Changing Mechanicals Characteristiques of Cementitious Materials Using Titanium Dioxide

Since many years ago, the substitution of cement by other cementitious supplementary elements has being a purpose for many researchers. This is to reduce the impact of producing cement on our environment. In this article, we are interested in the possibility of substituting cement with titanium dioxide and titanium dioxide + fly ash. To achieve this purpose, we have manufactured mortars and cement pastes specimens with different rates of replacement of cement by titanium dioxide (0%, 0.1%, 1%) on the one hand and titanium dioxide + fly ash on the overhand. The flexural and compressive strength of each specimen has been determined.

DOI: 10.4236/msa.2021.126020 298 Materials Sciences and Applications strength. But, cement is a major source of pollution [4] [5]; It is for this reason that several authors have been interested in finding new materials to limit the use of cement [6]. It is in this sense that [7] designed concrete based on volcanic ash and found mechanical properties similar to those of ordinary cement concrete.
At the same time, nanomaterials are showing their interest, with a large number of researchers looking to them as an alternative.
Moreover, Hossain and al. have shown that the use of nanomaterials by replacement of a proportion of cement can lead to a rise in the compressive strength by developing supplementary chemical reactions [8] of the concrete as well as a check to pollution.
In this article, we are interested in improving the crack resistance, improving the mechanical properties of concrete using titanium dioxide and fly ash.

General
This chapter is concerned with the details of the properties of the materials used, the method followed to design the experiment and the test procedures followed.
The theory is supplemented with a number of pictures to have a clear idea of the methods.

Materials Properties
The materials used to design the mix for C 30 , C 40 , grade of concrete is cement, fly ash grade II, sand, coarse aggregate, water, and Titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) admixture. The properties of these materials are presented below.

Fly Ash
The disposal of fly ash poses increasingly difficult problems for many urbanized regions. A viable solution to the problem is reclamation of Fly ash for Civil Engineering applications. Previous researchers showed that fly ash is a potential source of construction material and soil stabilizer. Although it is one of the lowest the aim of reducing the cost of cement for soil stabilization; one option is to partially replace cement with waste materials such as fly ash. In this study, we used fly ash grade II.

Properties of Water
Tap water was used in this experiment. The properties are assumed to be same as that of normal water. Specific gravity is taken as 1.00. Pure water (deionized water) was used to make mortar specimen and cement paste.

Properties of Titanium Oxide, Anatase
The average size of Titanium Oxide was 25 nm with 99.8% metals basis from Particle Size Analyzer.

Properties of Cement Paste and Mortar
Cement paste and mortar are prepared with a water/cement ratio (w/c) of 0.32, using a blade-type high shear blender. Before mixing, polycarboxylate superplasticizers (PCE) solution was prepared with deionized water. With the addition of polycarboxylate superplasticizers (PCE) solution dosage 0.3% b.w.c., Cement paste was mixed for 2 min at low speed and then 2 min at high speed. The table below showed the proportion and quantities of material used by following Chinese standard.

Mix Calculations for Cement Paste
The design of each mix began with constant paste content (water + cement + supplementary cementitious materials) of 0.32 by weight of the total mix. The weight of cement and water were adjusted based on the specified water to binder ratio. The remainder of the mixture consisted of sand. Superplasticizer and air entraining agent were added based on experience and trial mixing prior to beginning the test program. Table 2, Table 3 below detail the actual weights of the mixture components.

Mix Calculations for Mortar
The design of each mix began with constant paste content (water + cement + supplementary cementitious materials) of 0.32 by weight of the total mix. The  weight of cement and water was adjusted based on the specified water to binder ratio. The remainder of the mixture consisted of sand. Superplasticizer and air entraining agent were added based on experience and trial mixing prior to beginning the test program. Table 4, Table 5 below detail the actual weights of the mixture components.

Test Procedures
Curing Regimens The specimens remained in their molds for 24 hours at room temperature, 25˚C. The Specimens tested were generally curing with air cured at 25˚C and RH 92% for 3 days, 7 days and 28 days.

Testing
Testing procedures used to evaluate compressive strength, flexural strength and interatomic behaviors between cement and titanium dioxide are presented in this section.

SEM Test
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) test is performed by technical experts, and thus it is not explained here and only the results are presented in the result and discussion section.

Flexural Strength Test for Mortar and Cement Paste
Flexural testing machine Reference number YAW-300 was used. Flexural strength was evaluated according to Chinese standard with the software Super Test version 8 and the load rate was 50 N/s. Prismatic specimens with dimensions of 40 mm × 40 mm × 160 mm were loaded using a third point loading setup across their strong axis. Three specimens from each batch were tested at an age of 3, 7, and 28 days and the mean Flexural strength of three specimens is considered as the Flexural strength of the specified category.

