Suitability of Suluu-Terek Basalt Deposits for Stone Casting

This article is presenting history of stone casting and analysis of basalt raw materials assessment from other countries for stone casting technology and various basalts compositions were considered. Analytical methods for calculating composition of charge require a long calculation time and plotting dia-grams, each method has its own advantages and disadvantages. As a research significance, we have proposed an experimental calculation method for calculating raw materials after charging. Analysis of the composition, structure of basalts and charging materials were used in the stone casting technology. According to the comparison method, the required amount of charging materials was calculated for the Suluu-Terek 1, Suluu-Terek 2 and Berestovetsk deposits. The calculated data was confirmed by experimental melts in the process of stone casting.


Introduction
Based on petrology it is possible to carry out computational and experimental works, simulate the melting and crystallization processes of melts and study min-eral formation in fused systems [1]. Basalts are used as raw materials, in production of basalt fiber, stone products (paving stones, pipes, gutters, etc.) and petrositalls [2]. Basalt-stone casting is used as an alternative to ferrous and non-ferrous metals, metal alloys and other materials for protection against wear, corrosion of equipment, as well as in protection against radiation [3].
Stone casting consists of a crystalline phase ( The most intensively stone foundry production and the corresponding research work developed in the 50-60s of the last century in connection with the problems solution to increase the durability of equipment in conditions of abrasive wear and aggressive media. Petrographers G. Rashin, V. Lapin, S. Chetverikov, A. Tsvetkov and others made a great contribution to scientific petrology foundations development [3]- [12].
Among the rocks of magmatic and sedimentary origin [13], a large number of

Research Methods of Basalt Raw Materials for Stone Casting
To assess the suitability of producing stone casting, the chemical and mineralogical compositions of raw materials first examined. The suitability of raw materials for stone casting determined by various methods [11] [12] [14].
B.F Ormont proposed an asymmetric diagram, but it does not allow taking into account the effect of iron oxides on the crystallization process. Considering that processes taking place during the charge melting are very complex, therefore, constructed asymmetric diagram does not always give a positive result [13].
P. Niggli proposed the following scheme: based on the oxides content, "basic molecules", the coefficients L, M, and Q and "small components" P, S, Cl, F, etc.
were considered in formation of main rock-forming minerals [14] [15]. Groupings are the basis for construction of pyroxenes, olivines, plagioclases, reflecting the ratio of crystalline and glassy phases. The method is laborious and it is advisable to use special computer programs for calculation. an acceptable composition, but this diagram in Figure 1 cannot be applied to some synthetic castings.
Subsequently, he proposed a simpler method for assessing the modulus of acidity:   Most suitable for production of stone casting rocks with a coefficient in the range of 1.5 -1.8; at K > 1.8 -1.9 and K < 1.3, charging is carried out with more basic and more acidic materials, respectively. This method does not give an answer which is from basic oxides should be add (CaO, MgO or FeO).
Based on the additive law y = c 1 x 1 + c 2 x 2 + …, a calculation formula proposed for determining the melting point of the basalt charge in the following form: here in 2 1 T T T ∆ = − , T 1 is initial temperature of basalt (ambient temperature); T 2 is basalt melt temperature (temperature in melting furnace); V is the volumetric content of the specified element in basalt; T melt M is the melting point corresponding to each M element constituting basalt; LOI means loss on ignition in percent (volatile elements, gases, hygroscopic water compounds). The resulting formula (3) proposed to determine the melting point of the basalt charge by calculation.

Results and Discussions
In this work, an aluminosilicate crystalline alloy was utilized in stone casting, which mainly consists of oxides: silicon oxide SiO

