Against Dalits Reservation: Exploring the Views of So-Called Upper Caste Students Studying at Kailali Multiple Campus, Dhangadhi

This research article aimed to explore why so-called upper-caste people, predominantly Brahman and Chhetri caste groups, are against 9% Dalit reservations, though the other five groups have reservations, like 33% women, 24% Aadibasi/Janajatis, 20% Madhesis, 5% people with disabilities, and 4% candidates from disadvantaged regions (people from disadvantaged districts in Karnali (basically to Khas Chhetris/Thakuris/Dalits), among others. The reservation has created some antipathy between so-called upper caste people and Dalits. The Supreme Court has also ordered a change in the existing reservation policy from a caste-based to a class-based system. In the midst of ambiguity, applied purposive sampling technique to gain detailed knowledge about a specific phenomenon with so-called upper-caste students studying at Kailai Multiple Campus in Dhangadhi Sub-Metropolitan City. Reservation is an important solution to Dalit prejudice in the present, but it does not solve “past” deprivation of religiously sidelined, socially oppressed, economically exploited, politically oppressed, and educationally deprived people. Compensation is the appropriate solution for the latter kind of discrimination. What more can be done within the current system to ensure Dalits’ access to state services if the reservations aren’t the solution to their problems?


Introduction
The right to equality was enshrined in Nepal's 2015 Constitution. The third clause of Article 18 said that "The state may not discriminate against citizens based on their ethnicity, religion, race, caste, tribe, sex, economic status, lan-1000. Furthermore, the Dalits have a per capita income of $977 per year, which is one of the lowest in the world, compared to the national average of $1597 per year. Furthermore, 23% of Dalits are landless, with 48.7% possessing less than 0.1 hectares of land. Cultivable land is owned by less than 1% of all landowners.
Reservation is now being used to entrench caste dominance even further. The reservation will never be able to solve the economic issues of the disadvantaged majority. It is also true that empirically reservation policy in Nepal is benefiting the elite within the Dalit community. Reservation aims are to inject the Dalit people in all state mechanism mechanisms monopoly of the so-called upper caste who are manipulating the state law and order against Dalits. Most of the top-level posts, the police personnel, judges, bureaucrats, and many more are occupied by so-called upper-caste. The reservation can break down the Brahminical ideology of caste superiority that prevented Dalits from commanding respect in society.
According to the United Nations Report 2020, it has been 15 years since the declaration (in 2006, "an untouchable discrimination-free nation") that no human being will be discriminated against based on caste, but caste-based discrimination remains a terrible reality in Nepal. The Caste-Based Discrimination and Untouchability (Offense and Punishment) Act of 2068 prohibits caste-based discrimination and untouchability (2011), which strictly prohibited caste-based discrimination in Nepal. In 2020, the UN had researched Province no.-2, Karnali, and 16 districts in Sudurpachhim province (Province no.-7) and found five different types of harmful practices (caste-based discrimination). According to a report, 97% of Dalits felt caste-based discrimination in their locality or society.
About 74% of Dalits reported that they are not allowed to enter the kitchen of upper caste people. Similarly, about 52% of Dalits are not allowed to use water from the public tape, about 50% of Dalits are not allowed to enter the Hindu temple. However, most Dalits have practiced Hinduism since the beginning; approximately 41% of Dalits have difficulty selling their milk in the market; approximately 70% of Dalits do not report cases of caste-based discrimination to the local police station because most upper-caste officers do not want to register Dalits cases. Furthermore, around 67% of Dalits said that in their society, inter-caste marriage is not possible.
Nepal's Parliament has 8% Dalit representation. There are 26 Dalit Members of Parliament: 19 in the House of Representatives (out of 275 total) and seven (or 11.8%) in the National Assembly. In the National Assembly, there are no Dalit women. There are no Dalit women M.P.s who are directly elected (Kalyani, 2020). The Dalit women's representation started after the effects of the Maoist war. To date, to be nominated to a higher political post, Dalits must flatter the  (1170) representatives (Pandeya & Oyama, 2019). Table 2 shows the details of Dalit Legislative Representation in the three-tier government (Pawan, 2021b).