Compressive Strength Test for Mortar and Cement Paste
Compressive testing machine Reference number YAW-300 was used after 3, 7, and 28 days of curing with surface dried condition as per Chinese Standard. The compressive strength of specimens is determined with the software Super Test version 8 and the load rate was 2.4 KN/s. Three specimens are tested for typical category and the mean compressive strength of three specimens is considered as the compressive strength of the specified category.

Presentation of Results and Analysis
This chapter is concerned with the presentation of results of the experiments carried out towards the objective of the article.

Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) Images and EDS Results
Take a small piece of the sample to after full salt soaked in ethanol termination of hydration, then 50˚C drying in the oven for 24 h. The surface morphology and element distribution of cement were analyzed by SEM and EDS energy spectrum analysis. Through SEM, it can be seen that the surface morphology of the sample is shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2 after substituting cement by different sizes of Nano-materials in the case of an investigation. Figure 1 shows the FESEM micrograph of control mortar specimen. In this figure, it can be clearly seen that the C-S-H gel is distributed with lots of empty spaces between the lumps. The lumps can be Ca(OH) 2 which declines the Interfacial Transition Zone (ITZ) [9]. The microstructure looks to contain mainly formless substances. Figure 2 shows the FESEM micrograph of the mortar specimen with Titanium Dioxide 0.1% b.w.c. A uniform microstructure with very little void can be seen. The absence of Ca(OH) 2 crystals indicates that CNT has reacted with Ca(OH) 2 [10] and converted it into C-S-H gel [11]. Figure 3 and Table 6 show the comparative chemical arrangement of mortar specimen deprived of Titanium Dioxide. High concentration of calcium is due to the formation of Ca(OH) 2      ( Table 7).

Comparison Results and Analysis of Mechanical Test
The change in compressive strength and flexural strength for the blended sample (in %) for 3, 7 and 28 days is shown respectively in the Table below. A graphical representation of this result is shown respectively in Figure 5 below. Tables 8-10 show a better increase of compressive strength when we use T01 (without Fly Ash). These observations may be explained by the lower activity factor of T1 [13]. In fact, the reaction of amorphous silica and alumina phases with Ca(OH) 2 leads to the formation of more CSH [11] [14]. Contrary to compressive strength, we have a loss of flexural strength when we use either T01 or T1 (without Fly Ash). This agrees with the general trend in the literature. In fact concrete is much stronger in compression than it is in tension [15].
The diagrams Figures 5-7 show the real evolution of the mortar compressive strength.        Contrary to compressive strength, we have a loss of flexural strength when we use either T01 or T1 (with Fly Ash). This agrees with the general trend in the literature. In fact concrete is much stronger in compression than it is in tension [15].
The diagrams Figures 9-11 show the real evolution of the Mortar compressive strength. Figure 12 shows that, from 3 days to 28 days, the Mortar compressive strength evolution curve when we use T01 is up to all the overs. Then, the appropriate rate of substitution of cement by Titanium Dioxide Nanotube to increase the Mortar compressive strength (with fly ash) is the T01. We remark that Mortar specimens are gaining in mechanical characteristics while gaining in age. This agrees with the literature. Tables 14-16 show a better increase of compressive strength when we use T01 (without Fly Ash). These observations may be explained by the lower activity factor of T1 [13]. In fact, the reaction of amorphous silica and alumina phases with Ca(OH) 2 leads to the formation of more CSH [10] [13]. Contrary to compressive strength, we have a loss of flexural strength when we use either T01 or T1 (without Fly Ash). This agrees with the general trend in the literature [15].
The diagrams Figures 13-15 show the real evolution of the Cement Paste compressive strength.           Figure 15. 28-day test cement paste specimen without fly ash. Tables 17-19 show the best increase of compressive strength when we use T01 (with Fly Ash). These observations may be explained by the lower activity factor of T1 [13]. In fact, the reaction of amorphous silica and alumina phases with Ca(OH) 2 leads to the formation of more CSH [11] [14].
It is noticed that all the fly ash samples present lower mechanical properties than the discontent fly ash samples. These results are obviously due to a lesser amount of cement in all mixes containing both fly ash and carbon nanotubes

Conclusion
The use of Titanium Dioxides offers interesting results when the purpose is to increase the compressive strength of the cementitious materials; specially the use