Wildfire in Australia during 2019-2020, Its Impact on Health, Biodiversity and Environment with Some Proposals for Risk Management: A Review

Wildfire is closely associated with human society and having its effect on earth as well as on its environment for more than 350 million years. It is a very common phenomenon from the ancient period, has hazardous effects on both environment and human life. This study mainly focuses on the review of wildfire of Australia during 2019-2020 regarding its distribution, status of fatality influences on different environmental factors, consequences and some proposals for its mitigation. In this review paper, a modified edition of the principled review methodology was followed in compiling the most reliable data to support the bushfire in Australia belonging to its causes of occurrences and impacts. The bushfire was started in mid-June in 2019, and it is still now burning in hundreds of places of different parts of Australia, and the forest of New South Wales, Northern Territory, Western Australia, Queensland and Victoria were being burnt deadly. The accumulating data exposed the year 2019 as the driest and warmest year with lowest rainfall that might be the potential causes of bushfires in Australia. Moreover, maximum forest land of Australia is covered by naturally grown Eucalyptus trees which are generally flammable and supply oil type fuel during bushfires. Bushfire deteriorates the financial loss has been determined due to this fire of Australia. In some cases, it is also helpful for forest land. Sometimes it helps to continue the forest ecosystem by burning unwanted plants, animals and microscopic compounds. To reduce the hazard needs proper land regulation, combination of social governance, sufficient funding, permanent vigilance of all sides are the partial solutions. However, the research helps to find out an overall idea to explore the devastating nature of bushfires, the actual causes of occurrences and recommendations for mitigation of bushfires in Australia as well as as-sisting researchers those willing for further scientific study. It was also men-tioned some effective prologues to reduce the hazardous effects and find some ways to overcome such destructive disaster.


Introduction
Wildfires are widespread phenomenon across the world. An uncontrolled destructive fire in forest land is generally termed as wildfire. A wildfire is an unregulated fire in inflammable vegetation place happening in rural areas [1].
Changes in environmental conditions influence prevalence and severity of wildfire causing longer fire seasons and wider area covered [2] [3] [4] [5]. Due to the lightning strike or carelessness of human, it started from a small place and destroys large areas of forest land, locality and harmfully effects on the environment, ecology and properties. Sometimes it causes human death also. Wildfire breaks down the abiotic and biotic components of forest ecosystem. It may be ablaze vegetation remaining both under and over ground soil. Organic matters like plant roots are also flamed up due to land fire. Ground flame can smolder for a long period yet a whole season until conditions are favorable for growth as above land fire [6]. According to the vegetation type wildfire may be known as bushfire (in Australia), desert fire, forest fire, grass fire, hill fire, peat fire, vegetation fire, or veld fire. Fire which involves low growing as like as scrub termed as brush fire.
Wild fire of south northern part of Australia is known as bushfire. Desert fire occurs in desert areas where vegetation is very low. Wildfire or prescribed fire which fire up forested areas, grass, or alpine/tundra vegetation termed as forest fires.
Wildfire is not common at large scale in Bangladesh. The area of forest land in Bangladesh is very inadequate and the vegetation of the forest is not suitable for forest fire. But in some cases, it was occurred due to the human activities. In Sundarbans which is the largest mangrove forest in the world, forest fire was occurred almost every year on a very small scale due to the activities of illegal infiltrators. Indian forest land is very risky for the wildfire. A long dry season with less rainfall increases the temperature of the forest which creates the favorable condition for fires.

