyals (US$240) for each high-efficiency split device unit bought (energy efficiency value [EER] = 13.8 or higher), up to a limit of six units per household. If the HEAC plan is fully adopted, it is estimated that the residential sector will save nearly 35 TWh of electricity per year. This savings account for approximately 24% of the Kingdom's overall residential electricity generation in 2018 (144 TWh), or approximately 35% of total residential AC electricity consumption (101 TWh). Under these assumptions, SASO and HEAC will result in 14 million and 24 million tons of CO 2 annually reduction [3]. The prism of the broader energy industry can largely be used as cooling. A 70% of the country's residential energy demand is estimated to be satisfied with air conditioners on excessively hot days in Saudi Arabia [7]. As of now, energy use has been a primary cause of greenhouse pollution. Nevertheless, modern technology will further decarbonize energy without forcing consumers to alter their behavior. Refrigeration and air conditioning were responsible for 10% of the world's CO 2 emissions, compared to the 3% caused by transportation [4]. In the context of this requirement, it calls for taking into consideration how technology interconnects with economies, especially individual users' actions. Technology can assist in more efficiently manufacturing, storing, transporting, and utilizing cold and cooling loads. Innovative economic models should be used to direct strategies, and therefore producer and consumer behavior, to minimize energy demand and accomplish other policy objectives [3].

Worldwide Trend in Air Conditioners Technology: Specifically, in AC Window Units
The rise in residential construction has fueled the growth of the residential construction market and future demographic and economic factors (specific) or demographic/economic (general) looking ahead to make more profits Global population increases would drive overall demand A rush to urbanization more than doubled in 2030. The growth of the middle class stimulates the growth of the market escalation of the standard of living Renovation and Reorganization provides development opportunities the ability on creating opportunities for market share trends, philosophies, plots Consumers are purchasing more and more micro split-air conditioners and mini-surge-based split-air conditioners. The global demand for air conditioning systems is expected to rise by 48.6 million units during the forecast period [10]. Some solutions have been implemented worldwide for the available ac units.

Air Conditioner Diagnostics, Maintenance, and Replacement
The US Department of Energy's Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy has published several recommendations aimed at home performance contractors who are largely unfamiliar with HVAC systems, HVAC technicians who can learn from recent studies on AC system defects and diagnostic procedures, and program managers who can use this knowledge to structure effective HVAC tune-up services. The first phase entails performing a fundamental evaluation and checks that can be performed by home performance contractors that have received BPI (Building Performance Institute) or related instruction to detect or diagnose, Journal of Power and Energy Engineering and in certain cases correct, comparatively non-technical problems such as low airflow and clogged condenser coils. The second phase is a comprehensive approach to identifying device faults that are intended to be applied by qualified HVAC technicians. In [11], 65 percent of the 8873 systems tested needed repairs, according to the survey, and in [12], 72 percent of devices had excessive refrigerant fees, and 44 percent had improper airflow, according to field measurements of 4168 air conditioners. This recommendation aims to close the gap between future savings and energy savings in the whole home. The aim of these recommendations provided is to provide simple-to-implement, cost-effective solutions for homeowners [13]. This guidance identifies big issues and in certain situations remedies them at cheap costs, which leads to lower energy charges for heating and refrigeration and increases the homeowner's comfort and protection. Two methods are defined to satisfy various levels of preparation and experience, as well as time and cost limitations. It aims to detect and fix significant issues quickly; the other includes further testing, diagnosis, and remediation to ensure the proper functioning of the devices. The benefits that accrue from maintenance are overly complex, just as the number of problems faced is incredibly large. The repair systems have failed to show consistent energy savings [14]. Nevertheless, the discovery of a significant saving of 38% on air and refrigerant around the Arkansas program is promising [15].

