An ECM-ISC Based on College Students’ Continued Learning Intention toward E-Learning Space Post COVID-19

The “Suspending Classes without Stopping Learning”, which is an emergency policy launched by the Chinese government to continue teaching activities as schools across the country, gives a new opportunity to popularize the application of E-learning space for college students. In order to explain college students’ continued learning intention toward E-learning space post COVID-19, this study combines theories from the fields of ECM-ISC (Expectation Confirmation Model for Information Systems Continuance). By adding two latent variables, namely students’ initial intention and teacher guidance factor, an improved ECM-ISC model for college students’ continued learning intention was put forward. Results from Linear regression analysis and structural equation modeling (SEM) demonstrate a strong explanatory power of the new model. Based on the results of the empirical analysis, corresponding suggestions are proposed.


Introduction
At the beginning of 2020, the COVID-19 suddenly broke the regular teaching in person, and schools in all regions responded to the call of the Ministry of Education of China to "suspend classes without stopping learning". This is undoubtedly the most extensive, longest paced, and most enthusiastic popularization of E-learning space. As noted in the 48th China Internet Network Development Statistics Report released by the China Internet Information Center, the number of online education users in China has reached 325 million as of June 2021 (China Internet Information Center, 2020).
After the return to regular daily teaching in person, how to continually use the E-learning space well and how to bring into play the continuous positive benefits of the E-learning space has drawn the key attention of researchers. On this basis, this study is intended to carry out an empirical analysis on the continuous intention to use E-learning space of college students post Covid-19, specifically the following aspects. Firstly, the study examines the variability of demographic variables on college students' intention to continuous use E-learning space. Second, based on the ECM-ISC model, this study explored the direct effects of perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, expectation confirmation, satisfaction, college students' initial intention, and teachers' guidance factor on college students' intention to consistently use E-learning space. Third, linear regression and structural equation models are constructed to investigate the quantitative relationships between each latent variable and college students' intention to continuous use E-learning space. Finally, the results of the empirical analysis are attributed and discussed, and relevant suggestions are proposed.

Information Systems Continuous Use Study
In 1986, Davis (1986) proposed the first systematic TAM (Technology Acceptance Model) in his dissertation followed by the more systematic and comprehensive TM (Davis, 1989) model in 1989, which takes perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness as the core variables that determine information system users' intention to continue using information systems. By systematically analyzing the factors that affect information system users' behavioral intentions, especially perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness, the TAM series of models can well predict information system users' continuous use behavior. In 2001, Bhattacharjee observed and empirically validated the information system persistence behavior of online banking users, drawing on the TAM and ECM models, focusing on the study of information system users' persistent intention after initial acceptance, and the latent variables are all post-user initial usage variables, the ECM-ISC model was proposed (Bhattacherjee, 2001).
From Figure 1, users' intention to continue using information systems is influenced by three factors: "perceived usefulness", "expectation confirmation", and "satisfaction". The perceived usefulness of the information system positively influences the users' intention to continue using the system; the users' satisfaction is influenced by the expectation confirmation and the perceived usefulness, which positively influences the users' intention to continue using the system; the expectation confirmation indirectly influences the users' intention to continue using the system by affecting the users' perceived usefulness and satisfaction. For the study of the persistence behavior of information system, only focusing on the  initial acceptance intention of users does not determine the persistence behavior of information system users. Lin et al. (2005) verified that the initial persistence intention of information system users does not significantly affect their final persistence purchase behavior in a study on the purchase persistence behavior of online shopping website users. Limayem (2007) (Bhattacherjee et al., 2008) to increase the applicability of the model. This is shown in the following figure.
From Figure 2, IT users' self-efficacy indirectly affects their continuous use behavior by influencing information system users' intention to continuously use, and convenience can directly affect information system users' continuous use behavior. Since then, many foreign scholars based on this model have added different latent variables based on the actual studied information systems to explore the influence of these added latent variables on information system users' intention of sustained behavior, for example, Shiau, Wen-Lung, & Luo (2013) explored the factors affecting the sustained intention of popular hedonic information system blogs, and finally found that integrating perceived entertainment and user engagement into the information system persistent use model can better explain blog persistent use behavior. Park, Ji-Hong (2014) introduced Perceived conversion cost to explore the persistent use behavior of social networking site (SNS) users and found that personalization increases their Perceived conversion cost and satisfaction, which leads to further persistent use of SNS, and suggested that when adding personalization features to SNS, it is necessary to consider user Perceived conversion cost. Turel & Gefen (2013) introduced trust into the information system continuous use model and showed that trust can not only directly influence the intention of information system users, but also indirectly influence the intention of continuous use by promoting social investment in the relationship with the system and its users. Ouyang et al. (2017) systematically sorted out the research use of the ECM-ISC model in foreign countries and found that the use of the extended ECT-ISC model mainly expanded the core latent variables of the information system continuous use model in the three dimensions of users, environment, and system.  (2017) conducted an empirical analysis through the data collection of crowdsourcing community users, found that satisfaction is the most significant factor to affect their continued using behavior. Yang (2015) introduced the variables related to resource quality and service quality into the extended model based on the relevant characteristics of digital education learners to demonstrate that information system quality and service quality affect the degree of expectation confirmation to further influence the continuous use of digital resource user' s intention.