Causes of Wildfires
The main natural reasons of wildfire breakout are dry climate, lightning, volcanic eruption [7] [8]. When water loss from the soil through evapotranspiration is higher than precipitation, soil becomes dry. At these circumstances, if those dry matters come in contact with fire which is created by natural occurrences like lightning, volcanic eruption or human carelessness cause wildfire and spread de-  [10] [11]. Lightning strikes and human activities are jointly the main reasons of wild fire of USA and Australia [12] [13]. Coal seam fires burn in New South Wales, Centralia, Pennsylvania and different coal-sustained fires of China can also spread contiguous combustible elements [14]. Heat waves, droughts, climate convertibility for example El Nino and local weather structure such as high-pressure ridges may raise the chance and interchange the attitude of fires suddenly [15].
Dry season of Australia becomes warmer day by day, temperature increases at the rate of one degree every century which increase the recurrence and redundancy of heat waves and droughts. Three quarters of four present in total forest land of Australia is covered by Eucalyptus trees. More than hundred varieties of Eucalyptus are naturally grown where which are generally flammable and supply oil type fuel during bushfire. Large scale wildfires occurred in Siberia, Alaska, Canary Islands and in the Amazon rainforest in 2019 due to the reason of extremely hot and dry weather. The smoke comes from the fires spread on large territory and reducing air quality. In the Amazon, generally dry season is the main time for occurring forest fire.

Previous Researches on Wildfire
People live in the Australian urban periphery meet different problem due to enhancing wildfire danger and the declining of biodiversity occurred because of urbanization. Significant mutual understanding was built with the help of social education methods which related with proficient knowledge in scientific way to generate mass, simultaneous aspects on danger and give a guideline to make environmental policy [16]. The general public and wild land firefighters are exposed to smoke from wild land fires in United States every year. A current re-search has ascertained relationship between severe wild land fire smoke expound and heart or blood vessels disease. Studies on firefighter during and after service period demonstrate harmful condition on their health due to the up taking of excess smoke [17]. Warnings consist of forthcoming wildfires to counsel about the safety. Massive number of people is indifferent about the instruction given by fire authority. Some people stay up to evacuation, while others tried to save properties and rescue others. The research pointed out three keys information for bushfire warnings but few people are not interested to obey the instruction. First one, people have to depart from risky place before fire being dangerous. Second one is homes are impossible to save during deadly period and last one is people should go as soon as possible [18].
Different studies noticed that smoke from the wildfire hold different types of harmful elements which are responsible for respiratory problem and causes large number of mortality cases among all aged mass people [19]. A combined method form of postal survey, focus group discussions and interviews with native people was done in the Mount Lofty Ranges and Lower Eyre Peninsula of South Australia. Conclusion of the research was more than 90% of local people thought that biodiversity preservation is important to take into the account during bushfire prevention policy [20]. Australian fires characteristics demonstrated huge fluctuation on inter annual and multi-decadal time balance. The result showed that ENSO (El Niño Southern Oscillation) was the main causes for inter yearly fluctuation of fire condition stated by FFDI of Australia. Experiment also noticed that social climate change was the principle reason of the incident and excess average temperatures and potentially associated fluctuation in long term rainfall patterns [21]. To hold firm the bushfire risk, fire affected countries of all over the world are trying to suppress the fire risk. But there is very little success against the fire disaster. Fire risk become more intensifies with the changes of climate. Botswana fire which was combined reason of environmental factor, policy, land use and human activity. Research stated that fire control policy on the basis of fire exercise for land use management will be worthy for locality. Methodical fire control strategies have a secured outcome on land use and climatic necessity of fire and also support to adjust environment transformation [22].
Smoke from wildfire hold upper concentration of particulate matter (PM) than urban concentration. It causes respiratory problem of millions of people. Martine and Michael conduct a study to compare between the effects of bushfire PM 10 (particles with a median aerodynamic diameter less than 10 mm) and background PM 10 . The experiment showed that smoke of PM 10 wildfire was at least as toxic as urban background of PM 10 [23]. There is a significant interaction between wildfire smoke emission and particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) which is the reason for mortality and respiratory problem such as asthma, bronchitis, pneumonia and chronic pulmonary disease. Due to the wild land urbanization, risk from wildfire smoke increasing day by day. Fuel and smoke management have an important role for save the people from the hazard [24]. Journal of Environmental Protection The studies gave preference on determine in vitro methods for the consequence of fire smoke [25]. Cristine and Nicholas conducted a study in 2010 to examine an external "gap" among wildfire hazard awareness and arrangements within different property-owners in country side affected by amenity guided in-migration in South Australia. Landowners were place to fetch their delegate to bushfire preparation in the connection into daily works, dilemmas and tradeoffs [26].
For the identification of abundance mortality and financial value of wildfire in USA over several years, Neal and his team conducted a study. Northern side of California, Oregon and Idaho in the west and Florida, Louisiana and Georgia the east were dangerously invaded by wildfire. Short term financial loss is between $11 and $20 B per year with net current value of $63 B and long-term economic damage remains between $76 and $130 B every year, with net current value of $450 B [27].
A research was conducted by Thayaparan focused in re-building program of the Victoria bushfire in 2009 indicated the role of participants like formal and informal were the social-psychological measurement for economic sustainability [28]. Fire generates pyrogenic matter like charcoal by the changing of ecosystem carbon cycling. In a eucalypt forest in eastern Australia, for the research soil carbon, charcoal and nitrogen dynamics are inquired in the peak 20cm of a sandy soil. Fire removed litter but enhance the charcoal and non-charcoal SOC element together of the soils. It attributes to upper soil charcoal production and causes under-ground root mortality by incorporating soil profile. Charcoal was discriminately retained in the sandy soil that restricts the various stabilization procedures so that the inflow of dead root carbon had no effects. Charcoal incorporation and holding of the soil profile are very meaningful to carbon cycling. Charcoal increases the fire frequency of sandy soils. This effect is not only limited for upper 20 cm of soil [29]. Wildfire can cause water repellency and burn plant canopy, surface plants and litter can change organics into soil. Soil moisture, structure could be changed and infiltration can increase surface runoff, erosion. Sediment transport and deposition is enhanced. Organic matter mineralization, root uptake obstruction and reduced water quality by improving temperatures and nutrient concentrations. Artificial large and severe wildfire effects on water harmfully skewed [30].

