Assessment of Herbaceous Species Diversity in Lede and Galumji, Wawa-Zange Forest Reserve, Gombe State, Nigeria

The study was carried out in Wawa-Zange Forest Reserve. The aim was to investigate the Herbaceous Species Composition and Diversity. Point Centered Quarter (PCQ) Sampling method was used to conduct the study. Data obtained was analyzed for Frequency, Relative Frequency, Density, Relative Density and Importance Value Index. The result obtained showed a total number of twenty. Herbaceous Plant Species. Out of this number 17 were Forbs and 3 were Grasses. They belonged to 9 families and 19 genera. The family Fabaceae (Subfamily Caesalpinoideae, Papilionoideae and Mimosoideae) had 5 species, and Malvaceae had 5 species while Poaceae had 3 species, Rubiaceae had 2 species. Euphorbiaceae, Linderniaceae, Acanthaceae, Commelinaceae and Arecaceae had 1 species each. Simpson’s index of diversity (1 − D) was (0.60) while Shannon-Wiener index was (2.21). The species with the highest importance value index was Urena lobata L. (65.47%) and the species with lowest importance value index were Palisota hirsuta, Cassia rotundifolia, Amorphophallus abyssinicus, and Corchorus olitorius with (2.93%). These plants therefore require urgent conservation measures.


Introduction
Herbaceous plants are defined as plants without woody stems above ground [1]. They are usually small tender plants and they exist in different life forms (Annual, Biennial and Perennial Plants). Due to their diverse nature, they serve as habitats for a wide array of animals, are basis for complex food webs [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] and are involved in the stabilization of topsoil, improving water penetration into soils as well as water holding capacity of the soil [3] [7] [8]. Despite this huge ecological prominence and significant proportions to plant biodiversity, they remain understudied and are usually not included in most floristic studies [9] [10]. Although there have been studies on woody species diversity and impact of medicinal plant and deforestation on communities in Wawa-Zange Forest Reserve, Gombe State Nigeria by Umar [11]. No study on herbaceous species is available in Lede and Galumji, Wawa-Zange. Therefore, this study aims to provide information on the composition, distribution and diversity of the herbaceous species in Lede and Galumji, Wawa-Zange. It will also serve as a guide to improve conservation efforts towards ensuring their continual existence.

Description of the Study Area
The study was carried out in Lede and Galumji, Wawa-Zange Forest Reserve, Gombe State, Nigeria. It was gazetted in 1962 and is located in the Sudan Savannah vegetation of Sub-Saharan Africa. Wawa-Zange Forest Reserve ( Figure  1) lies between Latitude 10˚49'22.7''N to longitudes 10˚46'23.97''E with an altitude of 411 m above sea level and is located in Dukku and Funakaye Local Government Area with the edges of the reserve in Kwami area of 779.70 km 2 [12]. The vegetation is characterized by shrubs, scattered trees and herbs. There is reduced forest fauna, important birds and wildlife. The climate of the area is characterized by two distinct seasons: The rainy season lasts from May through October and the dry season lasts from November through April. The temperatures are high throughout the dry season beyond 40˚C during the hottest months (March-April) while during wet season the averaged temperature is usually within 24˚C. The soil type is classified as Sandy-loamy. The topography is mainly mountainous, undulating and hilly to the South-East and flat open plains in the central, North, North-east, west and North-West.

Experimental Design
The study area comprises two sites, Lede and Galumji Wawa-Zange Forest Reserve (i.e. Lede and Galumji) ( Figure 1). The size of the sampling sites is 19 hectares each.

Vegetative Sampling
Vegetative sampling was conducted using Point Center Quarter (PCQ) methods [2] and [3]. P. C. Q was carried out by measurement of distances from randomly chosen points to the nearest herbs species. Ten random sampling points were located along a line of transects passing through the stand (compass direction). At each sampling point, 4 quarters (quadrants) were established using a cross. The individual nearest the point in each quadrant was located. The distances from sampling points to the mid-point of the nearest herb plant in each quadrant was measured and recorded in meters within each quarter. The herbaceous plant within the quadrants was identified to species using floras and texts to level and counted. However, few individuals that could not be identified were counted and recorded against their respective sites of occurrence and taken to the herbarium of department of Botany, Gombe State University for Identification by a Specialist. Parameters obtained by this method include: Herbercious species composition, density and frequency. The following computations was made: 1) Plant species distance (m); 2) Herbaceous species mean point distance (m); 3) Mean area (M/A) herb species (m 2 ); 4) Total (absolute) density (herbs/hectare).
1) Plant species Point to Point distance (m) was obtained from the sum of the distances from the center of the quadrant to each of the four plants per station.
In each the 10 stations, the distance of 4 points to the nearest herbs distance will be recorded in each 4 quarters i.e., D 1 , D 2 , D 3 and D 4 summed. The sum of the total distance of the quarter in 10 station giving the species point to point distance.
1) Calculating density and relative density by species.
Density is the numerical strength of a species in a community and is described as number of individual per unit area. ( ) frequency of a species Relative Frequency R.F 100 Total frequencies ofallspecies = × 3) Calculating importance value index (IVI). Importance value calculated is of significance in Savanna vegetation. The IVI from the herbaceous data was calculated by summing relative frequency and relative density for each species. For the calculation the following formulae were used.