Basalt Characteristics
Basalts undergo a change in aging over time. During this process, the main plagioclase (minerals of the albite series NaAlSi 3 O 8 − anorthite CaAl 2 Si 2 O 8 ) replaced by a saussurite aggregate (epidote + albite, chlorite, etc.) or pure albite and epidote. Colored silicates are replaced by: olivine − serpentine, talc, iddingsite; clinopyroxene − actinolite, chlorite; rhombic pyroxene − serpentine, chlorite. The glass is replaced by chlorite and minerals of the epidote group. As a result of such changes, metabasalts consist of albite, minerals of the epidote group, chlorite, actinolite, and leucoxene. The rocks acquire a greenish color, while the porphyry texture is usually retained (Figure 3). O.Sh. Shamshiev notes about geological characteristics of the Suluu-Terek field [19] that basalt horizon is conventionally subdivided into three subhorizons: the lower subhorizon contain basalts with cryptocrystalline texture, i.e. (the mineral grains are so small that they are hardly distinguishable under a microscope). The cryptocrystalline structure of basalt from the Suluu-Terek deposit is shown in Figure 4.
Upper layer contains basalts with carbonate veins. The percentage of sub horizons to the total area of basalt distribution (in the northern wing of the syncline) is as follows: cryptocrystalline basalts make up 40%, amygdaloidal (formed when the voids are filled with secondary minerals), and is 50%, basalts with carbonate veins 10% ( Figure 6) [3].
Comparative analysis of the possibility of obtaining stone casting from basalts Suluu-Terek 1, Suluu-Terek 2, relatively not requiring charging, French, German, Czech are given in Table 2.     Table 1, a comparative calculation carried out for molecular amount and acidity ratio, the results obtained after computational method summarized in Table 3.
Analysis in Table 3 shows that modulus of acidity K for the Suluu-Terek 1, Suluu-Terek 2 basalts overestimated and it is not necessary to mix these basalts with basic oxides. To determine the batch composition, three basalt deposits that do not require charging selected such as French, German and Czech. Following postulates obtained from the method by A.G. Boiler: 2) Create pyroxene casting should be created by saturation of silicon oxide SiO 2 with alkali, sesqui and basic oxides; 3) SiO 4 tetrahedron in the crystalline structure of silicates interconnected in endless chains.
The comparison method was based on the following ways: we compared any of basalts that do not require charging (French, German and Czech), then calculate molar mass of SiO 2 and the molecular weights of main oxides FeO, CaO, MgO and compare following: molecular amount (MA) SiO 2 (F) is 0.7; molecular amount (MA) FeO (F) is 0.108; molecular amount (MA) SiO 2 (C1) is 0.732; required molecular amount (RMA) X: X = 0.732 0.108/0.7 = 0.113.
For charging, it is necessary to additionally use (0.113 − 0.074) = 0.039, MA FeO or 2.8% in percentage. To do this, it will be necessary to use padding materials presented in Table 4. The rest of oxides calculated in a similar way, considering account in the basic oxides saturate SiO 2 . When using the German and Czech basalts for comparison, the calculated data may be different.
FeO lowers the viscosity and melting point of charge and lowers acidity of the melt. CaO, when fused with SiO 2 , forms silicates. In melts, the viscosity decreases and it becomes "shorter". MgO Magnesium oxide affects the melt in a similar way to calcium oxide, but its effect is much greater. Calculation of MC additives to Suluu-Terek basalt given in Table 5.
When using Suluu-Terek-1 basalt to obtain a pyroxene composition, it is necessary to add 10.3% of basic oxides, 2.8 of which is FeO. According to Table 4 we consider 14% to 15% of marble (MgO + CaO) = 52.11% or 9% to 10% of dolomite. Calculation of charge amount including account of additives: here, Q is calculated concentration of mixture; Q 1 is concentration of first component in %; Q 2 is concentration of second component in %; M 1 is mass or volume of first substance (kg, L); M 2 is the mass or volume of the second substance Z. Aidaraliev et al.
(kg, L). Charging results according to the chemical composition of raw materials (basalt, marble, chromium iron ore) according to the formula (5) are given in Table 6. Addition of dolomite and iron chloride ore to charge calculated according to Table 7. Calculation of MA additives to basalt Suluu-Terek 2 for stone casting shown in Table 8.
The recommended addition is 8% -10% (MgO + CaO) and 6% -7% iron oxide FeO. Calculation of the charge with the addition of marble (K = 1.52) is shown in Table 9.
Thus, basalts for stone casting with a cryptocrystalline structure from the lower horizon and amygdaloidal structures [20] from middle horizon require different amounts of charging materials, by both species and quantitative contents.
For comparison, we used the method to calculate addition of dolomite to the Berestovetsk basalt deposit at the Donetsk industrial complex of stone-cast and ceramic products (Table 10).

Conclusions
After above work we made following conclusions: 1) Analysis of methods for evaluating raw materials in production technology of stone casting. A comparative method for evaluating raw materials for producing stone casting has been worked out; 2) The working chemical composition of the Suluu-Terek 1 and Suluu-Terek 2 basalts has been determined. The calculation of basalt raw materials with charging materials has been made. On the basis of the chemical composition according to the obtained formula, the melting points of the basalt charge were determined; 3) Essence for a method for calculating charging, by comparing the raw materials used in the production of stone casting was revealed. The results obtained are in complete agreement with the experimental data.