Wildfire around the World
Every year, around 30 -46 million/km 2 (approx. 4% the global land surface) of the world's land surface is being burned [31] shown in Figure 1. Greece, Italy, France, Spain and Portugal are investing annually around 2500 million euro in total for fire management especially for the detection and suppression of fire [32]. In Canada, on an average US$531 million was spent annually during the year from 2000 to 2010 for the prevention and preclusion of wildfire [33].
About 420 million years ago during Silurian period rhyniophytiod plant fossils that conserved as charcoal was the first filed wildfire. The charcoal abundance Journal of Environmental Protection during Middle and Late Devonian was related with low atmospheric oxygen [35] [36]. Because of increasing global warming rate firing and its destructive impacts increase day by day (Table 1).

Distribution and Status of Bushfires in Australia during 2019-2020
Australia is a wildfire amenable area. Bushfire was mainly occurred in South-eastern and South-western part of Australia during the season of summer and early autumn. The most bushfire affected area in Australia is the South-east and South-west region of the country [38] [39]. At present, annual land area burnt in Australia is around 5% which is considered to be devouring nearly 10% of the net primary productivity of the continent [40]. In North of Australia, bushfires generally happened during winter which is the dry season. In 2019-2020, a catastrophic bushfire commenced at mid-June in 2019, and it is still now burning in hundreds of places of different part of Australia especially in the South-east of the continent. In 2019, fire in New South Wales started much earlier than the previous years and since September, 2019 it covered 2.7 million hectares to be burnt. This year the affected area was three times larger than that of the Amazon (906,000 hectares) fires occurred in 2019. As the recorded data of 14 th January 2020, fires burnt about 18.6 million hectares, destroyed over 5900 buildings and killed many people [41]. NASA calculated that 337 million tons of CO 2 was emitted during this firing [42]. Forest of Eastern, North-eastern Victoria, New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory were deadly burnt. State of emergency was declared by the authorities for these states shown in Figure 2.
About 480 million mammals, birds, and reptiles were destroyed since September by bushfire and later expanded to a billion was estimated by The University of Sydney [44]. Thousands of species of extinct plants were burnt.  Source: [37].
( Table 2) New South Wales, Northern Territory, Western Australia, Queensland and victoria were being terribly damaged. Though the fire stopped in some places after the rain of January but in many places, fires are still alive like New South Wales. Even Canberra the capital is still at risk of burning. Australia spends around $375 million every year in the management of bushfire with a rise in costs of 2.2% per year [45]. Around $8.2 million was spent for Sydney health services due to bushfire in the year of 2011, and it is estimated to increase its demands on health resources in the near future [39] [46].

