Mathematical Statistics and Spatial Aggregation Characteristics Analysis of Culture, Sports, and Tourism Resources in the Yellow River Basin Based on POI Data

As a priority of China’s regional development strategy in recent years, promoting the ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin is one of the important tasks to boost the country’s economy and also the key to the development strategy in the central region at this stage. High-quality development of the Yellow River Basin based on the perspective of culture, sports, and tourism integration is significant for the regional ecological protection and economic revitalization. In order to measure the development of culture, sports, and tourism resources in the basin, the study applied the CRITIC model in Mathematical Statistics, the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model, and the entropy weight TOPSIS analysis model. The results indicated that the development of the three resources in the basin va-ries from region to region, among which Shaanxi, Shandong, and Henan provinces have developed outstandingly while western provinces in China haven’t. In addition, this study identified the spatial geographic extent and analyzed the POI (points of interest) of culture, sports, tourism, and mixed resource based on the data analysis to explore the spatial distribution characteristics and trend of changes in the Yellow River Basin. The study also made suggestions for the development of culture, sports, and tourism resources in the basin from different perspectives based on the developed theoretical model, aiming to promote high-quality development of the area.


Introduction
The Yellow River is known as the mother river of the Chinese nation and the birthplace of Chinese culture [1]. It plays an important role in the long history of Chinese culture. With beautiful scenery, the river is abundant not only in rich natural and human resources but also in distinctive and brilliant national folk cultures. These factors, intertwined with each other, have promoted the development of the culture, sports, and tourism industry in the area, making it the earliest treasure trove of tourism resources in China [2]. Gordon  The high-quality growth of the Yellow River Basin is a typical example of the integrated development of regional culture, sports, and tourism [4]. The study area, characterized by its belt-like rivers, is different from other regional economic belts, thus with few relevant studies. Li Donghua deems that there is a lack of overall interpretation and review of the new development concepts of the basin under the background of culture, sports, and tourism integration [5].
Therefore, conducting research on the construction of the Yellow River Basin Economic Belt under this background is worth the effort, and crucial to the high-quality development of the basin. Gong Yuanyuan used the Super-SBM model to measure the economic development level of each province in the basin.
In her study, the industrial structure was taken as the starting value, and environmental constraints were taken as the threshold restriction. The results showed that there was an inverted U-shaped relationship between the regulation of culture, sports, and tourism resources and the high-quality economic growth [6]. Sun Jianguo employed the Malmquist index and PVAR model to measure the eco-economic efficiency and scientific and technological innovation rate of the three resources in the study area, and found that there was a significant positive correlation between the eco-economic efficiency of the industry, the prod- Jianji explored the influencing factors between urbanization and tourism ecological subsystem by using the urbanization and environmental coupling coordination model combined with the random panel Tobit model [7]. It was found that the coupling coordination degree of new urbanization and tourism resources increased and then decreased [8]. With the global effective nearest distance model (MinDS model), Liu Huajun explored the global situation of water resource utilization in the basin. It was found that there was a correlation between the utilization rate of water resources in the basin, the culture, sports, and tourism resources, and the ecological environment. Besides, the water consumption rate in the middle and lower reaches was greater than that in the middle and upper reaches, and the polarization phenomenon was found in different places [9]. Zhang Xincheng used the health distance model to analyze the evolution characteristics of tourism industry mismatch in the nine provinces of the Yellow River Basin, and explained its causes with a qualitative comparison method. It was found that the mismatch showed a downward trend, decreasing from west to east, and the regional imbalance was prominent. Lu Lin interpreted the concept of regional culture, sports, and tourism resources and the concept of tourism development with the term "rustic-ecological" city group. It was also the basis of the great governance of the basin. Xu Hui believes that it is necessary to establish a structure of development indicators for the study area to provide scientific predictions for high-quality development. Starting from the theory, this paper analyzed the connotation and characteristics of the integrated development of culture, sports, and tourism in the basin, and identified the geographical location and spatial scope. Based on the analysis, it summarized the overall spatial layout and resource agglomeration characteristics of the development of the three resources in the basin, and guided the future direction of high-quality development in the area, so as to help revitalize the economic belt in the basin [10]. unique cultural resources in the watershed. The river flows through the desert, forest, waterfall, canyon, meadow, and some other natural scenery, and is rich in distinct resources. The overall development of the Yellow River Basin is based not only on its natural geographical features, but also on its historical and realistic opportunities. In terms of the mainline of space, the development of the tourism belt in the basin shows the spatial change of resources. Xining, Lanzhou, Yinchuan, and Hohhot are the centers in the upstream of the basin, and Xi'an, Zhengzhou, Taiyuan, and Jinan are centers in the downstream, forming a block-shaped economic zone of tourism with scattered resources distribution. Theoretical studies have shown that the best form of overall development in the basin is the "band-shaped" development [6]. This kind of tourism belt can strengthen the transportation linkage, with the main railroad and highway transportation routes in the basin as the main axis. Other less developed areas will be driven by transportation, too. Therefore, a band-shaped economic development area is formed, promoting the organic cooperation of multiple industries in the basin [14]. From the perspective of the timeline, the high-quality development of the basin was achieved in the context of the national strategy of ecological protection, resource conservation, and the rise of central China [15]. Taking the 14th Five-Year Plan as the guide and the construction of a local tourism economic belt as the focus, the basin integrates sports, culture, and tourism resources to form a new development pattern and establishes a coordinated development model [16]. Viewing from the mainline of transportation, the Yellow River Basin can be divided into three transportation subsystems, with the Baotou-Lanzhou Railway, Longhai Railway, and the Yellow River Highway as the axes and the driving forces. The transportation line could unite the cultural, sports, tourism, economic and political re-Open Journal of Applied Sciences sources in the region. The interaction and integration of the subsystems and resources are emphasized. Efforts to build a green, convenient and safe integrated transportation network are needed [17] (Figure 2). In the light of connotation, the high-quality development of the basin is a spatial industrial cluster formed under the background of the agglomeration of economic, political, cultural, scientific and technological, ecological, and other resources [18] [19] [20].