Quotas helped raise the number of candidates from marginalized communities by a small amount. However, it was hoped that the reservation policy would be maintained, particularly during mass recruitment in the new federal system, making the civil service more representative of Nepal's diverse people.

Research Question
Reservations were put in place to ensure that historically disadvantaged areas had equal. access to resources. These "reservations" or quotas were granted to Dalits are based on their (presumably immutable) caste identities. The quota system aimed to empower the Dalit community or bring them into the mainstream of development and eradicate long caste-based discrimination. However, the quota system is leading to division and antipathy among Dalits and Non-Dalits community, especially with Brahmin/Chhetri groups. So-called upper-caste Brahmin/Chhetri argues that many Brahmin/Chhetri and others are poorer than Dalits, so they deserve reservation. However, mostly, they are against Dalit reservation.

Literature Review
Reservation is not absolute, but it is relative. It is not a separate thing but a creation of discrimination for a long time. Critics claimed that reservation or affirmative action is against of merit base system; it promotes casteism but is not reduced; few minutes on the name of minorities gained an opportunity (Deshpandey, 2013: p. 20). According to Marc Galanter, the justification behind the Thirdly, they find collectivity as a basis for compensatory discrimination to be anti-individualistic. They wish to scrap the reservation as they have been in operation for a long time (Desai & Desai, 1990). Ramachandra (1982) studied the elite's attitude toward the reservation policy in Karim Nagar district (Andhra Pradesh). He found that the elites belonging to the dominant castes were strongly against the reservation policy and most of them were in favor of the termination of the reservation policy. They considered the policy of reservations in government employment as "ruinous". By contrast, most of the scheduled castes favored the continuation of the reservation policy in government employment.
Since the early 1960s, when President John F. Kennedy of the United States used the term "affirmative action" to describe public policies intended "to overcome the current effect of past racial discrimination" in executive-order no.
10925 (assigned to the secretary of labor the task of specifying rules and implementation), it has been used to describe public policies intended "to overcome the present effect of past racial discrimination" (Louis, 2005). The terms "preferential treatment", "reverse discrimination", "positive discrimination", and so on are all used to refer to comparable affirmative action provisions. It is a legal framework where the law imposes special measures or differential treatment for various individuals or groups. The basis for a provision is that a specific condition should exist that demands such special measures departing from the principle of formal equality. Therefore, affirmative action aims to protect or promote the welfare of a person or a group who/which was previously marginalized, suppressed, or discriminated (Lerner, 2003). Affirmative action is a by-product of the civil-rights Movement in numerous ways. IN PARTICULAR, Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act barred discrimination in the workplace based on race, color, creed, or sex (Schmidt Jr., 1965). Affirmative action is coming under increasing fire.
Some say that racism is no longer a problem, that restitution for past wrongs is inappropriate, and that a race-based policy cannot achieve the ultimate aim of a color-blind society. Others acknowledge the need for affirmative action but argue for a broader definition of disadvantage, focusing on socioeconomic status factors other than race or ethnicity. According to this viewpoint, "class-based" affirmative action is more equitable and politically acceptable to achieve identical goals. In the wake of recent court judgments suggesting that race-based scholarship admission programs may be illegal, proposals for class-based affirmative-action measures have become particularly prominent in college admissions.
Several schools, notably the University of California system, have moved to phase out race and ethnicity-focused programs in favor of those based on alternate conceptions of disadvantage (Cancian, 1998). Civil Rights Act. Following the bloody ethnic riots between Malays and Chinese in 1969, Malaysia adopted affirmative action; Sri Lanka used the strategy during the post-independence Sinhalese-Tamil tensions, and South Africa used the strategy to address some of the gross inequalities between Hites and Africans after apartheid ended in the early 1990s (Stone & Dennis, 2003). This comprehensive formula was suggested by Ambedkar after he realized the limitation of antidiscrimination laws (Rodrigues, 2002: p. 33), reservation and affirmative action, and so on. He, then, put special responsibility on the state, saying that "the uplift of the Depressed Classes will remain a pious hope unless the task is placed in the forefront of all governmental activities". Also, he puts forward his doubt about the implementation of laws and other pro discriminated policies "unless equalization of opportunities is realized in practice by a definite policy and determined efforts on the part of the government". Generally, Affirmative action or reservation is seen as a mechanism to do away with socioeconomic, political, and cultural inequalities. Nepali society is hierarchical, generating inequalities and passing from one generation to another. This has led to severe social, psychological, educational, and economic deprivations among the Dalit community and has caused irreparable harm. Thus, to bring them at par with the privileged groups, they should be allowed specific compensation, and reservations must be the primary compensatory measure for their social mobility.

