Euphemistic Strategies Used in Subtitling English Taboo Expressions into Chinese: A Case Study of Big Little Lies

This study aims to analyse the euphemistic strategies used in translating taboo words in a parallel corpus, an English-Chinese corpus of subtitles of the TV series Big Little Lies Season 1. A range of examples from the first season of the series are classified into three categories of taboo areas: sex-related terms, same sex-related terms and private body organs. The study analyzes the data quantitively and qualitatively. The findings of the study reject the assumption that euphemistic strategies would be more frequently used when translating the above taboo words into Chinese version. As to the translation of taboo words, the translation strategies used to render the three categories of taboo words are as follows: literal translation, widening and omission. In the whole corpus, the most frequently used translation strategy is literal translation, accounting for 88.6%, while the euphemistic strategies, which include omission and widening, only account for 11.4% in total.


Introduction
The evolvement of television industry is considered a main factor which has contributed to the globalization of the world into a small village. Almost every household nowadays has at least one television that communicates information and entertainment and gathers family members to watch their favorite shows. This growth has increased the demand on importing foreign shows to appeal to the viewers, which in turn increased the demand on translating these shows into the viewers' first language. Therefore, a new mode of translation, namely audi-ovisual translation (AVT), has been introduced into television to overcome the language barriers and facilitate the travel of information and entertainment across geographical borders.
Although AVT helped spread entertainment among different countries with different languages, cultural barriers proved stronger than the geographical ones; a barrier which has always been an obstacle when it comes to translation in all its different modes (Al-Jabri et al., 2021). This cultural barrier seems to aggravate the problem when the two languages/cultures involved are distant, such as English and Chinese. Therefore, the subtitler is expected to work out technical, linguistic, and cultural obstacles. One of these cultural problems is taboo words.
It is no secret that political authorities have a great influence on the content of these shows and what should and should not be aired. Probably this influence is due to the nature of Chinese society which does not accept the public discussion of certain taboo areas including sex and gay relationships, among others. Therefore, the author assumes that Chinese version of American TV series would show that euphemistic strategies would be more frequently used in the translation of taboo words.
To test this assumption, this study aims to investigate the translation strategies used in delivering taboo words found in the first season of the American TV series Big Little Lies produced by HBO. An analysis of the Chinese version of the American TV series will be conducted in three main categories of taboo words including sex-related terms, same sex-related terms and private body organs.

Review of Related Literature
As discussed earlier in the introduction, AVT has made a huge contribution to the TV industry. With the translation of foreign shows into different languages, information and entertainment crossed language barriers. According to Díaz-Cintas & Ramael (2014), AVT covers two main modes; audio translation including dubbing or voice-over, and visual translation including subtitles using television, cinema, and other devices such as computers and mobile phones.
Dubbing is an oral translation activity which depends on the use of the acoustic channel in screen translation while subtitling is the process of transferring a source language (SL) audiovisual media to a target language (TL) synchronized with the original verbal message (Díaz-Cintas & Ramael, 2014).
The job of the subtitler is considered by many scholars as more complicated than that of the translator; it does not only require a high level of linguistic and cultural knowledge between the two languages, but also the possession of a wide range of other technical skills.
It's known that the nature of taboo words differs from one culture to another and many factors come into play when determining what can be said and what cannot be said in a certain culture. However, almost every society has a set of taboos which act as a broad umbrella under which different words or topics are considered prohibited in public. The translation of taboo words in subtitling is an under-researched area in audiovisual translation in general and in subtitling in particular. The existing studies normally focus on the connotative equivalence of English taboo words and their Arabic correspondence in audiovisual translation (AVT) (Al-Yasin & Rabab'ah, 2019) and strategies chosen by the Ndebele translators in the translation of taboo terms (Ndhlovu & Botha, 2017). However, in the case of the Chinese language, the use of euphemistic strategies used in the translation of English taboo words is an under-researched area. Therefore, the present study, in this sense, contributes to this academic field.
In this study, the classification of taboo areas is inspired by several previous studies which discussed taboo language (Gao, 2013(Gao, : p. 2310Al-Jabri et al., 2021;Al-Adwan, 2015). They mention that taboos are names of prohibited things and acts that are associated mainly with customs and political authority and which cannot be discussed in public. These taboo subjects include bodily functions about sex and excretion, the private parts, illnesses and death, words believed to be blasphemy, income, salary, age of ladies, etc. (Gao, 2013(Gao, : p. 2310. Euphemism, according to Al-Jabri et al. (2021), is defined as "a word or a phrase used in a specific linguistic and extra-linguistic context to soften or conceal something unpleasant". As discussed above, therefore, euphemism is a politeness strategy used by communicators to tone down the effect of inappropriate words or taboos in a particular culture or a particular context.

