Recovery of Unsold Food from Three Agri-Food Industries (SOCOCE, COQUIVOIRE and SCB) for the Feeding of the Abidjan Zoo Animals

The waste of foodstuffs is increasing in the agri-food industries. This is reflected in the increasing volume of their waste. Food is thrown away on criteria that have nothing to do with its nutritional quality. In most cases, the criteria are shape, color and stains. In order to reduce this waste, a way of valorization was investigated. This paper focuses on waste reduction through feeding the Abidjan zoo animals with the unsold products of three agro-industries. The unsold products collected by the zoo were characterized over an 8-year period (2011 to 2019). Deaths and births were recorded. The food needs met by the unsold products harvested were evaluated and the economic gains estimated. The results showed that the food recovered by the Abidjan Zoo at SOCOCE contained 34.94% fruit, 38.58% vegetable and 23.47% meat products. At SCB and Coquivoire the donations are estimated at 2 tons of bananas and 1.5 tons of chickens (smoked and cold chicken) respectively. These donations allowed the Zoo to save 25.94% of its budget allocated to animal feed. The diversity of the food collected has a positive impact on the quality of life of the animals at the Zoo. This is reflected in an increase in the number of births from 0 to 12 per year and a decrease in mortality of 90%.


Introduction
Global waste generation has doubled over the past decade and is expected to reach 69% by 2025, if trends continue [1]. Among this waste, there appears unsold food from marketing structures and agri-foods industries which constitute food loss and waste. [2] has shown that approximately 38,000 large supermarkets in the United States generate 1,100,000,000 pounds of produce that are currently sent to landfills. His analysis suggests that repurposing surplus produce from supermarket discards can have significant beneficial outcomes for new food markets and the environment. Worldwide, about 4.5 trillion tons of food are produced every year, which is nearly twice as much as the amount required to satisfy the food needs of the world [3]. Food waste is a real problem in our current societies which has significant social, environmental and economic consequences. Food losses and waste tend to become a symbol of the inefficiency, unfairness and unsustainability of food systems. The reduction of waste is one of the fundamental issues in a sustainable modern society, and when it comes to food, the implications are even broader [4] [5]. Its waste, due to its natural composition, accumulates in dumpsters and then in landfills. It begins to release landfill gas, which in many ways affects global warming. One-third of the world's food production is wasted, all along the food chain, from production to consumption. This represents 1.3 billion tons of food that is lost each year according to [3] [6]. In the countries of Asia and Africa, food waste is between 120 and 220 kg per inhabitant per year with a variation according to the regions [7]. Face with the quantities concerned, it is necessary to find solutions to recover this waste in order to make maximum use of its potential. Many studies have shown that food waste is an economic resource that must be valued [7] [8]. Thus, when the use of human food is no longer possible, economic valuation through animal feed can be considered [9] [10] [11]. Feeding unsold food to animals is an alternative to systematic landfilling. This form of valorization has led to reflection on their food value and, consequently, their potential economic interest.
Ivory Coast, a country in West Africa, like other countries, is not on the sidelines. There are food marketing structures such as Central West Commercial Com-

pany (SOCOCE), Banana Crop Study and Development Company (SCB) and
Ivorian Company of Animal Productions (COQIVOIRE/SIPRA) which produce waste from their unsold product that they are forced to manage. While the Abidjan zoo (Ivory Coast) is home to several species of animals that must be fed regularly. Using these unsold products for feeding the zoo animals could lower the pressure on food production and reduce pressure on natural resources for a few years [12]. The objective of this study is to show the importance of unsold products from these structures in feeding the animals of the zoo of Abidjan.
Specifically, it is a question of 1) evaluating the composition of these unsold products, 2) estimating the quantities, 3) showing the impact of the use of this unsold food in animal feeding in the zoo.