Method
So-called upper-caste respondents' attitudes to the reservation and its implementation were also sought. They were questioned why some so-called upper-caste groups, predominantly Brahman and Chhetri groups, are against 9% Dalit reservation? Why are those Brahman and Chhetri groups not against the provided 33% reservation for women, 24% for Aadibasi/Janajatis, 20% for Madhesis, 5% for people with disabilities, and 4% for candidates from neglected regions? Being a Dalit interviewer, I did not take the interview because the respondent might know me personally, and to be nice to me, respondents may reply in my favor. So, I took the support of a qualified and experience upper-caste interviewer, applied purposive sampling techniques to gain detailed knowledge about a specific phenomenon with so-called upper-caste students studying at Kailai Multiple Campus in Dhangadhi Sub-Metropolitan City. This paper had also analyzed secondary data, policy documents, empirical data published in Public Service Commission Report: 2020/21, and other national and international documents. Aside from that, I use Gopal Guru's theory of lived experience, which claims that Dalit lived experience is the only legitimate and authentic experience and that theorizing this experience should be limited to Dalits. You cannot have a Dalit experience unless you are a Dalit yourself, or at the very least know what it is like to be a Dalit subject with no choice. As a result, participatory observation would not be considered lived experience as long as the observer, who may ordinarily live in and enjoy the community, has the option to leave when things get bad or when the observer chooses to leave, but the Dalit subject is oppressed with no way to escape this oppression (Guru, 2002). Levinas' theory of the Holocaust is also based on personal experience, specifically a personal experience of Nazism that he and his family had to undergo. His development of an ethical theory is directly mediated by a lived experience, not only by experience (Sarukkai, 2007).

Main Findings and Discussion
Despite qualified upper-caste interviewer's engagement, it became difficult to get the proper answer from the students on their biased nature toward Dalit reservation. Most of the respondents were students who have had little knowledge behind the main moto of reservation. Without proper understanding of reservation, students were found debating on Dalit reservation matters. Among the respondent, about 63.7% respondents opined that the reservation should be based on class, and only 36.3% wanted the reservation to be based on caste. Among the respondents, some had a good understanding of the reservation system, and they were found positive about it. According to the optimistic respondents, reservations for Dalits should be based on caste, not on class. Another group, those who wanted reservations based on economic position (class) criteria, argued that the reservations based on caste create and intensify social barriers and lead to stigmatized identity. Most of the respondents, however, were from an urban background.
To make it further clear why caste-based reservation is needed instead of class-based, I want to give an example of a Brahmin and Dalit family residing in the same village, environment, and economic status. After noting their low financial situation, a benefactor had gifted both households with a similar number of milk-giving buffalo. Now you have to estimate which of the two families will improve their financial situation in a short period and why (It's safe to presume that readers are familiar with the Hindu caste system, as well as its social and religious structure). The answer is straightforward; the poor Brahmin family will become economically stronger in a short period in comparison to the Dalit family because of caste privilege and social capital of Brahmin family, while Dalit family will not enhance economic condition that fast because upper caste people will not buy milk brought by Dalit family and Dalit family touched have no better social capital and no caste privilege in the market. Due to caste identity, Dalits are not able to sell their editable products or start restaurant businesses in their own locality. If they know his or her caste identity, no upper-caste person will eat or buy a Dalit product. The social arrangement is so discriminatory against Dalits that they cannot sell their editable products on the market. The reservation policy intends to make Dalits capable. The key idea of the capability approach is to expand people's capabilities, their freedom to promote or achieve valuable beings and doings as an essential path to progress, development, or poverty reduction. People have greater freedom of functioning (Sen, 1999). The Dalits suffered discrimination in a variety of marketplaces, including employment, the provision of inputs and services (necessary for farm and non-farm production), and the selling of products by the erstwhile Dalits to farmers and non-farm producers/businesspersons. In local places, Dalits are not employed for certain jobs, such as chefs in restaurants and in the mid-day meal program for children, or waiters. The caste system is a social structure, while the class structure is a financial structure. In the market, the upper Caste has advantages over the lower Caste. The caste system is a social system, while the class system is a financial system. The upper caste gets privilege in the market while the lower caste does not. Those respondents who favor reservation based on social position (Caste) argued that the Dalits are economically backward and socially and educationally deprived. Whereas upper caste people, especially Brahmins, are not socially and educationally backward even though poor, they still occupy a superior position in the hierarchy. If they are poor, they are just economically deprived, not ritually and socially.