Causes of Fire Abnormality during 2019-2020
According to annual climate statement 2019, it was the warmest year in Australian History (Table 3). During 2019, the average increasing temperature of Australia was 1.52˚C and the previous record was +1.33˚C in the year of 2013. The maximum and minimum mean increasing temperatures were recorded 2.09˚C and 0.95˚C respectively.     The year started with rainfall scarcity across massive areas of eastern Australia. The unexpected less precipitation throughout 2019 caused severe moisture deficiencies. The Murray-Darling Basin was the main sufferer as an area of the low moisture content. The average annual soil moisture recorded in five of the 26 river catchments of the Basin was the lowest during the year 2019.
Scarcity of moisture in soil restricted the surface runoff. Winter to spring is mainly the repletion time for water storages for Southern and Southeastern Australia. Limited river flow since last three years and less runoff caused marginal fill-up to storages across the Southern Basin by the year and no significant undercurrent in the Northern Basin where storages was close to zero.
At the end of 2019, moisture storage had declined to less than 7% in the Northern Murray-Darling Basin. In the Northern Basin water storage condition was lower than any time during the Millennium Drought (2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)). In the Southern Basin 53% volume of moisture storage in January down to 39% at the end of April 2019 which was the irrigation season.
The storages had prolonged 47% by the end of the recovery time and diminished once again from spring to summer. Effect of the below average rainfall during reserving period also affected coastal New South Wales, Eastern South Australia, Eastern Victoria, Northwestern Victoria, East coast and North coast Tasmania and the South West part of Western Australia ( Table 4).
The highest daily record of FFDI values for spring was experienced in areas of all States and Territories of Australia ( Figure 5). Across northern Australia, the Grassland Fire Danger Index (GFDI) is more routinely used to assess fire weather conditions. Nevertheless, several fires started across northern Australia with FFDI values the highest was record for spring across the large areas.

Effects on Human Health
Bushfire produces various toxic substances and the smoke has harmful outcome on human inhalation organ. In 2009, 173 deaths were reported for the Victorian Black Saturday bushfires in which 77 were children, senior citizens or people with respiratory disability [48]. Mental health problems were observed among the residents and fire fighters four years after the event [49]. Fire fighters or people near the fire are remained at highly danger of carbon monoxide (CO) take in as well as other detrimental components which in turn lead to unconsciousness and even death [50]. Around 5% increase in non-accidental deaths were reported by different Australian studies on days of high air pollution from bushfire smoke [51]. Smoke from wild fire consists of numerous hazardous air pollutants including carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide, ozone, particulate matter (PM), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and volatile organic compounds [52]. Besides, bushfires have the respiratory problems, adverse cardiovascular effects as the smaller particles PM 2.5 can enter into the bloodstream causing blocking of blood circulation and even death [53]. A study over smoke from bushfire in Sydney, Australia, showed a positively rise in mortality [54]. Every year 339,000 ill-timed fatality caused due to wildfire all over the world [51]. In Newcastle, Australia, a study showed that risk of pneumonia and acute bronchitis increases with the high-level smoke up take during fire [55]. There is a significant relation among wildfire smoke exposures and a failure of lung function into asthmatic problem free children [56]. In a panel study in Australia of full-aged and kiddies, smoke from forest fire was found in influencing the use of reliever cure and start oral steroid. People with 65 years old or higher are more likely to be respiratory hospitalized than the younger exposing to the destruction of all living organisms in the Brazilian Amazon and wildfire smoke in Australia [54] [57]. Number of heart disease at-tacked patients out-of-hospital were connected with bushfire-involved PM 2.5 in Australia [58]. Hazardous smoke from wildfire may cause fine particle air pollution creates various types of severe problem for human health. Hazardous gaseous mixtures are also harmful for visional organ and respiratory system and causes lung difficulties, bronchitis, asthma and premature death. Fire causes mental stress that faces emergency condition and lost their properties.