Research Related to E-Learning Space
In April 2018, China's Ministry of Education (2019) released the Guidelines for the Construction and Application of E-learning Space which clearly defines an E-learning space as a legal-name E-learning place that is recognized by educational authorities or schools, integrates resources, services, and data, and supports sharing, interaction, and innovation. Combined with the practical application of E-learning space for college students, this study defines E-learning space for college students in a narrow sense as a comprehensive E-learning platform that provides daily teaching, learning resources, teacher-student interaction, partner communication, learning evaluation and personal learning data management functions for college students. In recent years, most domestic scholars have focused on the theory, design, and application of E-learning space. use of E-learning space, and the study showed that performance expectations, social influence, and convenience had positive effects on teachers' behavioral tendency to use E-learning space, and the effect of effort expectations on teachers' behavioral tendency was not significant. Xu & Zhu (2019) conducted an empirical study based on the theory of planned behavior on vocational college students' use of E-learning space, the results showed that acceptance of E-learning space of vocational colleges was at a moderate to high level, and attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control all had significant positive effects on their behavioral intentions. Yong (2018) found that students' IT skill level, E-learning space system design, course design and E-learning space extension resources positively predicted students' learning satisfaction. Chen et al. (2014) verified that the value of perceived mobility is also a key factor influencing mobile users' intention to continue to use the E-learning space. The study showed that the interactivity of the interface and content in the E-learning space affects the satisfaction of E-learning and eventually positively affects students' intention to continue using the learning.
In summary, the ECM-ISC model has been widely used in studies related to the continuous use intention of information system users, with particular attention to the continuous use intention after the initial adoption. The E-learning space can be regarded as an information system with the functions of resource transfer, information sharing and data interaction, and the users of this information system are teachers and students in the E-learning space. Considering the special characteristics of college students' continuous use behavior during the period of "stopping classes without stopping learning", this study takes college students' intention of continuous use as the last observed continuous use decision variable.