Using Inverter Products
Inverters are frequency converters that regulate the voltage, current, and frequency of the electrical current. An inverter can power the compressor very precisely. In comparison, shown in Figure 7 inverter-conditioned motors and heat exchangers consume 58% less energy than traditional ones [15]. An inverter and non-cooling AC of the same capability and type were investigated to measure the variations in the levels of CO 2 emission and consumption. Energy usage was conducted from July 16th to October 31st to discover. The weather and air conditioning remain constant throughout the experiment (18,000 BTU). The results show that when used daily, the inverter will save up to 44 percent of electrical consumption Furthermore, according to the Total Equivalent Warming Impact study, inverters will save up to 49 percent of CO 2 emissions [16]. Another comparison has performed at the Saudi Arabian Standards Organization (SASO) in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. In the car repair office building, the comparison is conducted in two rooms, which have equal dimensions and have the same number of workers in each. Each space can accommodate three employees.
The entire measurement cycle is 108 days, 24 hours a day, seven days a week. The analysis of two separate units was carried out. One was a 1.50-ton inverter unit with a 13.35 Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER) and the refrigerant R32. The other one was a 1.50-ton non-inverter unit, a 12.15 EER unit, and an R410a coolant. The entire assessment time from July 16 to October 31 is used in the test result review (108 days). In the case that the average daily room temperature differs by 1˚C or less, the temperature should have been set between 22 and 24 Journal of Power and Energy Engineering degrees Celsius, based on the estimated daily energy intake Figure 8. The estimated daily energy consumption of an inverter air conditioner is 11.6 KWh, while that of a non-inverter air conditioner is 20.8 KWh. This means that the inverter AC saves about 44% of its electricity. The annual electricity uses as seen in Figure 9 below, the inverter R32 unit decreases CO 2 emissions by 49.4 percent as opposed to the non-inverter R410A unit [16].   The benefit of using inverter air conditioners instead of non-inverter air conditioners, particularly for the weather in Saudi Arabia, is that energy consumption can be reduced. Inverter technologies will offer considerable savings with the projected increase in AC usage and atmospheric temperature rise due to global warming. Furthermore, because of the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the inverter type is more suitable for lowering CO 2 emissions. Seasonal EER more closely represents energy efficiency than EER and switching from EER to Seasonal EER will lead to greater energy efficiency in KSA.

Regulation for Air Conditioner Use
New rules and guidelines can be published, as has already occurred in Japan and

Removal of Window AC Types
The objective of this initiative is to minimize the use of AC windows. This approach does not apply globally, as was the case for Canada's biggest affordable housing provider, Toronto Community Housing [19], which is owned by the City of Toronto and provides housing for over 60,000 low-and moderate-income families in over 100 of the city's neighborhood hoods. Its 2100 facilities represented a $10 billion public asset in 2008. Adding new air conditioning in high-rise buildings makes maintenance costs higher. In nearly all high-rise and lower-rise buildings, the expense of services is included in the rent and paied by Toronto Community. Few incentives are available for tenants to build and/or use productive appliances to minimize energy consumption. As initial costs for an AC unit are always a question for renters, many units are bought on the secondary market or at the lowest possible rate. These are usually high-energy-consumption models that do not run at their optimal performance. Further energy inefficiencies (winter and summer) are created by worse AC systems as well as also safety is-  [21]. This project's aim is to help the environment by decreasing both the consumption of electricity and greenhouse gases, by making current and future buildings more energy-efficient, either through retrofits or using sustainable architecture concepts.

Demand Side Management: Different Approaches
The chapter discussed the different approaches that can be followed to control  Figure 10. The sector is being driven by increasing infrastructure investment and the country's growing hospitality industry [25]. It required a look at the HVAC Saudi market. In 2019, the Central area accounted for the lion's share of Saudi Arabia's HVAC industry, owing to the large number of commercial projects completed in and around Riyadh. In addition, the country has four cities with populations over one million, 20 cities with populations between 100,000 and one million, and 45 cities with populations between 10,000 and 100,000. Due to the high population centers being where new developments can be built, the Central area is now the most profitable for heating, ventilation, air conditioning, and refrigeration projects [26]. It can expose some of the restrictions on using the non-efficient AC units as a suggestion to our government decision-makers to eliminate the effect of AC units as general and Window type as especial and can study in four places.

Restrictions on the Import of AC Units
The government can encourage the national industry of AC units by its regulations that can meet the demand for energy-saving and efficient types of AC units like what happens in India and this only targets the low-efficiency units from entering the kingdom. The Indian Government prohibited imports of "air conditioning with coolants" in October 2020. "The import regulation for some types of air conditioners has been changed from free to banned," the Directorate General of Foreign Trade announced in an Oct. 15 announcement. In accordance with Atmanirbhar India's policies, the government aims to reduce the import of non-essential commodities and encourage domestic manufacturing [27].

Restrictions on the Manufacturing of AC Units
The government can control the quality level of industry and used material inside AC units and hence it can eliminate the effect of AC units on the environment, especially the global warming phenomena and CO 2 percentage by using good refrigerants like what happened in the European Union. For single split systems, it appears important to use R32 refrigerators rather than R410A, which has been the traditional refrigerant option in the past, since R32 has a temperature effect that is less than a third that of R410A while providing equal or better energy and cost performance [16]. An assessment of the current EU market shows that most single split systems sold in the EU no longer use R410A. [18] The energy efficiency of R32 is much higher than that of the previously used refrigerant (known as R410), and the governments should require the producers to use a refrigerant with a more friendly global warming effect on the environment. Journal of Power and Energy Engineering