Investigations on the Related Work of Culture, Sports and
Tourism Resources in the Yellow River Basin

Analysis of Traffic Location in the Yellow River Basin
From the perspective of geographical spatial aggregation, the Yellow River Basin is connected by railway and highway trunk lines, and the distribution of culture,  With large rivers and streams all around the basin and beautiful scenery, it is rich in water and tourism resources ( Table 1).
to two or more resources, and are a concept of resource aggregation.

Data Collection
The data involved in this paper consists of two parts. The first part is the data set of culture, sports, and tourism resources in 9 provinces of the Yellow River Basin, including 13 data items, all of which were collected from the website of the National Bureau of Statistics (http://www.stats.gov.cn/). Among them, the deadline for sports resources statistics was the year 2015. For culture and tourism resources, the deadline was 2018. The second type of data is the points of interest (POI) of sports, culture, tourism, and mixed resource (POI data is a real geographic information point data. Every POI data includes information like latitude and longitude coordinates, address information, classification labels, and names [24]). The POI data had two sources. First, it was collected from the Goethe map by Python, and keywords such as "sports", "exercise", "culture", "heritage", "tourism" and "scenic spot" were retrieved. The Goethe data packet is finally updated in April 2020. Second, it was collected from the official websites of the Department of Culture and Tourism of the nine provinces in the Yellow River Basin (data updated in September 2020). The data coordinates used in the retrieval were from Google Earth, and the data were verified and corrected by checking the Goethe map. In the POI data, ArcGIS analysis software was used for retrieval. A total of 113,953 primary data were collected, including 35,643 sports resources, 63,632 culture resources, 14,678 tourism resources, and 10,456 Open Journal of Applied Sciences mixed resources. Then the biases were corrected and invalid data was deleted. Finally, the effective POI data includes 24,516 sports resources, 53,532 cultural resources, 9385 tourism resources, and 5387 mixed resources (including two or more resources), a total of 92,820 effective resources.