In In response to a similar question, Nobel laureate economist Becker stated that white males discriminate against their black counterparts because they have a discrimination test from which they derive utility, and this test is based on prejudices that an individual from one group holds against individuals from another group, in this case, blacks and women (Becker, 1956, cited by Thorat, Tagade, & Naik, 2016).
In 1973, another Nobel laureate, Arrow, proposed an alternative reason for discrimination: people discriminate because they believe that people from another group are, on average, less productive, and as a result, they make hiring and wage decisions for other group members based on that belief, which may be incorrect and result in discrimination (Akerlof & Kranton, 2010 cited by Thorat, Tagade, & Naik, 2016). Individual decisions are socially framed, according to the "identity theory" and social categories and their norms affect how individuals in the social category act toward others. When it comes to race and poverty, the Identity theory suggests that whites' attitudes about blacks are shaped by group norms that maintain a divide between "us" and "them". Instead of seeing black people as "us all" white people see them as "them". Discrimination occurs from this divide of standards based on "us" and "them", or what writers refer to as "oppositional identity" (Tajfel & Turner, 2004). Prejudice stems mostly from an individual's psychological makeup. The psychology of prejudice, which results in the dominant group's stereotyped (false) views and discriminatory conduct toward the inferior group, is comparable to the Test theory (Allport, 1954). The contends that "race prejudice exists in sense of group status rather than in a collection of individual sentiments which members of one racial group experience toward members of another racial group", challenging Allport's theoretical construct of prejudice as a set of individual feelings. In order to sustain a relative group interest, Blumer changes the axis of bias away from individual impulses and toward communal interests. For monetary gain and high social prestige, the emphasis is on group position and collective efforts (rather than individual efforts) (Blumer, 1958 cited by Thorat, Tagade, & Naik, 2016).
This vested interest continues to push them to practice discrimination in different domains since discrimination acts as a tool for economic benefits and high social standing for the higher castes. As a result, comprehensive policies for both market and non-market institutions, as well as all other sectors where prejudice exists, must be implemented.  (Regmi, 2021).
A minister's involvement in a high-profile caste discrimination case raises questions of state complacency. With this incident, few upper-caste people started to post their status on social media, stating that "timile kotha payenau, maile Quota paina." (You did not get a rented flat; I did not get Quota). Such status proved how some so-called upper-caste people are against providing reservations for the Dalit community. They had intentionally compared the two words "flat" and "quota" to humiliate Dalits. The issue of flat and Quota is quite different. Social exclusion and discrimination are a "group idea" based on group identities such as race, color, religion, ethnicity, caste, and gender. In the situation of group exclusion, all members of a group are excluded because of their social identity, regardless of their economic status within the group, rendering the discrimination economically neutral. Dalits experience prejudice based on their caste identification, regardless of their financial condition, because individuals from higher castes do not distinguish between economically poor and well-off. As a result, anti-discrimination rules such as reservations are based on a group's social identity rather than an individual's economic status. It's hardly unexpected that a number of nations have paired anti-poverty efforts with equal opportunity legislation for marginalized groups based on group identification. The inability of detractors to recognize this distinction has resulted in widespread misunderstanding, as the case for replacing caste with economic factors for reservation is built on shaky theoretical ground (Thorat, Tagade, & Naik, 2016).
