Melatonin for Pre- and Postoperative Pain and Anxiety: A Cancelled Clinical Trial

Designing and completing clinical intervention trials can be challenging. Many aspects must be considered to ensure that patients who fulfill the inclusion criteria for the intervention are identified and recruited effectively. The aim of this paper was to disseminate the results of a cancelled trial and present unpredictable barriers met underway, so future researchers can learn from these. The trial examined perioperative analgesic and anxiolytic effects of melatonin. It was registered at https://clinicaltrials.gov/ (NCT02386319) and a study protocol was published a priori. Participants were recruited from the plastic surgery ward of a Danish private hospital. The intended sample size of the trial was 72 patients based on power calculations of the outcome measures. During the six-month recruitment period, six patients were included, with only three completing the trial. Unpredictable barriers were poor communication between investigators and facility staff, lack of access to booking and operation schedules at the recruitment facility, the patient group being unwilling to participate, and the timing of recruitment conversations being unsuited as patients often did not have time to talk to the investigators. Too few data were collected to make any meaningful statistical analyses. Our trial was cancelled prematurely because of unpredictable barriers after commencing recruitment. Considering these barriers when designing a clinical trial may help future researchers avoid cancelling trials. Transparency of research is important and even prematurely cancelled trials should publish their findings.


Introduction
Randomized controlled trials are essential for researching effectiveness of medical treatments [1]. However, designing and completing these may include considerable barriers such as ethical, financial, and personnel issues [2]. Especially the recruitment phase has proven challenging for many trials [2] [3] [4]. Part of this may be explained by rigid legislation when conducting trials with patient involvement. For example, many countries must follow the Good Clinical Practice (GCP) guidelines, which ensure ethical and scientific quality of clinical trials by laying a set of rules to protect the rights of human research subjects [5] [6].
However, GCP has previously been criticized for increasing cost, complexity, and duration of research unnecessarily [7] [8].
Melatonin is an endogenous hormone that plays a large part in controlling the circadian rhythm and is used in many countries to treat sleep disturbances. Additionally, when given exogenously, melatonin has documented effects on pain and anxiety [9] [10]. Therefore, we planned to examine the effect of melatonin on perioperative pain and anxiety. In 2020 the clinical trial was cancelled due to several unforeseeable barriers. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to disseminate the few data collected in the trial and reflect upon barriers that resulted in early termination of the trial, so future researchers hopefully can succeed better than we did.

Methods
We conducted a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial measuring the effect of melatonin on pre-and postoperative pain and anxiety in patients undergoing elective breast augmentation. It was registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02386319), and a protocol was published a priori [11]. For detailed methods of the trial, see this protocol. The first part of this study, examining pharmacokinetics of oral melatonin, was published in 2016 [12].
Patients were recruited after an outpatient visit with a plastic surgeon to determine eligibility for surgery. To be eligible for the trial, patients had to be eligible for primary breast augmentation or replacement of existing implants. Patients should take one tablet of 10 mg melatonin or placebo four times between the evening before the operation and the evening of the operation. Patients were surveyed several times regarding pain, anxiety, and sleep between the morning of the surgery and 24 hours postoperatively. The intended sample size of the trial was 72 patients based on power calculations of the outcome measures. The trial was conducted in cooperation with a Danish private hospital, and all patients for the trial were recruited from the abovementioned hospital's plastic surgery ward.
All required ethical approvals for the trial were obtained before commencing.