Euphemism Strategies
The current study will rely mainly on the euphemistic strategies suggested by Williams (1975) and Warren (1992) and further developed by Al-Adwan (2015) to conduct the analysis of the American TV series Big Little Lies. These strategies include: 1) Widening: This strategy involves substituting the offensive word with a more general term that is less offensive.
2) Implication: According to Al-Adwan (2015: p. 11), implication involves two propositions, where the second is usually a logical consequence of the first. Normally, the euphemisms generated through this process have a conventional meaning, and, at the same time, imply a novel interpretation.
3) Omission: As the term suggests, this strategy occurs when subtitlers/translators decide to remove a word that is deemed to be seriously offensive or face threatening.

Research Objectives
The general objective of the present study is to analyse the euphemistic strategies used in translating taboo words in the parallel corpus, an English-Chinese corpus of subtitles of the TV series Big Little Lies Season 1.
In order to attain this general objective, the following specific aims have been pursued: -To retrieve and classify all the instances of taboo words in the English sub-corpus; -To identify and classify all the euphemistic strategies adopted to translate the SL taboo words in the Chinese subtitles.

Data Collection
It was suggested by Hatim and Mason (1997) that the audiovisual work that suits research should 1) be a widely-distributed, full-length feature work with high quality subtitles; 2) be work where interpersonal pragmatics are brought to the fore; and 3) contain many sequences of verbal interaction such as sparring (Cheng, 2019). To build the corpus, both English and Chinese subtitles from Big Little Lies from season one on the YYeTs website were collected. All seven episodes of season one are selected based on the translation quality. The English and Chinese subtitles are paralleled manually, because the number of the two versions of subtitles doesn't match. The reason is that there is copyright information about translation done by the fansub YYeTs. Thus, such information has been deleted in the process of paralleling. Then, a corpus is established consisting of three columns after paralleling: the serial number of the subtitle, the source text, and the target text.

Research Stages
The researcher used the following steps to collect and analyze the data: -Retrieval of all the instances of taboo words that fall into the selected categories outlined in the introduction from the parallel corpus; Al-Adwan (2015) points out that the taboo area of sex includes a wide range of topics among which are romantic and sexual relationships, body parts (especially organs related to sex) and sexual orientation. The current study will deal only with these taboo areas. -Classification of all the examples regarding the three categories mentioned earlier: sex-related terms (words/phrases referring to sexual relationships), same sex-related terms, and private body organs. -Identification and clarification of the translation strategies adopted in each case. -Analysis of the results and drawing of conclusions.

Results and Discussion
As mentioned earlier, the current case study focuses on the three categories of taboos. As Figure 1 reflects, the most frequent category found in the English subtitles is that of the sex-related terms, accounting for 81% of the total number of the ST taboo words analyzed, followed by the category of private body organs, which represents 17%, and by the category of same sex-related terms, with 3%. Each section in the following will discuss one of these categories with relevant examples detected in the corpus. The above three categories are sex-related terms, same sex-related terms and private body organs.