Establishment of the Research Model
In the transition from "space for all" to "space for all using", the intention to use the E-learning space has become a key element. In this study, the factors influencing the continued use of information systems established in E-learning space were divided into initial intention to use, external facilitators, and internal facilitators.
The initial intention to use factor refers to the intention of college students to use the E-learning space before they use it, and it reflects to a certain extent the college students' acceptance of the E-learning space, which is a pre-continuous use variable. External facilitators refer to the external factor that guide college students to use E-learning space. E-learning space is different from general information systems, and teachers have an important influence on students' intention to use it, so the teacher guidance factor is taken as an external facilitating variable for college students' intention to use E-learning space continuously.
According to the research on the continuous use of information systems conducted by domestic and foreign scholars, after the initial adoption of the information system, the continuous use intention of users is mainly influenced by four core internal facilitators: perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, expectation confirmation, and satisfaction. The perceived ease of use reflects how easy the information system users think it is. In this study, the perceived ease of use of the E-learning space is classified as easy to operate the space, easy to access resources, easy to learn skills; the perceived usefulness reflects how much the information system users think the system helps them improve, and in this study, it refers to how much the E-learning space helps college students improve their learning, which is specifically classified as useful resources, useful interaction, useful evaluation.
The expectation confirmation refers to the comparison of the expectations of information system users before and after using the information system, and the degree of expectation confirmation of college students using the E-learning space is divided into experience confirmation, function confirmation, and overall expectation confirmation; satisfaction refers to how users are satisfied with the information system, and the satisfaction of college students with the E-learning space is divided into satisfaction of functional needs, satisfaction of resource needs, and satisfaction of using experience. In addition, according to ECM-ISC, perceived usefulness and satisfaction, as mediating variables, have an important moderating effect on information system users' intention to use continuously to a certain extent. Therefore, based on the information system continuous use model and the relevant characteristics of the E-learning space, we determine the composite research model, as shown in Figure 3, and put forward the corresponding hypotheses according to the model.

Research Hypothesis
Direct action model hypothesis Hypothesis 1 (H1): Perceived Ease of Use (PEU) positively influences college students' intention to use E-learning space consistently.
Hypothesis 3 (H3): Perceived Usefulness (PU) positively influences college students' intention to use the E-learning space consistently.
Hypothesis 4 (H4): Satisfaction (STF) positively influences college students' intention to use the E-learning space consistently.
Hypothesis 5 (H5): Teacher Guidance Factor (TGF) positively contributes to college students' intention to use the E-learning space consistently.
Hypothesis 6 (H6): Students' Initial Intention (SII) positively promotes college students' intention to use the E-learning space consistently.

Mediating effect model hypotheses
Perceived usefulness mediating effect hypothesis.
Hypothesis 7 (H7): perceived ease of use (PEU) promotes college students' intention to use E-learning space consistently through the mediating effect of perceived usefulness (PU).
Hypothesis 8 (H8): expectation confirmation (EC) promotes college students' intention to use the E-learning space consistently through the mediating role of perceived usefulness (PU).
Hypothesis 9 (H9): perceived usefulness (PU) promotes college students' intention to use E-learning space consistently through the mediating effect of satisfaction (STF).
Hypothesis 10 (H10): expectation confirmation (EC) promotes college students' intention to use E-learning space consistently through the mediating effect of satisfaction (STF).
Chain mediating effect of perceived usefulness and satisfaction hypothesis.
Hypothesis 11 (H11): perceived ease of use (PEU) promotes college students' intention to use E-learning space consistently through the chain-mediating effect of perceived usefulness satisfaction (PU-STF).
Hypothesis 12 (H12): expectation confirmation (EC) facilitates college students' intention to use E-learning space consistently through the chain-mediating effect of perceived usefulness and satisfaction (PU-STF).
In addition to the above hypotheses, the gender, grade, and major category of the interviewed college students were also included in the consideration of influencing the intention to use consistently.

Empirical Study
Questionnaire Design and Collection After determining the above research model and hypothesis, the data collec-tion of this study was conducted by questionnaire. The questionnaire consists of three parts: basic information of college students, potential variables measurement questions and open-ended questions.
The basic information of the subjects includes gender, grade, major category and the basic usage of E-learning space; the questions of potential variables measurement questions are in the form of a five-level Likert scale, and the respondents are asked to choose among the options of "very unlikely, unlikely, average, and very likely" according to their actual experience of using E-learning space. The open-ended questions were designed to capture the subjective needs of college students by understanding the changes they expect in the E-learning space. To avoid semantic repetition of questions and to ensure the aggregation and discriminant validity of the questionnaire items, a pilot test was conducted before the formal distribution of the questionnaire. The test subjects were 30 college students of different majors in a normal university. After the test, the items that caused repetition in semantics and structure were deleted, and then the final questionnaire was modified by consulting with relevant experts.
The questionnaires were distributed online based on the social science survey report of the 9th "Challenge Cup" Student Extra-curricular Academic Science and Technology Works Competition, with college students from 11 provinces including Guangdong, Fujian, Anhui, Jiangxi, Shandong and Sichuan. 209 samples were taken for final research and analysis after stratified sampling.