Results
Despite rather massive manpower, only six patients were included between December 2019 and May 2020, of which two completed the trial as intended ( Figure   1). In total, 34 patients were screened for inclusion. Of the 28 that were not included in the trial, half (13/28) either did not have time to hear about the trial or left the hospital before researchers could contact them after their outpatient visit. Six patients did not wish to participate after hearing about the trial. Five patients agreed to contact the investigators after considerations. Three of these Figure 1. Flow chart of inclusion of patients. One patient did not receive the intervention because she was operated on another day than planned without the investigators' knowledge. Two patients were lost to follow-up as they were operated before planned time, so they did not receive their survey in time. The one patient analyzed in the melatonin group consequently answered surveys 1 -2 hours after intended. International Journal of Clinical Medicine five wished to consider if they were to have the operation, while two wished to consider if they wanted to participate in the trial. None of the five patients contacted the investigators. Two patients decided against breast augmentation and thus did not meet the inclusion criterion, and two patients were excluded based on the exclusion criteria. Of the six included patients, three patients answered all surveys in the trial. However, one of these patients answered all the surveys 1 -2 hours late, introducing considerable risk of bias to their results. Of the three patients that did not complete the trial, one underwent surgery on a different day without informing the research team, and the remaining two underwent surgery on the correct day but earlier than planned, again without informing the research team. This resulted in the patients not receiving their surveys on time.
Thus, in total, two (6%) of 34 screened patients completed the trial as intended.
We estimated 150 operations yearly based on information provided by the hospital. Despite this, we only encountered 34 patients in six months. This was partly due to poor communication with the ward staff, resulting in the investigators not being contacted when patients were re-booked or made an appointment on short notice, which could happen daily. With the rate of inclusion at the time of cancellation, the trial was set to last 10 years from the beginning of inclusion. Therefore, we chose to terminate the trial as this would prove too costly.
As major barriers for recruitment in our trial, we highlight the time of recruitment conversation, the recruitment demographic, and the recruitment facility ( Figure 2). Firstly, patients were approached for inclusion following a non-obligating outpatient visit with a plastic surgeon to determine if the patient was a candidate for operation. Some declined to participate in the trial, as they did not know if they would have the surgery. Patients were not warned at the time of booking that researchers would contact them upon arrival at the hospital, as it was not logistically possible, and some did not have time to hear about the trial when approached by investigators. Many left the hospital despite being told at the time of arrival that the investigators would like to talk with them after the plastic surgeon. Secondly, the demographic of young females going for self-payed, cosmetic, one-day surgery in a country with otherwise free public healthcare proved challenging. Several eligible patients were not interested in participating, and others that agreed to contact the investigators did not do so.
Thirdly, coming from another institution none of the investigators had any familiarity or connections with the staff when inclusion began, making cooperation more difficult. Additionally, the investigators did not have access to electronic health records in this hospital and to get permission would require several  The data collected from the six included patients are displayed in Table 1.
These were too few to make any meaningful analyses but are reported to offer transparency.
This clinical trial was cancelled early owing to unpredictable barriers including: the timing of recruitment conversations being unsuited, as patients often did not have time to talk to the investigators; the patient group being unwilling to participate; poor communication between investigators and facility staff; and lack of access to electronic health records at the recruitment facility. The data collected were too few to make meaningful analyses.
During the six months of inclusion only six patients agreed to participate, of which two patients completed the trial as intended. With the rate of inclusion at the time of trial cancellation, inclusion was set to last 10 years. As randomized controlled trials are costly, and since many other factors around patient care may change in 10 years, it was not possible to keep the trial going for this long, thus, we decided to cancel the trial.   [13]. KSS: Karolinska Sleepiness Scale. Scale from 1 -9 with higher values indicating more sleepiness [14]. Quality of sleep: Scale from 1 -100 with higher values indicating lower quality of sleep. Fatigue: Scale from 1 -10 with higher values indicating more fatigue. Wellbeing: Scale from 1 -100 with higher values indicating less wellbeing. *: Did not complete the trial; **: Answered surveys 1 -2 hours after intended.
aspects of trial drug storage should be documented sufficiently [6]. As the patients could not document storage of the trial drug in their home, we were unable to retrieve study medicine if the patient decided to drop out of the trial. This was despite the only storage requirement for the drug being storage below 25˚C, which would be easy for the patients to comply with, even when storing the medicine in their homes. As we did not have much more medicine than needed to meet power calculations, losing medicine to patients dropping out was costly.
If this GCP regulation did not exist it would be more manageable if patients dropped out, as we could retrieve the medicine if the patient had not taken the first dosage. An operation could also be chosen that required a follow-up visit to the hospital after booking the operation and use this time for inclusion, e.g. an appointment with an anesthesiologist prior to surgery. This might result in patients being more decided on operation at the time of recruitment conversation.
Alternatively, an operation where patients are very certain, prior to their appointment with the doctor, that they will indeed have the surgery could be chosen, e.g. elective inguinal hernia repair. Attempts to inform the patient that they would be asked by an investigator to participate in a clinical trial at the time of outpatient visit booking may have improved inclusion rates. In general, howev-International Journal of Clinical Medicine er, it is uncertain which information must be presented to patients to improve recruitment [15].
The operation chosen resulted in the demographic for inclusion and while the demographic was good for measuring the outcomes, willingness to participate and compliance was not optimal. It has been argued that recruitment of surgical patients for clinical trials is unpredictable [16]. allowed the investigators to follow up on patient bookings and operations without involving the staff. Access to electronic systems may potentially make clinical research more effective [23], but ethical issues regarding security must also be considered [24]. Alternatively, involving the staff at the hospital in the recruitment process to a higher degree may improve communication and recruitment, but this may be difficult when there are no incentives involved.

Conclusion
Many barriers may arise in designing and conducting clinical trials, and some of these may present themselves late in the process. Our trial was cancelled due to unpredictable barriers during the recruitment phase of the trial. Major barriers were related to poor communication between investigators and ward staff, lack of access to electronic health records, the patient group being unwilling to participate, and the recruitment time being unsuited as patients often did not have time to talk to the investigators. These barriers should be considered by future researchers before commencing inclusion. Transparency in research is important, and results of clinical trials should be reported, even if they do not offer sound conclusions. Our trial is one such example.