After completing the school level certificate and examination from Amar Higher Secondary School, Bihunkot, now Kathekhola Rural Municipality-5, Baglung, I entered the Mahendra Multiple Campus in Baglung for further study. I had rented a room for further study at the house of the Newar family in Baglung Bazar. The family had a mentally disturbed father, mother, and son. The son was a strong supporter of the communist party. I did not hide my Caste while renting a room. The half-month of staying was excellent and smooth, suddenly one day, the father of the Newar family disappeared. I, including the son of the mentally disturbed father, searched him around the jungle, mountain, river, and market; about 23 days later, the father of the Newar family was found dead. At that time, my proficiency level examination was about to start, and I had dedicated most of my productive time in search of the house owner's mentally disturbed father. The very evening when a dead body was found, I was out of the rented room to combine study with my classmates, it was a little bit late when I arrived home. When I arrived, I saw house owner's house was filled with their family members and relatives to conduct 13 days of death rituals (Kriya-Karma). Immediately after I entered the home, the son-in-law of the family asked me to leave my rented room because the lowly born Caste (Dalit) was not supposed to stay in an upper-caste home when someone died in their family. I was shocked; my exam was about to start from next day, it was already late evening and raining outside. I was confused about how an educated son-in-law asked me to leave the room. I had tremendous respect for his master's level education in sociology and affilia-tion with the Maoist Communist Party. I had no option; I packed all my stuff in the late evening and sifted nearby clothes store. That night, I could not sleep because I was awake; my eyes were raining like it was raining outside. I went to the next day's exam with a fatigued and troubled head, but I did not do well; the result was poor (Sunar, 2021). With this lived experience, do you still think that a Dalit student could compete with upper-caste students who had no such experience and suffering? A story of mine cannot be generalized, but there are many Dalit students are residing in rented rooms in the capital city and district headquarters and around for further study; some had dared dare to share their real caste identity, and some did not in fear of not getting room and fear of stigmatization. This way or that way, Dalits are suffering. It is the lived experience of the 21st century; such kind of discrimination is going on. Since this age, Dalits have been psychologically paralyzed and stigmatized. Likewise, Angira Pasi, a 12-year-old Dalit girl, was discovered hanging from a tree on May 23, 2020, a day after community leaders in Rupandehi district ordered a 25-year-old man of a different caste had raped her to marry her as "punishment".
Six men were killed in the Rukum West district on the same day as a young Dalit guy arrived to marry his non-Dalit girlfriend. According to media sources, both cases involved allegations against elected local government officials (Human Right Watch, 2020). Honor killings and other caste-based crimes, such as untouchability, remain a source of prejudice. For Dalits, discrimination is a reality; others may sympathize with their cause, but they cannot comprehend what they are going through. The law or legal bodies have not addressed this issue.
A huge misunderstanding is found among upper-caste; Dalits are raising their voice against caste-based discrimination, Dalits are expressing their pain and suffocation, but so-called upper-caste Brahmin and Chhetri groups perceive Dalit's voice as blaming or scolding them. This misunderstanding creates a kind of enmity between upper-caste and lower-caste people. This is seen in their bias against reservation for Dalits. As a researcher, I also understand the pain and complain of so called-upper caste highly qualified students who might be economically poor and not selected for the desired post because of their upper-caste castle status. Here, I want to clear that out of a hundred percent available seats, only 45% of seat is reserved, and 55% of the seat is available for open competition, so no need to blame or scold or humiliate the Dalit community. It will not also be good to blame that Dalit who is not so intelligent with average marks get admission or employment were sometimes a sound and the intelligent the upper-caste student does not get these seats. Dalits are competing within Dalit reserved seats seat and selection is made after a competition among qualified Dalits, so the question of average marks and unintelligent is pathetic. It is not good to say the reservation system is not fair and that there should not be any reservation based on caste. Those who are against reservation must look back to their history where Dalits were not allowed to educate themselves, Dalits were not allowed to get into the temple, Dalits were not allowed to listen and read Hindu religious scriptures, Dalits were not allowed to put on good clothes and ornaments even though they prepared it, Dalits were not allowed to participate in a social gathering, not inter-caste dining, no inter-caste marriage, and many more, so-called upper caste were allowed to educate themselves and many more. In the past, so-called upper-caste people enjoyed direct reservation but not Dalits.
