Theory of 3F4D Universe (Beyond Standard Model of Particle Physics)

In this theory, “mass is equivalent to length of imaginary straight line seg-ment” and “direction to imaginary line segment is intrinsic property of that particle which is Equivalent to its intrinsic spin”. With this concept, all fundamental particles, fermions and bosons are described as quanta imaginary string particles with a definite direction. For e.g. unidirectional imaginary straight line with fixed length are massive spin 1/2 fermions; while unidirectional imaginary quanta curved lines are massless spin 1 bosons. Thus, it gives co-relation between massless (curved imaginary line) and spin = 1 properties of boson as proved in QED theory. All fundamental particles of standard model and beyond standard model are arranged in one simple dia-gram in 3 folds (bottom fold, middle upper and lower folds and top fold) and are projected in 4 th Imaginary Dimension in order of decreased in Mass from TeV to approx. 0 eV. This theory is beyond standard model because it pre-dicts new fundamental particles viz. dark matter (spin = 0 massive boson) along with gravitons (spin = 2, massless bosons); 4 th pair of neutrinos, vertical massless boson (VMB) particles and tri-axis massive boson (spin = 0) particle. The discovery of these new particles will act as solid proof to this theory. With this 3F4D representation of the universe at an atomic and sub-atomic level, it solves lots of current problems of SM of particle physics like mat-ter-antimatter asymmetry, origin of mass of hadrons like protons, origin of mass and L.H. nature for neutrinos, wave-particle duality of particles, etc. giving true insight sive dark matter, hence, we have to add more terms to newtonian gravitational equation to account for gravitational strength of mass of surrounding dark matter which represents curvature of space-time in terms of Increase in its mass-density w.r.t. to mass-density of flat universe. Finally, using an empirical formula (h = k*c*Q; k = boltzmann’s constant = mass in TeV range) and inverse relation of mass-density of DM with age of the universe (H 2 = Con-stant·G·Mass-Density of DM); Unification of Gravity at TeV is achieved without consideration of “Gravitational Constant, G”, hence, Planck’s Scale is not required.


Introduction (The Standard Model of Particle Physics) [1]
In the 17th century, scientists came to the conclusion that chemical elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, and copper were composed of atoms. A chemical element, hydrogen say, was thought to consist of a single type of atom. And chemical methods made it possible to determine the approximate size of such an atom: 10 −8 cm that means one billion hydrogen atoms stacked on top of one another would reach a height of around 10 cm (See Figure 1).
Today, we know that normal matter is made up of quarks (which are the building blocks of the atomic nucleus) and electrons. The standard model describes the fundamental interactions in a simple form. The interactions are the chromo dynamic force (QCD), which acts between quarks and gluons, and the electroweak force, which acts between W±, Z 0 bosons and quarks, charged leptons, such as electrons. Today's standard model of elementary particles, which consists of the theory of the electroweak interaction plus QCD, seems to describe the whole of physics (See Table 1).
In the standard model, leptons and quarks are points, singularities in space. Can such infinitely small points even have a mass? In order to introduce leptons and quarks masses, physicists invented a hypothetical field which is able to give mass to these particles. The field is called the Higgs field (spin = 0) after the  Table 1. The standard model of particle physics [2]. theoretician Peter Higgs, who introduced this field [3] Ch. 11.
On July 4, 2012, the Large Hadron Collider at CERN announced results consistent with the massive higgs particle (God particle, spin = 0). Could this theory prove to be a last and thereby final truth? There are a number of important questions not answered by this theory, like constant mass of particles (fermions), matter-antimatter asymmetry, nature of particles related to 23% gravitating dark matter & around 73% repulsive dark energy [4] Ch. 44, Union of Einstein's Gravity Force (manifestation of the curvature of space and time; continuous nature of space-time) with physical forces (particle concept; quanta nature) like EMF, SNF & WNF of Standard Model, origin of 3 generations or families of Fermions viz. Quarks & Leptons, etc.

Three Postulates and Equivalence of Mass with Imaginary Straight Line [6]
In this theory, instead of considering grand unification of forces at around Planck's scale i.e. 10 18 GeV; it is showed that the Universe itself came into existence by "Unified massive fundamental particle" at TeV Range. The theory is based upon three postulates, viz. 1) Current experiments limit on size of leptons and quarks up to 10 −19 m.
2) "Empirical formula" is derived by myself. It connects 4 main fundamental constants of nuclear physics as well as satisfies above first experimental aspect. The important thing about this formula is that for given experimental limit on minimum size of basic particles (which is equal to value of charge Q) and for limit on maximum speed of particle viz. speed of light, c; it gives limit on maximum mass of particle (k) in the range of TeV. This formula tells us that the universe must had started from above "unified massive fundamental particle" by uniting above constants viz. h, k, c & Q. creation of the universe at TeV range means no need of Planck's scale. Planck's scale depends upon gravitational constant "G" and this scale is required to unify Gravity which is very weak as compared to other forces. At this scale, gravity which depends upon value "G", becomes as strong as other 3 atomic and sub atomic fundamental forces. It means, to achieve Unification of Gravity at TeV range, we should not consider Gravitational constant "G" in calculating gravitational coupling strength, but there must be another way to define Gravity which we will see later.
3) Equivalence of mass and imaginary line: in string theory, particles are defined in string like manner (small one dimensional object) in real space with size equal to Planck length around 10 −33 cm in order to avoid singularity which happens in case of point like object. However, we have to accept 11 dimensions instead of our 4 dimensional space-time.
But, when I attempted to define, "one dimensional line"; I came to realize that, for existence of such line in real space, its thickness adds at least one more dimension in real space. Then, this thickness, itself spoils the definition of "one dimensional line" in real space. Line with zero thickness is meaningless from point of view of real space (i.e. Line doesn't exist in real space). In other words, "It is impossible to draw one dimensional Line in real space" as shown in Figure 2.  one dimensional straight imaginary lines. These particles have no thickness, hence from our 3 dimensional real space, we always look them as point like or structure less particles. "Direction to imaginary line is intrinsic property of that particle and is equivalent to spin". Thus, one dimensional unidirectional straight line is equivalent to intrinsic angular momentum of that particle called as 1/2 spin; while particle with curved (means more than one dimensional) unidirectional line will have spin equal to 1 called as boson particles. Therefore, these force carrying particles, Bosons are massless particles (mass means straight imaginary Line). With this representation, massless property of boson is directly linked with its spin = 1 property which is already proved in QED theory. Also, massless particles are quanta (i.e. particle) curved (i.e. wave) imaginary lines giving wave-particle duality nature to them [5] Ch. 9, as proved in quantum mechanics. One interesting point here, I want to say that you are not seeing straight or curved imaginary lines; but they are actually Massive Fermions and massless bosons respectively and you are seeing them by your naked eyes (see Figure 3). Note: Imaginary Straight Lines with downward direction in 4th Imaginary Dimension are Anti Fermions.