Effects on Biodiversity
Bushfire is a common phenomenon in Australia. Around more than 3 billion native vertebrates excluding invertebrates comprise about 143 million mammals, 2.46 billion reptiles, 181 million birds, 51 million frogs were burnt out by bushfires of 2020 in Australia stated by the World wildlife Found Australia [59].

Effects on Environment
Bushfire increases threat to environmental pollution and impacts. Environmental components are highly vulnerable to bushfire.

Effects on Air
Most notably, bushfire deteriorates the air quality of the locality up to many hundreds or thousands of kilometers away [62]. Bushfire highly increases the carbon emission rate, the air quality index (AQI) of west environs of Sydney known as Rozella was 2552 which is 12 times more than risky level of 200 [63].
According to the survey of January 2020, the world's worst air quality of any important town was Canberra. On 1 January 2020, AQI was calculated as 4650 around Monash of Canberra, which is more than 23 times dangerous level [64].
On the first Day of 2020, smoke created from the bushfire of Australia covered the sky of South Island of New Zealand and turned into orange-yellow gloom.
The smoke affected glaciers of the New Zealand and created a brown tint to the snow. On 5 January 2020, the sky in Auckland also turned into orange due to the smoke [65]. By 7 January 2020, the smoke was flown about 11,000 kilometers over the South Pacific Ocean and spread to Chile, Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay [66].

Effects on Water
Wildfires have hazardous effects on rivers, lakes, and streams. After wildfire when the first rain drops, burnt soil became hydrophobic causes of storm water runoff. The water moves through the surface of the ground. This water carries harmful chemicals, various pollutants and other hazardous chemical into streams, rivers, and large bodies of water and they destroy the balance of water ecosystems. Post-fire flash flood is great impendence for water bodies. These floods contain heavy metal from ash and killed under water vegetation, living organisms. Wildfire reduces the drinkable water sources. Fire changes the hydrologic cycle that causes soil erosion, sedimentation and water quality. When fire occurs on wetland the principal changes are addition of sediment, increase nitrates where the foliage are being burnt in the area of chronic atmospheric deposition, possibility of heavy metals contamination from soils and geological sources to water bodies in the burnt area and the fire retardant chemicals can wash into water sources which increase toxicity levels to water-born components [67]. Bushfire ash contains nitrogen and phosphorous. Excess concentration of these nutrients causes the growth of cyanobacteria which reduces quality of water, along with bad taste, odder and harmful chemicals also. The ash also blows through the ocean and create the same problem. Algae take oxygen in the water for growing itself and assuage dissolved oxygen after their death and during decomposition. It may throttle aquatic animal and other marine life and hampers to biodiversity. After a burn, stream flow can transport solid and dissolved materials that degrade water quality [70].

Effects on Agriculture
The bushfires have scorched pastures, killed cattle, and burnt vineyards, with regrowth and regeneration likely to strain already depleted water supplies. According to reports, the country's dairy supply will be hit the hardest, with Victoria and New South Wales-two of Australia's most important milk-producing states-suffering the most farmland and infrastructure disruption. Meat, wool, and honey production may all be affected. According to Meat & Livestock Australia, about 13% of the national sheep flock is in areas that have been substantially impacted, with another 17% in areas that have been partially impacted [72].

Effects on Economy
Fire has its both direct and indirect effects. It causes huge economic losses of the people directly as well as other factual effects on community by diagonal impacts among which flooding, soil erosion, mass movement and pollution of water are considered to be the most important post-fire effects with the highest consequences on society [73] [74] [75]. Due to the fire of Australia in 2019-2020, more than 110 billion USD financial loss have been determined which largely exceeding the previous Black Saturday fires occurred in 2009 was 4.4 billion USD [76]. AM Best credit rating agency stated that bushfires cause 1.7 billion Australian Dollar insurance losses and it might be increased they thought [77].

