Influence of Deposition Temperature on the Electrical and Electrochemical Properties of Carbon-Based Coatings for Metallic Bipolar Plates, Prepared by Cathodic Arc Evaporation

Cathodic arc evaporation is a well-established physical vapor deposition technique which is characterized by a high degree of ionization and high deposition rate. So far, this technique has been mainly used for the deposition of tribological coatings. In this study, anti-corrosive and electrical conductive carbon-based coatings with a metallic interlayer were prepared on stainless steel substrates as surface modification for metallic bipolar plates. Hereby, the influence of the deposition temperature during the deposition of the carbon top layer was investigated. Raman spectroscopy revealed differences in the microstructure at 200˚C compared to 300˚C and 100˚C. Measurements of the interfacial contact resistance showed that the deposited coatings significantly improve the electrical conductivity. There are only minor differences between the different carbon top layers. The corrosion resistance of the coatings was studied via potentiodynamic polarization at room temperature and 80˚C. Experiments showed that the coating with a carbon top layer deposited at 200˚C, considerably reduces the current density and thus corrosion of the substrate is suppressed.


Introduction
In consideration of the high energy demand, the development of efficient and How to cite this paper: Steinhorst, M., Giorgio, M., Roch, T. and Leyens, C. (2022) Influence of Deposition Temperature on the Electrical and Electrochemical Proper-eco-friendly energy systems is crucial [1]. Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) exhibit good efficiency and high user convenience, including long travel distances and fast refuelling cycles, rendering them as a key technology towards climate-friendly mobility [2] [3]. The bipolar plate (BPP) is an important component of a PEMFC since it is responsible for the distribution of hydrogen and oxygen, cooling and electrical connection. Thus, it must fulfill a variety of requirements such as good mechanical stability, high corrosion resistance and good electrical as well as thermal conductivity. Austenitic stainless steel is a potential material candidate to replace the graphite and composite bipolar plates. Especially, 316L stainless steel exhibits a promising combination of properties [4] [5] [6] [7]. However, the native oxide reduces the electrical contact to the adjacent gas-diffusion layer (GDL) and the steel corrodes in the harsh PEMFC operating conditions [8] [9]. The interfacial contact resistance (ICR) between the BPP and GDL can significantly affect the efficiency of a fuel cell stack, because it contributes to a great extent to the ohmic resistance in a fuel cell [10] [11] [12]. Due to the corrosion, harmful metal ions can be released and contaminate the membrane reducing the longevity of PEMFCs [13] [14].
In order to prevent corrosion and simultaneously increase the electrical conductivity, a variety of BPP surface modifications were studied such as pure metallic and various metallic compounds [8] [15]- [20] as well as different carbonbased thin films [21]- [28] as either single or multi layer coatings. Hereby, carbon-based coatings exhibit excellent properties such as high chemical inertness and low electrical resistance [29]. However, the thin films are usually produced by balanced or unbalanced magnetron sputtering and (plasma-enhanced) chemical vapor deposition which have a low ionization and deposition rate. In this context, cathodic arc evaporation which is a well-established physical vapor deposition (PVD) method for tribological carbon coatings, has favorable properties, e.g. generation of a highly ionized plasma and fast deposition rate [30] [31].
Additionally, the deposition temperature is an important parameter which can significantly affect the properties of a PVD coating [32].
In this study, we investigate the electrical and electrochemical properties of carbon-based coatings on 316L stainless steel (SS316L) substrates depending on the deposition temperature. Three different carbon thin films were prepared by varying the temperature during the deposition. All samples have the same metallic interlayer.

Materials
Austenitic stainless steel (SS316L) of 0.1 mm thickness was used as substrate material. The specimens were cleaned with distilled water, methanol and then dried with nitrogen prior to deposition. For the deposition of the carbon-based coatings, a cathodic arc deposition system was used. The base pressure of the vacuum chamber was set at 10 −4 Pa. Before coating, the native oxide layer of the steel substrates was removed by a plasma etching process. A chromium interlayer was deposited on the cleaned substrates, from a pure chromium target (99.99%), at a chamber temperature of 300˚C and pressure of approximately 10 −1 Pa. Afterwards, three different carbon top layer variants were deposited from a 99.99% graphite target in the deposition temperature range between 300˚C and 100˚C.
Bias voltage of several hundred of volts and pressure of approximately 10 −1 Pa were kept constant for all carbon thin films. The total thickness, measured by X-ray reflectivity, of the deposited thin films was approximately 60 -66 nm.

Characterization Methods
Raman spectroscopy was used to evaluate the microstructure of the deposited thin films. The measurements were done with a Renishaw inVia and an excitation laser of 514 nm wavelength. For the evaluation of the D peak and G peak, a Lorentzian and a Breit-Wigner-Fano function were used, respectively.
The interfacial contact resistance was determined similar to the procedure described from Davies et al. [4] and Wang et al. [5]. In brief, the measurement setup consits of a tensile tester for applying the compaction force and an electrical circuit attached to two gold-coated copper blocks with two GDL sheets and a sample in-between. The total resistance of the assembly is measured by an ohmmeter. By measuring the contact resistance of one GDL sample, which is also used for calibration, one can calculate the individual contact resistance of the sample. For the measurements the compaction force ranged from 25 to 200 N·cm −2 . Corrosion resistance was investigated by potentiodynamic polarization tests in 0.5 M H 2 SO 4 solution at room temperature and 80˚C. For this purpose, a Metrohm Autolab PGSTAT302N potentio-/galvanostat was used with a three-electrode setup including a graphite rod as counter electrode, a Ag/AgCl reference and the sample as working electrode. Before the potentiodynamic tests, the open circuit potential was recorded for a duration of 1 h. The measurements were performed between −0.5 to 1.5 V vs. standard hydrogen electrode (SHE) at a scan rate of 0.001 V·s −1 .