Sex-Related Terms
Sex is a source of embarrassment and discomfort in many cultures, especially if discussed in public. However, the degree of threat caused by this subject differs from society to another. In the Chinese culture, sex is a subject that is threatening to the face of most Chinese people if discussed publicly.
In the first season of the discussed TV series, references to sex detected surpass the other two categories of taboo words. This section will discuss the sex-related terms found in the first season. The most commonly used references to the act of sexual activity detected in the corpus include have sex with, get laid, make love and sleep with. See Table 1. These English phrases, although differ in register, are direct references to the act of having sex that would trigger a sense of embarrassment for most Chinese viewers.
With an analysis of the translation strategies adopted by YYeTs in the translation of these phrases, it could be noticed that almost 92.6% of the sex-related terms in the English ST are replaced with the literal equivalent in the TT. While only 7.4% of these phrases are translated into the TT with the euphemism strategy widening. See Figure 2.
By using literal translation, as the term indicates, the author refers to the literal translation of the taboo words in the ST. Thus, in Example 1, the word sex is translated into 性爱 (xing-ai) in the TT. In addition, the phrase have sex in

Literal translation Widening
The term widening is used here to refer to the translation of the taboo words with a more general term in the TL. An example of this strategy is the translation of loving sex into 两情相悦 (liang-qing-xiang-yue) in the TL. In this case, the use of 两情相悦 is more general in the Chinese subtitles.

English subtitles: …that Ziggy wasn't a product of consensual, loving [[sex]]…
Chinese subtitles: 得知齐格不是两情相悦的结晶… Back translation: …Ziggy wasn't a product of two people falling in love with each other…

Private Body Organs
Private body organs, particularly those related with sex or bodily functions, are considered taboos by many cultures including the Chinese culture. Therefore, the use of these organs in public is expected to result in a sense of embarrassment or discomfort for most viewers in Chinese culture. Table 2 outlines the examples of taboo terms of this category along with their Chinese subtitles. As the term omission suggests, this strategy occurs when translators decide to

Same Sex-Related Terms
Although same sex relationships exist in the Chinese society, they are viewed as a psychological disorder rather than a personal choice. Table 3

Conclusion
This study investigated the translation strategies used by YYeTs in delivering taboo words found in the first season of the American TV series Big Little Lies.
The author assumed that the Chinese version produced by YYeTs would show that euphemistic strategies would be more frequently used in the renderings of the taboo words. A range of examples from the first season of the series were classified into three categories of taboo areas: sex-related terms, same sex-related terms and private body organs. These topics are considered taboos in the Chinese culture, and could evoke a sense of embarrassment or threaten the face of Chinese viewers. The analysis started from the euphemistic strategies proposed by Al-Adwan (2015) to explain the strategies applied by subtitlers to render the face-threatening terms identified in the corpus.

Literal translation Omission
The findings of the study reject the assumption that Chinese version of the series provided by YYeTs would show that euphemistic strategies would be more frequently used. As to the translation of taboo words, the translation strategies used to render the three categories of taboo words are as follows: literal translation, widening and omission. In the whole corpus, the most frequently used translation strategy, as shown in Figure 4, is literal translation, accounting for 88.6%, while the euphemistic strategies, which include omission and widening, only account for 11.4% in total.
It could be observed that the subtitlers didn't opt for a more general term to replace the taboo terms or omit the taboo terms. Instead, they used literal equivalents in most examples to render the taboo terms found in the corpus.
The reasons accounting for the above findings could be that the Chinese viewers, especially the middle-aged viewers and the viewers at their twenties who are the main target audience of the TV series, are not conservative as before, which lead to the change of their attitude toward the use of taboo words. In addition, the fansub groups may not under the same restrictions as that the satellite TV channel would undergo in China.
There are a few limitations in the present paper, such as, the size of the sample which consists of only the first season of an American TV series. In addition, the scope of this paper is limited to the investigation of euphemistic strategies of English taboo words and their Chinese correspondences in the fan subtitling.
Future research could tackle the issue of translating taboo words further by studying a larger sample of subtitles. Another issue could be studied in further research when the translation is in the opposite direction. Researchers may study how Chinese movies are translated in the English subtitles, and if there are taboo words in the Chinese movies, how they would be translated to English.

Conflicts of Interest
The author declares no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.