( )
Relative Density Relative Freqency Importance Value Index IVI 2 + = 4) Species diversity was calculated using Simpson's index (Simpson, 1949) with this formula: D = [N(N − 1)]/[summation of n(n − 1)], where D is the diversity index, N is the total number of individuals of all plant species found, n is the number of individuals of a particular species. Species diversity index was also calculated using the Shannon-Weiner index [13].

5)
1 HI ln where H' is the = Shannon-Wiener index P i = is the proportion of each species in the sample. R = represents the total number of species.

Measurement of Alpha Diversity
Two common approaches for measuring alpha diversity are species richness and evenness/heterogeneity [14]. Species richness simply refers to the number of species in the community while evenness/heterogeneity refers to the distribution of individuals among the species in this study. Species richness was computed as the total number of herbs species encountered in each site. Simpson and Shannon-Wiener indices were computed for each of the site using the Paleontological statistics (PAST) software.

Simpsons Index of Diversity
Simpson's Diversity Index is a measure of diversity. In ecology, it is often used to quantify the biodiversity of a habitat. It takes into account the number of species present, as well as the abundance of each species.
The term "Simpson's Diversity Index" can actually refer to any one of 3 closely related indices. Simpson's Index (D) measures the probability that two individuals randomly selected from a sample will belong to the same species (or some category other than species).
Simpsons Index of Diversity The value of D ranges between 0 and 1. With this index, 0 represents infinite diversity and 1, no diversity. That is, the bigger the value of D, the lower the diversity. This is neither intuitive nor logical, so to get over this problem, D is often subtracted from 1 to give: Simpson's Index of Diversity 1 − D The value of this index also ranges between 0 and 1, but now, the greater the value, the greater the sample diversity. This makes more sense. In this case, the index represents the probability that two individuals randomly selected from a sample will belong to different species.

Measurement of Beta Diversity
Sorrenson's similarity index was used to measure beta diversity who [15] suggested the use of the many similarity indices for measuring beta diversity [1]  a. number of species present in both site under consideration. b. number of species present in site 1 (one) but absent in site 2 (two). c. number of species present in site 2 (two) but absent in site 1 (one).

Results
A total number of twenty [16] herbaceous Plant species were obtained. Out of which 17 were Forbs and 3 were Grasses. They belonged to 9 families and 19 genera. The highest relative density was Urena lobata. L. 62.0% while the lowest relative density was obtained from: Palisota hirsuta (Thunb) K. SCHUM, Cassia rotundifolia L., Amorphophallus abyssinicus (A. Rich), and Corchorus olitorius L. with 5.00%. The highest absolute density was Urena lobata. L. with 0.094%, and the lowest absolute density was: Palisota hirsuta

Discussion
Knowledge on species diversity and distribution patterns is important for density evaluation and projection of ecosystem of an area [13]. Our present study within each families, these Fabaceae families were also known to be dominant and native species in most savannah-woodland mosaics in Africa and more typical of the Sudano-Sahelian zone. A similar study was carried out by Atiku [19] at Wassaniya Forest Reserve of Sokoto State, Nigeria, using the point centered quarter method and another investigation was carried out in Yankari Game Reserve (YGR), in the Savanna-Woodlands of Northern Nigeria by Abdullahi [20].  mostly the dominant species in related place of study with larger population of species were obtained but is not the same in this study this is probably because of the over grazing by animals in the reserve. The abundance species in the Wawa-Zange Forest Reserve was Urena lobata L. with the highest value of density, relative density, frequency and relative frequency this is probably because it is naturally considered as a serious weed which grows along road site and it forms thickets, and is often abundant in swamp edges and in wet woodland. The lowest species in the Wawa-Zange Forest Reserve were Palisota hirsuta (Thunb) K. SCHUM, Cassia rotundifolia L., Amorphophallus abyssinicus (A. Rich), and Corchorus olitorius L., with the lowest value of density, relative density, frequency and relative frequency this is probably because they do not adapt well to H. Mohammed Abba, H. Timothy Table 2. Relative density and density of herbaceous species encountered in the study area.    [20].

S/No
Importance Value Index is also a reasonable measure to assess the overall significance of a species since it takes into account several properties of the species in the vegetation, this is consistent with the works of Abdullahi [20]. All these species were characteristic of Sudan Savanna vegetation types. The grasses were shorter than in the Guinea Savanna zones, and they had different characters.
Most of the grasses were annuals because of drought-stress in the long dry period. The result of Simpson's diversity index (D) in this present study was (0.15%).
Simpson's index of diversity (1 − D) was (0.80%) and Simpson's reciprocal index was (1/D) was 5.00. A similar study was carried out by Abdullahi [20] where she reported Simpson's index of diversity for herbs species in Kanawa Forest Reserve as (0.998%). George [18]

Conclusion
The study area was predominated by Urena lobata, having the highest importance value indices among the herbaceous species, respectively. Palisota hirsuta, Cassia rotundifolia, Amorphophallus abyssinicus and Corchorus olitorius, were the least dominant among the herbaceous species, hence the need to foster the conservation of these plants. This study also generated baseline data on the herbaceous species diversity in Lede and Galumji, Wawa-Zange Forest Reserve Gombe State, Nigeria. This would serve as a guide to the systematists, ethnobotanists, amongst several other researchers who are interested in identifying herbaceous plants within this area. This study therefore recommended that in order to protect the forest reserve from further encroachment from human actives such as harvesting the herbs for medicinal purposes, and animals foraging on the grasses, the reserve needs to be fenced and additional guards obtained by the Government agency.