Material characterization
Raman spectra of carbon films are mainly composed of two broad peaks at around 1350 cm −1 and 1580 -1600 cm −1 , namely D and G peak, respectively. The G peak (graphite) is related to the graphite lattice and the bond stretching of all sp 2 atoms, and the D peak (defect) results from the breathing modes of carbon rings and defects in the graphite crystalline structure [33]. Figure 1 shows the recorded Raman spectra of the deposited thin films. Whilst, the films deposited at 300˚C and 100˚C exhibit similar spectra and have pronounced D and G peaks (see Figure 1(a)), the 200˚C carbon thin film only has small peaks (see Figure 1(b)). Advances in Materials Physics and Chemistry The shape of this Raman spectrum corresponds to a more disordered structure as described by Onoprienko et al. [34] and Chung et al. [35].
The full width half maximum (FWHM) and position of the G peak are associated with disorder in the film structure, i.e. distortion of bond length and angle in six-fold carbon rings which originates from poor graphitic in-plane ordering [36] [37]. Additionally, higher D G I I and G peak position indicates a higher sp 2 content in the material. According to J. Robertson [30] reported that for G peak FWHM values above 50 cm −1 the graphite crystallites are less than or equal to 2 nm in size. In this region it is possible to determine the grain size a L by where a L is in Å and c is a constant approximately equal to 0.0055 [36]. Thus, the carbon thin films in this work have a grain size of 1.34 nm, 1.70 nm and 1.32 nm, respectively. Based on the results, the deposited carbon top layers can be classified as graphite-like carbon or nano-crystalline carbon with probably up to 100% sp 2 content.

Interfacial Contact Resistance
The interfacial contact resistance between the metallic BPP and the GDL has a significant impact on the achieved electrical power (output) of a PEMFC. Hence, a low ICR is necessary for bipolar plates and corresponding surface modifications. Figure 2 shows the ICR as a function of the applied compaction force for the carbon-based coatings depending on the carbon deposition temperature. Up to a compaction of 100 N/cm 2 , the contact resistance rapidly decreases because of the constant increase in the contact area between the GDL and the specimen. The bare SS316L substrate exhibits the highest ICR values which can be attributed to the native oxide layer. This underlines the need for highly conductive coatings. By applying a carbon-based coating, the ICR is reduced by more than two orders of magnitude. There are only small differences between the carbon layers deposited at different temperatures. However, the sample with a carbon top layer deposited at 200˚C has the highest resistance in the measurement range. Still, all carbon-based coatings more than fulfill the criteria, released by the U.S. department of energy, of 10 mΩ·cm 2 [39] and achieve values less than 2 mΩ·cm 2 at 150 N/cm 2 .

Potentiodynamic Polarization
The potentiodynamic polarization curves of all specimens at room temperature in 0.5 M H 2 SO 4 are depicted in Figure 3. The bare SS316L substrate has the lowest Advances in Materials Physics and Chemistry  corrosion resistance and thus the highest corrosion current corr j of approx. 1.8 × 10 −5 A·cm −2 (see Table 2). At around 0 V the formation of a protective oxide layer begins, which can be seen by the strong oxidation peak. Up to a potential of 1.2 V, the stainless steel remains inert in the environment and above this potential the material enters the transpassive state. Here, the dissociation of the electrolyte (i.e. water) occurs as well. This results in a steep increase in the current signal which can also be observed for the coated samples.
The deposition of a carbon-based coating greatly improves the corrosion resistance leading to a significantly lower corrosion current corr j between 10 −6 and 10 −9 A·m −2 (see Table 2). Structural properties such as surface morphology, grain size and defects affect the corrosion resistance of a material and thus the corrosion current density [40]. Consequently, the microstructure of a surface modification, i.e. a PVD coating, is an important parameter. The considerable lower current density of the 200˚C carbon top layer can be attributed to its different microstructure compared to the other carbon thin films.
At an electrolyte temperature of 80˚C, the differences between the polariza-tion curves are less distinct except for the sample with a carbon top layer deposited at 200˚C (see Figure 3, right). In general, the increased temperature leads to a more aggressive environment and hence more corrosion. This can be seen by the clear shift towards higher current densities and thus significantly higher corrosion currents corr j (see Table 2). In the case of the 100˚C carbon top layer, the rise in corr j is particularly pronounced. In contrast, the 200˚C carbon top layer still has a very low corrosion current. Again, this is likely due to structural differences (see Figure 1) and thus better corrosion protection of the SS316L substrate.

Conclusions
Three multi layer coatings consisting of a metallic interlayer and a carbon top layer deposited at different temperatures were prepared in order to investigate the influence of the deposition temperature on the electrical and electrochemical properties. The coatings were analyzed by Raman spectroscopy, interfacial contact resistance measurements and potentiodynamic polarization tests in 0. 5  In general, the results show that carbon-based coatings offer a good corrosion protection with excellent electrical conductivity at the same time. It is possible to prepare these coatings at low deposition temperatures of 200˚C or even 100˚C, which is of great advantage for a future production of coated bipolar plates.
However, further investigations regarding the electrochemical properties are required to increase the service life of a fuel cell. In this context, the microstructure of the carbon thin films will be further examined and the development of alternative interlayer materials will be considered in future studies.