Assessment of Land Use Land Cover Change Detection Using Geospatial Techniques in Southeast Rajasthan

Change analysis acquires effective information in the form of maps and statistical data which becomes the central component in spatial planning, monitoring environmental changes, management and utilization of land. The present study makes an attempt to assess the changes in land use land cover using multi-temporal satellite data in south-east Rajasthan. These maps were derived from geocoded dia-positive False Color Composites (FCC’s) of IRS 1991, 2001, 2010 & 2018 using Arc GIS platform. The present study demonstrates the extension, approach and result of change analysis which might be helpful for decision making and sustainable growth. The landscape has been divided into 12 categories. Mining and its associated features were increased whereas forest and open scrub cover shows decreasing trend during the study period. The former increased by 23.82 km while the later shrunk by 26.08 km. Most significant changes are also witnessed in settlement and industrial areas which shows increment by 8.8 km and 1.33 km. Stone quarrying has destroyed arable land, natural vegetation cover, topsoil, subsoil and consequently the soil profile of the area. On the other hand cultivated land is increasing due to the conversion of uncultivated land and scrub cover with facilitation of irrigation and modern agricultural activities under different government schemes. The study shows that the area of 184.88 km has undergone significant spatial and temporal changes during the study period.

revolution in the early 1990s leading to urbanization, industrialization and other human activities at a rapid rate. Recently, issues related to LU/LC change has gained interest among a wide variety of researchers, ranging from those who favor modeling spatio-temporal patterns of land conversion to those who try to understand the causes, impacts and consequences (Verburg et al., 1999;Brown et al., 2000;Theobald, 2001). With the increase in sensor capability in terms of spatial resolution, spectral variability and temporal frequency, even minute changes on the earth's surface can be observed and mapped fairly accurately.
Analysis of LU/LC changes is perhaps the most prominent form of global environmental and ecosystem change since they occur at spatial and temporal scales immediately relevant to our daily existence (Lambin, 1997). These transformations have a potential effect on environmental conditions as climate change, loss of biodiversity and atmospheric pollution at all scales (Nagendra et al., 2004;Uy & Nakagoshi, 2007;Sun et al., 2016).
The present study makes an attempt to utilize multi-temporal IRS data using Visual interpretation method to monitor and assess LU/LC changes in parts of Jhalawar and Kota districts of South Eastern Rajasthan. The study area is known for large-scale quarrying for building stone popularly known as Kota stone. This industry has provided employment to thousands of skilled and unskilled workers of the region and also contributed significantly to the economy of the two districts. Mining and quarrying at a large scale significantly impact land, water and atmosphere that cause land degradation and landscape change (Mondal et al., 2014).
In recent years the stone quarrying and environmental protection conflict have been increased which requires temporal information of local and regional scale (Latifovica, 2005). Surface mining has an adverse effect on flora, fauna and LU/LC practices which are existed in an operational area (Vorovencii, 2011;Suraj, 2014). Various researchers have suggested that the waste produced from different industries like limestone waste, dust and waste slurry produced from polishing and cutting industries should be replaced by cement and concrete indus-  (Rana et al., 2016;Hemalatha & Ramaswamy, 2017). The potential use of these industrial wastes conserves the natural resources, reduces the amount of CO 2 emission, solves management waste from limestone aggregates, fine dust from crushing and washing processes. Dust emission from limestone extraction is the major practice in the atmosphere (Nartey et al., 2012). The mining operations are especially concentrated on a vegetative cover like agriculture, open scrub areas which excavate the removal of natural vegetation, top-soil, sub-soil in order to reach the aggregate underneath. This alters the physico-chemical properties of the soil and disturbs the landscape features (Al-Joulani, 2008;Shrestha & Lal, 2011;Chenot et al., 2018). Several studies have been conducted on environmental impacts and processing on limestone, sandstone, marble and granite quarrying (Yavuz Çelik & Sabah, 2008;Souza et al., 2010;Khyaliya et al., 2017;Li et al., 2019). Also, quarrying causes various health issues like silicosis, tuberculosis, asthma and chest pain due to long term exposure to stone dust (Al-Joulani, 2008;Ahmad, 2014;Agwa-Ejon & Pradhan, 2018;Singhal & Goel, 2020). The continuous quarrying had negative results on vegetation and arable land and is prominent that the mining operations fall within the agriculture land. Some authors working on quarrying activities confirmed that stone quarrying has a destructive effect on environment and vegetation (Knowles & Wareings, 1999;Singh et al., 2000;Darwish et al., 2011;Oke & Ibansesbhur, 2010). Remote sensing and GIS techniques offer an excellent method for decision makers as an informative and visual analytical tool to monitor the surface mining activities and their impacts on LU/LC. Hence mining areas are detected with the help of visualization of remote sensed data and its procession into thematic maps for monitoring purposes (Schmidt & Glaesser, 1998;Wright & Stow, 1999;Akanwa, 2016). Aerial photographs and multispectral satellite data have been used for monitoring LU/LC changes over mining areas with time (Jhanwar, 1996). The study utilizes satellite data pertaining to 1991, 2001, 2010 and 2018 to accesse the LU/LC changes due to quarrying and other activities.

Study Area
The study area lies in parts of Jhalawar and Kota districts of SE Rajasthan extends between latitudes 24˚30'N to 24˚43'30"N and longitudes 75˚57'30"E to    The deterioration of stone quarrying due to dust emission changes the concentration of air pollutants over time. As the anthropogenic activities are growing the temperature becomes particularly high through increased concentration of pollutants.