Descriptive statistical analysis
The data from the questionnaire were entered into SPSS24.0 for descriptive analysis, and it shows that the average intention of college students to use E-learning space consistently was 3.45, which is a medium to high level, and among all latent variables, the standard deviation of intention to use consistently was the largest, with a value of 0.72, indicating that there was a large variation in the overall intention of college students to use E-learning space consistently, and the standard deviation value of teachers' guidance factor was the smallest, with a value of 0.55. The means and standard deviations of the remaining latent variables are shown in Table 1.
As can be seen from the above table, the mean of each latent variable is stable between 3.29 and 3.52, and the standard deviations of the remaining items are stable between 0.55 and 0.72, indicating that the overall variability of these latent variables tends to be stable and the scores of each are reasonably extended around the mean.

Reliability and validity analysis
Reliability analysis is used to determine the level of reliability of the questionnaire, Validity analysis refers to the accuracy of the questionnaire, consisting of content validity, criterion validity, and structural validity. In this study, Cronbach's alpha coefficient with SPSS 24.0 was used for reliability testing; validity testing was performed with validated factor analysis with AMOS 26. The structural validity of the questionnaire data is shown in Table 2. As shown in Table 2, the X 2 /df (chi-squared degrees of freedom ratio) is less than 3, the RMSEA (root-mean-square error of approximation) is less than the reference value 0.08, and the GFI value is close to 0.9; in addition, the CFI, IFI, TLI, and NFI are greater than the reference standard value (Wu, 2009) 0.9, indicating the model is reasonably fit. CR (Construct Reliability) reflects whether all measure items in each latent variable consistently explain the latent variable. AVE (Average Variance Extracted) measures convergent validity and represents the correlation between the latent variable and the measure items. The standardized path coefficients between the latent variable and the measured item are used to calculate the CR and the AVE. When the value of CR and AVE values are high, it indicates better convergent validity of the questionnaire data, and the results are shown in Table  3.
It shows that the factor loadings of each items range from 0.47 to 0.94, which basically meet the reference standard of 0.5 -0.95 under the condition that the factor loadings are less than 0.05 at p-value; the AVE of each latent variable are greater than the reference value of 0.5 except for the teacher-guided factor which is slightly lower than 0.5; the value of CR are greater than 0.7. The Cronbach's α coefficients were all greater than 0.75, indicating that the data of the questionnaire had good convergent validity.