Restrictions on the Trader in Saudi Markets for AC Units
With such expected growth in the HVAC market in Saudi Arabia to reach  Table 2 to be used instead of EER before quality control should be increased [20], and expect to raise the MEPS (Minimum Energy Performance standard) to satisfy the need for lower energy usage by requiring our market to use energy-efficient air conditioners.
Essentially, the government should be investigating three large-scale energy efficiency-enhancing programs [4]: 1) Enforce compliance with new MEPS standards on all existing air conditioners. This policy requires the replacement of old air conditioners with modern systems that meet energy efficiency ratio (EER)    [28]. The government took several steps to prevent a potential economic recession caused by high energy demand, including establishing a new SBC, activating SEEC, ceasing to subsidize utilities such as water, power, and fuel, and developing proposals for renewable energy sources. Current residential buildings need more advancements for thermal conductivity control through the building walls (envelope). To identify the need for future developments, it is necessary to analyze and measure the energy use of existing buildings. Recent improvements in building energy use and consumer behavior have not yet been studied [29]. Recently, building codes were issued for neighborhoods in the city of Riyadh and this should be circulated to all regions of the Kingdom. Building codes can be used by adding restrictions on non-energy-saving air conditioners or window air conditioners.

Result and Discussion
After discussing the different approach that can help for using more efficient residential AC units inside KSA and control for reducing the percent of window AC type which represent about 73% of the total quantity of residential AC units in KSA in 2019 in addition to the low EER level of most window AC types used inside KSA which may be level G and little for level F, so it should explain in next chapter the importance of removing or reducing this percent of window AC type by numbers and show the effect of replacing the non-efficient window AC unit by another efficient split AC unit within the period of 2020-2030 which will have very good effects on reducing the energy consumptions in the residential sector, CO 2 emission reduction and reducing the energy cost of generation. As this solution is more effective and has low cost and has low consequences after implementation compared to other solutions. Removal of AC window type practically, this suggestion will be hard to implement in a short time, but it can be implemented by a long-term plan and for most places using window AC type, and consumes more energy, but if this suggestion is implemented in Saudi Arabia and replaces all window AC units by an efficient split AC units, it will be more effective on the Energy consumption and CO 2 emission. This solution is dis-Journal of Power and Energy Engineering cussed above with Canada's largest social housing provider (Toronto Community Housing). According to the General Authority Statistics information of 2019, the number of different types of air conditioners in KSA is 18.3 M units for windows air-conditioners and 6.65 M units of split air conditioners [28]. Thus, the percentage of Windows is about 73.4% of total AC units while the split type is 26.6% of total AC units inside KSA. As there is a growth rate of 3% each year in both split or window units, as represented in Figure 11: Forecasted AC share in Saudi Arabia till 2030 for the period of 2019 till 2030.
As the implementation of removal suggestion is extremely hard as it will be more expensive so the suggestion will be stopping the window AC units from market to sale and replace by efficient split AC units from 2022 till 2030 Thus, it can decrease the percentage of Windows to be 58% instead of 73.4% of total AC units while split type increases to be 42% instead of 26.6% of total AC units inside KSA. This leads to decreasing the total energy consumption as illustrated below in Figure 12 flowchart of calculation and methodology used in this study.
Imagine the importance of the removal of window AC units, it should be known that the reference data used to calculate the difference which matching the contribution of AC units from the kingdom load profile. The reference scenario is in Tables 3-6.
All new AC units will sale inside KSA for the residential sector will be according to EER 13 for 24,000 BTU and EER 12 for 18,000 BTU. The results show in terms of energy consumption for the period of 2022-2030, there is a saving of around 0.2155 TWh which represents 11% of Energy saving as shown in Figure  13, the energy consumption compression for the baseline and suggested scenario is 299 TWh and 250 TWh, respectively.
As the energy production is expensive and according to Levelized Cost of Energy and our value in 2018 for LCOE High-end cost with 73$/MWh and LCOE High-end cost with 44$/MWh, so we can get this chart of cost for the consumption related to air conditioner units of the residential sector at KSA as in Figure 14 and Figure 15, and could collect these costs for both types of Low end and high end from 2020 to 2030 as Table 7.

Conclusions
In a conclusion, and answering the question that is "will we get the benefit if we Some new technology should be introduced to the industry in Saudi Arabia like the refrigerator R32 which is a promising technology that has a high impact in terms of energy-saving and CO 2 reduction.
All stockholders in the electricity field must contribute and assist in saving electrical energy, which led to saving petroleum raw materials and keeping the environment to become clean from pollutants so that these resources are delivered to successive generations correct and clean as we received them from those before us.
Last, the social impact has not been measured in this study since this solution has not been implemented worldwide it is required to know the impact of this solution like how the society sees this solution and what is their opinion of the forbidden AC window in the market? Will they support this decision or not?

Data Availability
The data that support the findings of this study are openly available S. A. in S.