Beneficial Effects
Though bushfire is very destructive and harmful for environment and human being, but in some cases it has beneficial impacts also. It helps to survive some plants like manzanita, chamise (Adenostoma fasciculatum) and scrub oak (Quercus berberidifolia) which need heat before germination. Wildfires may destroy pest and infectious agents those affect plants and animals. At a low intensity fire removes the unwanted stem and leaves and cleans the bush of grass from the surface of the forest land which enriches the soil with nutrients and creates place for sunlight and air flow in to the ground. The sunlight rears lesser living organism and creates big trees space for arising and prolonging. Fire also helps to burn germ of pestilence disease [78] (Table 5).

Proposals for Fire Risk Management
The bushfire or forest-fire is known as the decimation of nature by landscape fires raging out of control. The bushfire problem has no specific solution. Combination of social governance, public and personal land management, suppression efficiency and personal arrangement are one of the partial solutions. To reduce the hazard needs proper land regulation, sufficient funding and the permanent vigilance of all sides.

Restriction of Entrance into Forest Land
Forests have the own ability to re-birth after disaster. To regenerate itself undis-  Table 5. Overall impacts at a glance of Australian mega bushfires of 2019/2020.

Component Impacts
Air  In fire-affected states, air quality has been destroyed [62], and the Air Quality Index (AQI) has been raised [63].  According to a NASA survey conducted in mid-December 2019, the wildfires in New South Wales and Queensland have produced 250 million tonnes of CO2 since 1 August. NASA later reported that as of January 2, 2020, 306 million tonnes of CO2 had been released [64].  Fine particles known as PM2.5 were detected at 734 g (0.01133 gm) in Sydney, which is the equivalent of 37 cigarettes and Smoke gave the snow a brown tint, and the sky in Auckland turned orange [65].
Soil  Australia's bushfires in 2019/2010 devastated millions of hectares of land, destroying both above-ground plant and under-ground root systems and soil.  The fire in the year 2019-20 was strong enough to radiate heat into the underlying soil layers that lost the soil's aggregate, soil organic matter and essential nutrients.
Water  In Australia, cyanobacterial blooms and an imbalanced aquatic ecology have been recorded. Organic matter, salts and metal trace from ash burned vegetation into the water source have been observes regarding the 2019/20 season which reduced dissolved oxygen triggering fish deaths in Australia.  Following the 2019 bushfires, rainstorm transported a considerable amount of ash into groundwater in NSW and other impacted states, resulting in higher chlorine levels, turbidity and an unpleasant smell [79].
Biodiversity  About 143 million animals, 2.46 billion reptiles, 181 million birds, and 51 million frogs were affected [59]. According to a report of Aljazeera.com, at least 3 billion terrestrial vertebrates were moved or killed by the 2019/20 bushfires [80].  The Kate's leaf-tailed gecko's habitat was completely destroyed by the fires, while the long-footed potoroo's habitat was reduced by more than 80% [81].  Kangaroo Island forest land, which is the last habitat of Kangaroo Island dunnarts and Kangaroo Island glossy black cockatoos, was devastated to the tune of 33% [82].  According to NASA, the number of deceased koalas on Kangaroo Island could be as high as 25,000, or roughly half of the species' overall population [83].  One-quarter of Kangaroo Island's Ligurian honey bee hives were destroyed [84].  After the mega-fires, the assassin of Spider and Microtrapdoor Spider of the Kangaroo Island was not found until the results of the study were discovered and it was thought that they were completely destroyed or displaced [85].
Food safety  Agricultural production, as well as average farm income, has fallen by 8% in 2019/20, some 4% below the Australian 10 year average [86].  The farm income in the NSW following 2019/20 bushfires was almost zero, according to ABARES. As poor as the last 20 years and significantly lower than the average in certain territories [86].  Total agricultural exports from Australia are expected to decrease in 2019-20 by 11% to USD 43 billion [86].