Hypothesis Validation
Direct effect model validation To verify the direct effect of students' initial intention, teacher guidance factor, perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, expectation confirmation, and satisfaction on college students' continuous use of E-learning space, a hierarchical linear regression was used to explore the linear quantified relationship of   After correlation analysis, the variables of gender, grade, and major category were recorded using SPSS 24.0 and categorized as independent variables in Model 1, with continued learning intention as the dependent variable. The variables of model 1 were categorized as model 2 by adding college students' initial intention, teacher guidance factor, perceived ease of use, and expected confirmation as independent variables, and gender, grade, and major category as control variables; model 2 was categorized as model 3 by adding perceived usefulness as independent variables; model 3 was categorized as model 4 by adding satisfaction as independent variables. After model collation, the predictor variables in each variable model were subjected to hierarchical linear regression after VIF co-linearity test, and the results are shown in Table 5.
As can be seen from Table 5, the VIF values of the latent variables of the four models analyzed layer by layer range from 1.04 to 4.80, and the reference VIF values are supposed to be range from 1 to 10, indicating that there is no co-linear relationship among the predictor variables of each model, and the linear regression model is acceptable. The F-value in linear model 1 was 0.331 and the R-squared value was 0.005, suggesting that there was no significant difference in the intention to continuously use E-learning space among college students of different gender, grade, and major categories.
The Beta values of teacher guidance factors in linear models 2, 3 and 4 are all negative, indicating that teacher guidance facilitation factors have no positive influence on college students' intention to continuously use E-learning space, and hypothesis 5 is not valid. The Beta values of students' initial intention are 0.131, 0.068 and 0.073 respectively, significantly correlated by t-value test, indicating that students' initial intention has a positive influence on college students' intention to continuously use E-learning space, the hypothesis 6 is valid. The model Beta values of perceived ease of use were 0.373, 0.208, and 0.081, which were significantly correlated by t-value test, indicating that the perceived ease of use positively influenced students' intention to continuously use the E-learning space, and hypothesis 1 is valid; the model Beta values of expectation confirmation were 0.459, 0.319, and 0.141, which were significantly correlated by t-value test, indicating that the expectation confirmation positively influenced students' intention to continuously use the E-learning space., the hypothesis 2 is valid. After adding perceived usefulness from model 3 and 4, Beta values are 0.383 and 0.243 respectively, and the t-value test is significantly correlated, indicating that perceived usefulness positively affects college students' intention to use E-learning space continuously, and hypothesis 3 is valid; after adding satisfaction independent variable to model 4, its Beta value is 0.445, and the t-value test is significantly correlated, indicating that satisfaction positively affects college students' continued learning intention toward E-learning space, and hypothesis 4 is valid.
With the results of the stratum-by-stratum analysis, the variable of students' initial intention was set as X 1 , the variable of teachers' guidance factor was set as X 2 , the variable of perceived ease of use was set as X 3 , the variable of expected confirmation was set as X 4 , the variable of perceived usefulness was set as X 5 , the variable of satisfaction was set as X 6 , the dependent variable of continued learning intention was set as Y, the constant was set as b, and the error was set as c.
The following linear equation could be obtained. The R-squared value is 0.721, indicating that 72.1% of college students' continued learning intention toward E-learning space can be explained by the above linear relationship. From the linear equation, it shows that the satisfaction X 6 linear coefficient (0.445) is the largest, suggesting that satisfaction has the greatest influence on college students' intention to continuously use E-learning space, followed by perceived usefulness (0.243), expectation confirmation (0.141), and perceived ease of use (0.081). Besides, the linear coefficient of students' initial intention (0.073) shows that it has the least positive influence on college students' intention to use the E-learning space consistently.

( )
Mediating effect model test In the above layer-by-layer linear regression, it was found that when perceived usefulness and satisfaction were introduced into the linear model, the Beta values of perceived ease of use and expectation confirmation changed significantly. According to the theory related to the continuous use of information systems, perceived usefulness and satisfaction have a mediating effect on users' intention to continuously use by influencing system users' expectation confirmation and satisfaction. In order to further investigate the mediating effect of perceived usefulness and the influence of the mediating effect of perceived usefulness and satisfaction on college students' intention to use the E-learning space continuously, the SEM structural equation model was constructed with AMOS26.0, as shown in Figure 4.
Before the structural equation analysis, the fit test is first performed for the model, and the relevant fit indicators are obtained by AMOS 26.0 analysis: the cardinality freedom ratio value of 2.322, which is smaller than the reference standard value 3 (Wu, 2009), indicating that the overall model fit is ideal; the absolute fit index value of RMR is 0.018, which is smaller than the reference standard value of 0.05; the GFI value of 0.873; the value-added fit degree indexes (CFI = 0.954, NFI = 0.923, IFI = 0.955, TLI = 0.945) are greater than the reference standard value (Wu, 2009) 0.9; parsimony fit index PCFI = 0.786, PNFI = 0.760, which are greater than the reference standard value (Wu, 2009) 0.5, indicating that the overall fit of the structural equations is good. The coefficients of each path of the structural equation model and the standard error (SE) and test statistic (CR) of each path are shown in Table 6.