CRITIC
CRITIC (CRiteria Importance Through Intercriteria Correlation) method proposed by D. Diakoulaki is one of the weighting methods which determines objective weights for criteria [25]. This method includes the intensity of the contrast and the conflict in the structure of the decision-making problem.
First, is dimensionless quantitative processing.
Positive indicators: The larger the value of the positive index is, the better the result is. The smaller the value of the negative index is, the better the result is.) Second, using standard deviation as the variability measure standard, the larger the weight, the larger the standard deviation.
( ) ( ) r is the correlation coefficient between index i and index j, using the correlation coefficient to represent the correlation of the index. The stronger the correlation is, the smaller the conflict of the index is, and the greater the amount of information is, the higher the repeatability is, which reduces the evaluation intensity of the index to a certain extent, so the weight of this index should be appropriately reduced.) Fourth, the amount of information is calculated by the product of index variability and conflict.
( ) The importance of the i index in the evaluation system is rising with the increase of the value of j C , and more weight will be Open Journal of Applied Sciences allocated to the i index).
Fifth, the final normalization process to determine the weight.

Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation
A fuzzy comprehensive evaluation is a method proposed by L. A. Zade for the evaluation of uncertain or complex things, which is derived from the set of fuzzy mathematics theories [26].
First, determine indicator set V and comment set U.
( )  Second, the membership function set and weight judgment matrix R are determined, and the membership degree and evaluation matrix R are obtained.
(If the first element in the index set V and the first element in the comment set U to compose the membership degree 1 i r , then the single factor evaluation fuzzy set of the first element is: The matrix m n R * is formed by m single factor evaluation sets, and finally the fuzzy comprehensive matrix is formed.) Third, through matrix R, the weight set is calculated, and a comprehensive evaluation is concluded by the weight.

Entropy Weight TOPSIS Analysis
Entropy weight TOPSIS analysis is a comprehensive evaluation method combining the entropy method and TOPSIS method [27].
First, the entropy method is used to calculate the weight.
1) The original data matrix is composed of n evaluation samples and p evaluation indexes: 3) The calculation of information entropy redundancy: to find the optimal and the worst Open Journal of Applied Sciences solution: The optimal worst distance is calculated: Relative proximity C is calculated: 5) The optimal solution is obtained by ranking the final proximity of i C .

The Nearest Point Index
The nearest point index can measure the mutual proximity of point elements in the geographic space, and determine the spatial layout attributes of point resources accurately [4]. Through Formulas (1) and (2) below, the spatial distribution of the culture, sports, and tourism resources in the Yellow River Basin are calculated. If R was less than 1, it indicates that the culture, sports, and tourism resources in the Yellow River Basin are distributed in a state of aggregation. If R is equal to 1, it indicates that the culture, sports, and tourism resources in the basin are randomly distributed. If R is greater than 1, it means the resources are evenly distributed.
(R represents the nearest neighbor index. E r represents the ideal proximity index, i r represents the actual proximity value, A represents the area, and n represents the number of statistical resources).

Kernel Density Estimation
Kernel density analysis can reflect the spatial agglomeration or dispersion characteristics of geographical elements more vividly [4] (h represents the location of scenic spot i in the geographical space coordinate of radius. s represents the location of pre-estimated scenic spots. i s represents the range of scenic spots with s as the actual radius).  Table 2). CRITIC is a typical objective weighting method including two indicators, namely contrast intensity, and conflict. The contrast intensity is calculated by standard deviation which determines the size of volatility [28]. The greater the volatility is, the greater the weight is. Conflict represents the correlation coefficient. The larger the correlation coefficient is, the smaller the conflict is, and the smaller the weight is. In the weight calculation, the weight is calculated by comparing the product of contrast intensity and conflict index, and then making the data normalized.
Through the comprehensive calculation of the development level of culture, sports and tourism resources in the basin, it has been concluded that the highest weight was in Shaanxi Province, accounting for 34.66%, and the lowest was in Qinghai Province, accounting for 1.65%. Shaanxi Province boasts not only high GDP, but also rich culture and tourism resources. Qinghai Province is located in the central and western regions of China with underdeveloped economy, inconvenient traffic, and therefore has a low level of development of the three resources. So, there is an urgent need to develop Qinghai. It could be seen that the development level of culture, sports and tourism resources in the nine provinces of the Yellow River Basin varied greatly and the development imbalance was obvious.   a sports resource weight of more than 10% in the western region. Shandong had obvious advantages in the number of athletes and senior coaches, which was the main reason for the high level of sports development. The gap between other provinces and Shandong was obvious (Table 4). In the calculation of tourism resources, Shandong, Shaanxi, and Inner Mongolia demonstrated a high level of tourism resources development, accounting for 31.60%, 25.57%, and 25.08 respectively, which were significantly ahead of other provinces. In the provinces with less developed tourism resources, Qinghai, Gansu and Ningxia accounted for 0.22%, 0.79%, and 0.68% respectively, all less than 1% on average. It can be seen that the development level of tourism resources in the Yellow River Basin was extremely unbalanced, and the gap between the western and central regions was obvious (Table 5).

Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation and Entropy Weight TOPSIS Analysis of the Development Level of Culture and Tourism Resources in the Yellow River Basin
Then comprehensive measurement of the development level of culture, sports, and tourism resources in the Yellow River Basin was carried out. Two evaluation models were used for secondary measurement. By comparing the current situation and development level of the three resources in nine provinces in the basin through different models, more accurate resource development evaluation and test values can be obtained.
A fuzzy comprehensive evaluation is a comprehensive method based on fuzzy mathematics, which can carry out quantitative comprehensive evaluation for some unclear boundaries and difficult quantitative factors. Therefore, we can use this method to measure the comprehensive development level of the resources in the basin. Before the fuzzy calculation, we optimized the 13 indicators by deleting and adding the same amount of evaluation indicators, so that the evaluation results can reflect the overall development level more accurately. The quantitative   (Table 7). TOPSIS ranking analysis was carried out by using the obtained entropy weight, and the optimum and the worst solution of the three resources in the nine provinces of the Yellow River Basin were further analyzed. The development status of the nine provinces in the study area was respectively examined. Through calculation, Shandong, Henan, and Sichuan had the highest single ranking value while the lowest was in Qinghai, which is consistent with the results of the comprehensive fuzzy evaluation. According to the results obtained by different models, the overall characteristics showed that the development level of culture, sports, and tourism resources in the central and eastern regions of the study area was significantly better than that in the western region. It was mainly attributed to the convenient transportation and early development in the eastern region, and the driving effect of the core cities. The development level in Sichuan in the western region was better, which was closely related to its unique natural conditions and economic foundation (Table 8).
Comparing the development level of culture, sports, and tourism resources in the past five years horizontally, we found that the development level in the east was significantly better than that in the west, and this gap had gradually increased over time (Figure 4).

Spatial Distribution Pattern of Culture, Sports and
Tourism Resources in the Yellow River Basin

Characteristics of Distribution Type
Based on the calculation of the current development of culture, sports and tourism Open Journal of Applied Sciences resources in the Yellow River Basin, we can further explore the spatial distribution pattern of these resources and provide accurate information to guide the high-quality development of the basin. After classifying, filtering, modifying, and optimizing the resource data points, the spatial distribution data of culture, sports, Open Journal of Applied Sciences  Figure 6). Culture resource points accounted for the largest proportion, which was a reflection of the long history and rich cultural connotation in the Yellow River Basin. Sports resources, tourism resources, and mixed resources ranked second, third and fourth respectively. The area has a good foundation for sports, tourism and sports heritage and relic resources because of the large differences in terrain and complex topography.

Resource Distribution Model
The overall spatial distribution of sports, culture, tourism and mixed resources are densely clustered ( Table 9). The overall regional characteristic of the distribution was that the three resources aggregated along with the core cities and resource-concentrated areas. We used the average nearest neighbor analysis (ANNA), which can reflect the concentration of resources, to explore the spatial aggregation of resource points in the basin. The results showed that all nearest neighbor ratios of resource points were less than 1, indicating that the four types of resources in the basin were obviously clustered. The ANNA ratio of sports resource points was 0.091, showing the highest concentration. It was followed by mixed resources (0.180) and tourism resources (0.188). The ratio of culture resources was the lowest, which was 0.118.

Spatial Aggregation Degree Analysis of Resources
In order to reflect the spatial distribution pattern of different resources in the Yellow River Basin more clearly, the study used the Spatial Analyst Tools of ArcGIS10.2 to conduct kernel density analysis. The analysis results showed that the kernel density varied from resource to resource.
The kernel density of sports resources was the most aggregately distributed, The highest kernel density of mixed resources is concentrated in Zhengzhou, Taiyuan, and Xi'an, and concentrated in the central and southern parts of Shanxi, northern Henan, and central and eastern Shandong. In addition, the radiation range of the mixed kernel density has the greatest potential among the four types of resource kernel densities. Over time, the mixed kernel density will gradually increase with the development of resources and economic development (Figure 9).