Spectral Signatures of LULC Classes
Interpretation of IRS data led to the identification and delineation of twelve (12) LU/LC classes namely cultivated land, uncultivated land, forest, plantation, open contiguous pattern whereas uncultivated land shows grey to dark green tone, coarse texture, regular to irregular pattern often in proximity to cultivated land.
They are mainly associated with low lying and plain areas with gentle slope (0˚ -11˚). Elevation ranging low to medium relief zones from 297 -334 m. Forest shows dark red tone, coarse texture, contiguous to non-contiguous pattern and is associated with moderate to high relief zones (354 -455 m). Plantation exhibits dark red tone, smooth texture, regular and well defined boundary, mainly intermixed with cultivated and uncultivated land but at places on over burden dumps as well. Open scrub is identified by light pinkish to light green tone, irregular shape and rough texture whereas ravenous land with scrub shows reddish brown tone, coarse texture and its association with adulatory terrain with relatively low (297 -334 m) to moderate (334 -354 m) relief zones. Stone quarry displays whitish cyan tone, rough texture, scattered pattern, depressed topography and signs of human activity. Waste land is identified by its bright tone, smooth texture, scattered pattern and irregular outline. Settlement is recognized by cyan tone, coarse texture, semi-circular pattern and association with roads/ railway lines. Water body appears blue in colour, smooth texture and shows irregular but well defined boundary outline. Land cover dynamics are often connected with land use type of that particular area is generally analogous with vegetation cover and vegetation itself is linked with response of temperature and precipitation. It was found that higher topographical areas are generally associated with forest cover and scrub land, whereas due to human intervention like stone quarrying, fire wood, fodder, etc. other categories have shifted towards these areas like Settlement, Cultivated and Uncultivated land, etc.

Change Detection of LULC (1991-2018)
Thematic  5) The study reveals that there is remarkable population growth because of mining activities and increment of large and small estate industrial growth which has been increased by 8.8 km 2 area whereas industrial land has grown by 1.33 km 2 .
On the other hand, categories which show areal reduction in LU/LC from 1991 to 2018 are as follows: 1) Forest cover is decreased by 2.1 km 2 by area. Forest were mainly used for fuel wood, grazing, timber, fodder, fruit and tendu.
2) The area is subjected to aridity having sparse vegetation which is responsible to create scrub land. Scrub land is generally prone to deterioration and shows  3) Rock exposures and waste land has been decreased by 0.5 km 2 .
The retreating of areas covered with open scrub, ravines with scrub, forest and expanding of cultivated land, plantation, stone quarry, overburden dumps, set-Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection tlement/built-up and industrial land in the region was established by the field investigation. The study shows that the area has undergone significant spatial and temporal changes in LU/LC during 1991-2018 as shown in Table 2. The positive changes were observed in cultivated land, plantation, open scrub, ravines with scrub and exposed rock/stone waste. LU/LC analysis shows increase or decrease of area from 1991 to 2018 under different categories as shown in Figure 5. In Jhalawar 5% and Kota 8% there is an increase of cultivated land due to irrigation and reclamation of rocky and ravenous areas (Sen & Gupta, 1978).
Positive changes were also observed in mining or stone quarry and over burden dumps. From Figure 6, it is evident that the limestone production shows declining trend between 1999-2000, 2004-2005, 2006-2007, 2009-2010 and after 2010 with increase in stone quarrying the production of limestone is increasing tremendously. The graph shows linear correlation between production and time which indicates that with time the production of limestone is increasing. With increasing demand of limestone and other dimensional stone, large amount of upper part of vegetative cover with soil profile is removed which causes short as well as long term disturbance on landscape and ecosystem. With the help of remote sensing satellite data analysis, the area of 64% has changed from one LU/LC category to another. Decrease of vegetation cover and increase of stone quarrying not only affects the ecology but have an impact on the climatic conditions also.
The minimum and maximum temperatures were divided in winter, summer and monsoon which significantly increase from 1990 to 2018 (Figure 7(a) & Figure 7(b)). The maximum temperature record was 39.25˚C in 2010 and minimum temperature was 11.41˚C in 1997. The maximum and minimum temperature trend depends on atmospheric circulation and local physical geography in different ways like topography, land use land cover changes, urbanization, air pollution, etc. (Turkes & Sumer, 2004;Dhorde et al., 2009;Tabari & Talaee, 2011). The average annual rainfall from 1990 to 2018 is 909.02 mm. It is apparent from Figure 6. Lime stone production during

Conclusion
Change detection map of the study area possesses rapid change in LU/LC which might be supportive to conserve the threatened areas and devised for providing The bulk quantity of waste product/overburden dump generated results denuded land-scape change which affects the hydrological profile along with soil and sub-soil. Waste generated from industries produces a large quantity of highly alkaline water at the time of limestone cutting and polishing which reduces the infiltration rate and increases the runoff. Due to mining and industrial setup which becomes the employment sector for stone cutting and polishing has been increased by population explosion. Within 27 years of interval mining and overburden has been increased by 32.82 km 2 (3282 Ha) by area. Greater emphasis should given on the dynamic changes between human societies, their environment and ecosystem at a regional scale. Government should take into concern about the land transformations which influence the micro-climate change.
The prime factor to overcome the land transformations e.g. deforestation, devastation of mining activities or other changes in natural vegetation is land management. This spatial and temporal framework has led to a greater consideration of LU/LC transition processes.