Human health
 417 people died of heavy smoke following the 2019 season of bush fires [87].  After the black summer bush fire, the most frequent complaints were eye and throat pain, cough and headaches [88].  Bushfire smoke caused 2027 people in respiratory problems and 1305 persons with asthma-related conditions in hospitals according to a recent study [88].  Around 1100 people were hospitalized caused by cardiovascular complications due to fires  Activities at Canberra Hospital were delayed by bushfire smoke contaminating the interior air, which impacted MRI machines, and numerous surgeries were postponed during the 2019-20 bushfires [89].  In "highly impacted" communities where people died or property was damaged, people suffered more than twice as much from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression and mental anxiety.
in entrancing into the forest land including Australian forest which might be reduced the probability of firing of forests.

Supplying Food and Create Water Bodies for Wild Animal
Fire burnt the sources of food and destroyed food chain of a forest. To reconstruct the ecosystem, it is essential to supply food when fire occurred in large scale. Bushfire also degrades the water quality of the entire water sources of the forest which are the source of drinking water of the wild animal. In post-fire period scarcity of drinkable water is very common matter. Burnt organic compound of the soil washed away to the water bodies and pollute them. Supply of pure water should be ensured and needed to purify those sources of water which are being contaminated during fire.

Increasing Soil Microbial Activities to Reduce Soil Erosion
Fire burns the upper surface of the soil. Burnt soil reduces its water holding capacity. Fire also destroys below ground root systems which loosen the soil and causes the soil erosion. After heavy precipitation the rate of soil erosion becomes extremely high. To maintain the soil microbial activities, it is necessary to take proper step for increasing soil organic matter to protect the soil erosion.

Reducing the Number of Eucalyptus Plant from Human Locality
Eucalyptus species are the native plant of the Australian forest. Hundreds of varieties are grown naturally in this area. Eucalyptus plant produces oil like flammable substances and increase the fire spread rate during wildfire. To control the fire occurrence, it is important to reduce the number of Eucalyptus plants from human habitat area but it is very hard and tuff task.

Using Eco-Friendly Fuel to Reduces the Temperature
Average temperature of Australia is increasing year after year. Australia is dependent on fossil fuel for maximum energy production. Fossil fuel emitted carbon dioxide which is responsible for green house effects. However, to decrease the temperature, dependence on fossil fuel should be reduced. Eco-friendly fuel should be introduced.

Creating Wild Life Sanctuary to Protect Endangered Species
Wild life Sanctuary is a place where hunting of wild animal is strictly prohibited.
Endangered wild animals are able to increase their number in their own habitat without any obstacle. Sundarbans is the last natural habitat of Royal Bengal tiger of Bangladesh. The forestry department announces three wildlife Sanctuaries in different parts of the forest which helps in increasing the number of tiger day by day.

Creating Awareness among the Mass People
Maximum time wildfire is occurred due to carelessness of human being. People enter into the forest for different purposes like agricultural activities, hunting, campfire etc. They firing in a small scale but forgot to put off the fire. This spreads with the help of wind and caused wildfire. In some cases during forest fire some people remain in their own habitat to save properties which causes life damage. To avoid these types of situation public awareness is highly important.

Planning for Environmentally Sound Development Project
Development and environment are closely related with each other. Development program without concerning environment is harmful for society. CO 2 emission rate, greenhouse effects, global worming etc. are most mooted issue of the current world. To make a safe world for future we have to be concern about our environment. Our movement has to be environmentally friendly.

Increasing Forest Density
By protecting present forest area and revegetating new trees surrounding forest land to ensure access to fire refuges for mobile species during fire. Unburn habitat would be found out for threatened animals and plants to save them. Fire rescue action for endangered animal and plant protection should be created. Quick response teams would be set up to evaluate and minimize impacts on endangered species.

Conclusion
Wildfire is a common phenomenon from historical period, with the change of climate and environment increase the rate of damage from natural disaster. It supplies more CO 2 to the earth which is the main factor for greenhouse effect.
Wildfire is not fully curable but worry about the disasters helps us to reduce the adverse effect. The average temperature of the world is increasing every year.
Glaciers are melting which raises the sea level. Every year a lot of lands go under the water that increases the salinity of the soil. Salinity reduces the soil fertility and production of food, queered the food safety. To minimize the causality of the disaster we should have to be wake up together. Long term plan should be formulated. We have to change our mentality to save the world. If the change not started from our own door, it is impossible to change the world.