Conclusions
Based on the theory of ECM-ISC, this study identified perceived ease of use (Beta = 0.081), expectation confirmation (Beta = 0.141), perceived usefulness (Beta = 0.243), and satisfaction (Beta = 0.445) as the core latent variables positively affecting college students' continuous intention to use E-learning space and introduced the teacher guidance factor and the students' initial intention to use the space as new latent variables. The teacher guidance factor (Beta = −0.128) on college students' intention to use E-learning space consistently was negatively correlated. According to the results of the questionnaire, 87.38% of college students in this study used E-learning space consistently, because they had to submit course assignments, 60.18% and 44.39% of students viewed course announcements and downloaded course materials respectively, but only 24.3% of students wished to learn about course content knowledge that interested. It indicates that if teachers only migrate teaching resources and course materials to online spaces but neglect the development of courses and the rational use of E-learning space resources, college students' subjective demand for using E-learning space will be reduced by the eventual return of courses in person.
Besides, from the results of empirical analyses, the linear regression determined the importance of college students' initial intention (Beta = 0.073) to use the E-learning space, and there was no significant difference between college students' gender, grade, and major category on their continuous intention to use the E-learning space.
In addition, according to the survey, nearly 60% of college students use the E-learning space for less than one hour each time. The main motivation for them using the E-learning space is uploading coursework, downloading materials, and signing in for classes while only 28% of college students use the E-learning space to organize and manage their learning progress. It suggests that college students fail to reasonably exploit the support role of the E-learning space for learning. Finally, the structural equation model shows that satisfaction and perceived usefulness, as mediating latent variables, plays a crucial role in regulating students' intention to use the E-learning space.

Suggestions
As the transmitter of students' culture and knowledge, teachers play a very important role in leading students to adapt to the future development of information-based society, innovate and change their learning style, and construct knowledge. Therefore, teachers are expected to play the positive value of continuously guiding students to use E-learning space, make reasonable use of the advantages of E-learning space platforms, actively publish refined and efficient course resources, guide students to actively use E-learning space to support their learning, organize necessary training on the use of E-learning space, instruct students to make reasonable use of the high-quality E-learning resources grafted to spaces for learning.
Teachers should stimulate students' interest in using E-learning resources in order to gradually build students' confidence and awareness of independent learning. Besides, teachers can tailor their learning strategies to students' characteristics and their problems in independent learning in order to help students adapt to the E-learning space environment and master the learning methods. At the same time, teachers tend to carry out rich learning activities, by leading students in thematic learning, discussion learning, and hands-on learning activities, thus improving students' independent learning skills.
Meanwhile, teachers should pay attention to the comprehensive evaluation of students' independent learning process, rather than giving them a summative evaluation. On the one hand, the E-learning space has the characteristics of interactivity, large capacity and multiple interfaces, teachers should regularly evaluate students' stage learning, affirm and praise students' good performance. On the other hand, teachers need to master scientific and reasonable evaluation methods, maintain a patient attitude, adhere to the principles of fairness and impartiality, and establish a good teacher-student relationship.
After the period of "stopping classes without stopping learning", college students are encouraged to change their learning concepts, make good use of E-learning platforms, improve their awareness of online resources for learning, and innovate and transform their learning styles. At the same time, it is important to strengthen the practice of using E-learning space to expand knowledge and improve college students' information literacy drawing on the data and interactive advantages of E-learning space.
As a kind of information system with great "educational" attributes. Therefore, the construction of the E-learning space should be "learner-centered", taking the enhancement of learners' perceived usefulness as the guide. Meanwhile, the E-learning space should be designed in accordance with learners' learning style and habits, providing more efficient information screening and resource acquisition strategies, enhancing learners' expectations and satisfaction of using the E-learning space to promote learners' subjective continuous learning behavior.