Materials
The structures producing unsold food are the SCB (Société de Culture Bananière) is an agro-industry specialized in the production, packaging and export of banana, pineapple, papaya and mango on six (06) sites in the south of the Ivory Coast. It also has a laboratory of Vitroplants. Then SIPRA (Société Ivoirienne de Productions Animales) aims at developing a modern poultry industry. It works in all the links of the poultry sector. It has corn plantations, feed factories, breeding flocks, a hatchery, broiler and layer farms, a slaughterhouse, a meat laboratory, an analysis and quality laboratory, an egg packaging center and its own distribution networks for all its products. And finaly SOCOCE (Société Commerciale du Grand Ouest) was a first supermarket chain in Côte d'Ivoire. This space, built on more than 20,000 square metres, was even the first hypermarket in West Africa. The shopping mall offers shops, supermarket, restaurants and cinema. These three structures produce unsold food which is recovered by the Abidjan Zoo in order to feed the animals. The National Zoo Abidjan (Ivory Coast) is located in Cocody municipality. It covers an area of nine (09) hectares, four of which are used and occupied by buildings and cages. It is home of three groups of animals (mammals, reptiles and birds).
For this study, several facilities were used. For waste sorting, transport, cutting, weighing and unsold food conservation, the equipment used consists of: -Protective equipment: gloves, bleach, black tarpaulin to cover waste.
-Processing equipment: knives to cut fruit and vegetables, one (1) scale for the various weighing, ALMEPHON 480 to accelerate ripening.

Data Collection and Analysis
The statistical data analysis was carried out using the Excel program. Questionnaires were used as a research tool and focused only on interviews and meetings with those in charge of the donor structures. Information collected was used to characterized unsold items made available to the zoo of Abidjan. The collection of unsold goods was done two or five times a month depending on the quantity available. Once the unsold stock is removed from the shelves or the sales system, the zoo agents are contacted by the managers of the donor structures. On-site, the food was sorted and weighed by the zoo agents before being transported. On arrival at the Zoo, the food was washed and again sorted into two groups. The first group was eaten as soon as possible. The second group was packaged and stored in the refrigerators if necessary to be used as needed. The impacts of unsold products from these agrifoods (SOCOCE, SCB, and COQIVOIRE) on the feeding of the zoo's animals were evaluated. Information was recorded during a daily and weekly process with the animal tracking sheets available at the zoo. On these sheets, births, deaths, and the nature of the care given to the animals were reported. The financial gain was calculated taking into account parameters such as the unit costs of feed. The cost of transport was almost identical and was not included in the calculation. In addition, labor was not taken into account because the workers are contract workers with fixed salaries.

Abidjan Zoo Population
In 2011, there were 151 animals alive at Abidjan zoo ( Figure 1). This total includes 16 herbivores, 81 carnivores and 52 omnivores. The graph shows that carnivores are the most numerous with a rate of 54% of the zoo's animals. Then come the omnivores (35%) and finally the herbivores with 11%. One of the zoo most important roles is to manage these as a population, to ensure that the population remains healthy, genetically-diverse, and self-sustaining [13].

Composition Unsold Items and Quantities from the Three (3)
Agrifoods Several types of unsold products have been identified at SOCOCE, the main unsold products are fruits and vegetables (watermelon, melon, radish, cauliflower, turnip, grape, kiwi, etc.), to which are added bread as a plant product, and animal by-products which consist of meat, fish, milk and egg products. As for SCB, it produces fruits including dessert bananas, on six (06) sites, that's of Dabou is made up of two kinds of waste that are profitable for the zoo, namely fruit sorting discrepancies, which are non-exportable fruits and fruit waste (debris of pads, stems or fruit that cannot be eaten by human). The COQIVOIRE, a subsidiary of SIPRA, produces whole smoked and fresh chickens, poultry cuts and 100% poultry meat products. The weight of unsold items collected varies monthly from 1000 up to 1500 kg. Figure

Valuation and Comparative Studies of Unsold Goods in Relation to
the Zoo's Needs SCB's dessert bananas are intended for feeding primates (chimpanzees, monkeys), herbivores (zebra, bushbucks, and duikers), small carnivores (civets, mongooses and genets) and certain birds (parrots, etc.). The unsold products of COQIVOIRE which are chickens are used as food for crocodiles, monitor lizards and small carnivores. SOCOCE's unsold products are intended for feeding primates, herbivores and certain carnivores. Of the 151 animals at the Abidjan National Zoo, 95% is fed with unsold products from these three Agrifood. Figure 3 shows the difference between the zoo's needs and the donations of the three agro-industries for feeding the zoo's animals. For fruits, it can be seen that there is no external input for yams, peanuts and onions. Also for carrots, oranges, cu-