The reservation is not supposed to widen the gap between upper-caste and lower-caste (Dalits); those who think it will widen the gap are against Dalit upliftment and bias. Some Dalits are as intelligent as upper-caste people, even better than upper caste people, and they are equally capable of doing competition with upper-caste people without any reservation and securing the desired post on the based merit or capacity, but still, upper-caste bias mind thinks that Dalits got the desired post through a Quota system. The reservation is for social inclusion or to create a just and equal society where every human being can live with high moral and social dignity.

Summary
Pin-pointing only Dalits among the other five categories of the reservation is unfair. Reservation does not imply that qualifications and selection procedures are no longer required. A reduction of minimum educational qualifications, short-listing standards, screening tests, and interviews for Dalits in the 9% protected seats cannot be interpreted as an exemption from minimum educational qualifications. Without any empirical proof, the so-called upper-caste creates an illusion that the entire 13.6% of Dalits benefit from the reservation. In reality, there are few; the above-illustrated data from Public Service Commission is absolute proof for justification. Dalits suffered historically, and reservation is a process to bring them into the mainstream of development. The issue of Dalits is social, economic and political; Dalits are seeking equal dignity and respect in the existing society. So, reservation aimed to enrich Dalit's dignity and social status. Academic parlance of the reservation is to equal distribution of primary goods like wealth, prestige, power, rights, honors, self-respect, dignity, duties, gains, and burdens in society. The poor social and economic status of Dalit is the by-product of aged long caste-based discrimination. So, reservations should be based on caste not based on class. The political parties should make caste and equity their prime agenda. They can do so by appealing to equality in the Constitution. Reservation is an important solution to Dalit prejudice in the present, but it does not solve "past" deprivation of religiously sidelined, socially oppressed, economically exploited, politically oppressed, and educationally deprived people. For the latter type of discrimination, compensation is the appropriate remedy. Rather than being anti-Dalit, reserved upper-caste members must be trained to stop discriminatory and painful actions against Dalits, only then would it do away with the need for a reservation.

Conclusion
Dalits experience prejudice based on their caste identification, regardless of their G. B. Sunar financial condition, because individuals from higher castes do not distinguish between economically poor and well-off Dalit. The so-called upper-caste people discriminate against Dalits. The inability of detractors to recognize this distinction has resulted in widespread misunderstanding, as the case for replacing caste with economic factors for reservation is built on shaky theoretical ground. The Supreme Court judges' decision against reservation sounded like they had declared the "Communist Manifesto". The Supreme Court is for Class-based reservation instead of "Caste". The Supreme Court's decision makes doubt on their academic understanding of differences between "Cast" and Class, or intentionally they ignored the issues of Dalit and wanted to continue the same so-called upper caste monopoly in all state structures. It has been only 15 years of reservation system in Nepal, How the "Tarmara" Creamy layer group was born within 15 years. The neighboring country, India is practicing a reservation system for the last 70 years. Still, not more than 5% of Dalits can enter the middle class. It is also understandable that those economically sound Dalits must not seek reservation; those who reach Dalits must leave seats for the poor and powerless. The court also mentioned that class-based reservation should be provided only for one time for a person; if so, then a person who enters the Nepalese bureaucracy through reservation in the post of the clerk or will not be able to be promoted to the post of secretary or other senior decision-making position because one-time reservation will not allow him or her to take part in another level or reservation opportunity. If Dalits were stopped with a one-time reservation opportunity, there would be no Dalits in decision-making. The so-called upper caste people possess the whole state structure, and being against reservation is their prejudice.
If the reservation is not the answer to the Dalit problem, what else can be done within the existing systems to secure Dalit inclusion in state services? What should the parameters of a class-based reservation be if reservations should be based on class rather than caste?

Conflicts of Interest
The author declares no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.