The Path of High-Quality Development in the Yellow River Basin from the Perspective of Culture, Sports, and Tourism
The Yellow River Basin has a high natural resources endowment. Only by bringing resources into the market and transforming them into the driving force of economic development can we facilitate the development of the region. The way of resource exploitation, the nature and structure of industries, and the combination of resources will have a direct impact on this process [29]. Taking

Theoretical Model of Development
Considering the shortcomings and the characteristics of spatial geographic aggregation in the area, we proposed four driving theoretical model for the development of the Yellow River Basin (Table 10)   Income growth in the culture, sports and tourism market; Increased income from distributed resources; Profit space increases.
Hybrid driven (Support system) Increasing citizens' income. Developing local characteristic tourism and building demonstration base.
Urban and rural coordinated development; Rural well-off level is improved; The level of urban integration construction is improved.
associations, we-media, and other intermediary organizations. Mixed-driven economic development model means that in the process of the economic development in the basin, the systems of supply, demand, and intermediary should drive the development as a whole. Each system has a similar proportion in this model, and we cannot tell which plays a more important role [16]. Only when these driving forces work together can we achieve the desired effect and promote high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin.

Directions for Development Change
Information integration and high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin is a major regional plan of the nation, and therefore high standards should be set [34]. The development of regional industries should achieve the goal of integration, too [35]. On this basis, regional communication and cooperation should be realized with the help of the dividend of development. The regional limitation of administration should be broken to build an integrated culture, sports, and tourism brand promotion model [36]. The convenience of traffic is necessary. The transportation location problem is the bottleneck restricting the development of the region, so the establishment of a basin-wide integrated transportation facility is imperative. Transportation is the endogenous driving force of development and an important way to promote the integration of culture, sports and tourism resources and regional development [37]. Achieving regional diversity is also vital. The homogenization of cultural, sports, and tourism resources within the Yellow River Basin is obvious, which hinders regional economic development.
Therefore, it is necessary to boost the differentiated development of the area [38] [39]. To achieve brand internationalization, we should properly handle the relationship between international and domestic circular markets, and build the Open Journal of Applied Sciences culture and tourism integration belt, forming a new regional development pattern. Therefore, the high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin, together with the Silk Road and the development of the western region in China, can be built with international influence. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to continuously enhance communication and cooperation with the international market, shape the regional international brand of culture, sports, and tourism, and promote the high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin.

Conclusions
Ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin are important starting points for the strategy of the rise of central China and effective means to realize regional economic revitalization. The basin covers nine provinces, but there is a lack of research on the overall culture, sports, and tourism resources in the study area at this stage. This is the difference between the development of the Yellow River Basin and other regions. Therefore, this paper applied the CRITIC method model, comprehensive fuzzy evaluation model, and entropy weight TOPSIS analysis model to calculate the development level of the three resources in the Yellow River Basin. The weight of the development status of culture, sports, and tourism resources in the nine provinces was concluded.
The study result revealed that the middle east regions were more developed than the central and western regions. The growth level of Shandong, Shaanxi, and Henan in the east was the highest, while the level of Qinghai, Ningxia, and Gansu in the western region was the lowest. Sichuan was the only province with a relatively good development level of the four recourses in the western region.
The characteristics of resources in the basin were further summarized, and the geographical spatial range was identified based on the big data of POI interest points. The resources in the basin were divided into four categories, namely sports, culture, tourism, and mixed resources. The nearest neighbor index analysis table of regional resources was generated by ArcGIS10.2. It could be seen from the table that the nearest neighbor index of sports resources was the highest and that of cultural resources was the lowest. The ratios of the nearest neighbor index of all four types of resources were less than 1, showing a strong aggregation. Then through the kernel density algorithm, we could estimate the degree of aggregation and dispersion of these resources. The kernel density map showed that the degree of aggregation of tourism resources was the strongest, and the cultural resources were the lowest. The kernel density of mixed resources had the largest potential to change in the four types of resources, which related to the local economy, policy, and resource utilization.
Through the above analysis, we made use of the demand-driven, supply-driven, intermediary support, and mixed-driven theories in the development theory to analyze the economic development of the Yellow River Basin, and guided the upgrading of industries and resources in the area. With the facilitation of internationalization, informationization, differentiation, and transportation, efforts could be