Impact of the Use of Unsold Food to Feed the Zoo's Animals
The using of unsold food for the zoo is being felt financially, in reproduction and animal mortality rates.    2) Impact of unsold products on animal mortality The impact of the use of unsold products from SCB, SOCOCE and COQI-VOIRE/SIPRA on animal mortality from 2011 to 2019 is illustrated by Figure 5. One could observe that mortality of animals decrease from 22 down to 02 during all these years from 2012 to 2015, a roughly constant death rate. However, since 2016, there has been a sharp decline in animal mortality at the zoo, which fell from 10 in 2016 down to 2 in 2019.

Discussion
The compositions and quantities of unsold products of SOCOCE, SCB and CO-QIVOIRE/SIPRA were determined as well as their impact on the nutrition of the animals at the Abidjan zoo. Several types of unsold products were identified in the structures. At SOCOCE, the main unsold fruits and vegetables (watermelon, melon, radish, cauliflower, turnip, grape, kiwi), to which are added bread, as a vegetable product, and Animal By-Products which are made up of meat, fish, milk and egg products. The unsold food given to the Zoo by this agro-industry tends toward those utilized in zoo animal feeding programs [14]. Their Presence in SOCOCE waste would be due to the fact that foodstuffs are withdrawn from their market because of the deadlines (DLUO) or in consumption times when the products have lost their packaging during transport and poorly preserved products. According to [5], in developing countries, there is a greater loss of food products due to poor storage conditions, insufficient infrastructure and transport, poor packaging or technical equipment. Concerning SCB, fruit sorting deviations (non-exportable fruit) and fruit waste (debris of pads, stems or fruit that cannot be eaten) are the two types of waste identified. These fruit sorting discrepancies are removed from the export channel because they don't meet export standards. SIPRA waste is composed of whole salted chickens, smoked or not, legs, necks and cold cuts. All these unsold products are withdrawn from sales circuit because of the DLUO or the DLC and constitute waste to be recovered. Estimates of quantities of unsold products from the three structures revealed very significant deposits. The most important food groups in agrifood's food waste generation are fruit and vegetables as well as cereals, followed by dairy products, whereas the share of meat and fish in total food waste is relatively small. These observations are in agreement with those of [15] who worked on food waste prevention in Europe. The lack of cereals in the unsold products of  pecially for ruminant animals according to [10]. Pulp cabbage leaves, and potato have around or more than 20% Crude Protein [21]. Remaining Vegetable contain Crude Protein (CP) between 10 and 19%, except carrot pulp have less than

Number of Birth
Year Journal of Agricultural Chemistry and Environment 10% CP [22]. Moreover, these unsold foods are sorted, washed and preserved in excellent hygienic conditions. This prevents the animals from consuming pathogens that could harm their health. The works of [23] shows that a poor diet makes animals susceptible to a whole spread of pathogens to which the wellnourished animal is resistant. [24] has shown that adequate supply of nutrient ensures good digestive function, good growth, constant adult weight, good reproductive performance, and effective defense against infection and infestation.
There is a general increase in the number of births of animals over the period from 2011 to 2019 due to improved feeding. Some vegetables as tomatoes had a good effect on performance and plasma and egg yolk cholesterol contents [25].
This result would be due to the good feeding of the animals by the unsold products of these structures because a diet low in energy and protein would cause reproductive disorders [23] [26]. According to several studies animals in poor condition or losing weight generally have disappointing reproductive performance (abortion, lower birth rate) [14] [27]. Energy provided by food promotes the act of mating [28]. Morever, unsold items can also have an indirect impact on the reproductive health of animals. In fact, the funds made by the zoo are reinvested in order to improve their living environment. So this money is used to keep the boxes clean. It is also used in the medical care of animals. These observations are confirmed by the increase of the animal population from 151 to 310 animals in 8 years.

Conclusion
This study characterized and estimated the waste from the SCB, SOCOCE and