Creation of 3 Folds and Fundamental Particles in 4 th Imaginary Dimension [6]
Based upon above 3rd postulate and tripartite nature of particles, they are arranged in 4th Imaginary dimension in different folds as per their by masses and other quantum properties like electrical charge, spin etc. (see Figure 4). Straight   Imaginary line acts like massive particle with definite value of mass relative to its fold. Unfolding of universe started from bottom fold, then top fold and step by step middle upper and lower folds between them. Let us see each fold and particles within them.
In Figure 5, you will clearly see how particles are created through step by step unfolding of folds/layers i.e. creation of top fold from bottom fold and later middle folds between them. Thus, all particles are required and they are definitely ordered by God to create the universe in beautiful and elegant way.

Bottom Fold
As shown in Figure 6, the creation of the universe was started with "bottom fold". It is vertically divided into 2 sub-folds in ratio of 2:1 w.r.t. zero reference line as shown in Figure 6 and each sub fold carries Fractional Charged   ticle and tri-axis massive boson (spin = 0) particle (trident) which gives mass to hadrons. Discovery of these particles will act as solid proof to this theory.  objects like stars, planets etc.) and has direction towards baryons (atomic nucleus). Thus, gravity force should be attractive in nature. Also, as we know, Mass of materialistic objects is entirely due to mass of atomic nucleus, hence, connection of gravitons only with atomic nucleus (hadrons) i.e. at bottom fold clearly shows that materialistic objects gravitate because of their mass as per gravitational equation and it does not depend upon size of the object. It means gravitons never interact with mass of charged leptons (e.g. electrons) or charge less leptons (e.g. neutrinos) or massless photons, because they are at middle folds. R.H. side contains fundamental particles as described by standard model. existence of dark matter and gravitons at L.H. side shows that these particles are beyond the scope of SM of particle physics. This is the main reason, why dark matter not radiates or interacts with other Fundamental particles. As there is no restriction to dark matter (no confinement like quarks confinement), it will spread away from atomic nucleus along with gravitons making expansion of the universe. Thus, dark matter no longer remains as quanta particle, but by connecting to each other, it acts like single entity making giant network structure like "web of spider". These continuous lines of dark matter with gravitons form continuous space-time as shown in Figure 8 which is essential part of Einstein's general theory of relativity. That is, space-time is neither empty nor have quanta aspect, but these continuous lines of dark matter themselves represents continuous  time (i.e. decrease in age of the universe in that region) as compared to age of the universe of flat universe. In other words, mass-density of surrounding dark matter near to massive object is more (compressed dark matter due to gravitational pull of that massive object) as compare to mass-density of dark matter of flat universe and it is called as time dilation effect due to gravity. From, this relation between space-time and mass-density of dark matter, we have true definition of time: "Time is neither illusion nor 4 th dimension, but, it represents continuous flow of single entity, dark matter".
Mass-density of flat universe is equal to absolute time and we all experience this absolute time at same moment everywhere, because of continuous expanding lines of single entity, dark matter. conversion of Einstein's GR concept of gravity, as curved space-time into increase in mass-density of massive DM; adds more terms into equation of gravitational strength (g) apart from Newtonian Gravitational Strength (G*M/R 2 ) to account for gravitational effect of mass of surrounding DM around that massive object. Thus, 1 st Term is usual Newtonian Term (g1 = G*M/R 2 ), 2 nd Term (g2 = H 2 *R U ) represents gravitational strength of flat universe, while 3 rd Term represents gravitational strength of mass of surrounding Massive dark matter (M DM ) because of increase in its Mass-density [g3 = G*M DM /R 2 = {(4*Pi/3)*G* (ρ DM )*R}]. In current universe (Age = 13.8 Billion Years), Mass-density of dark matter (ρ DM ) is very less around 10 −27 Kg/m 3 {(ρDM) ∝ H 2 }; hence, g1  (g2 + g3) and therefore, (g2 + g3) can be neglected for gravity effect of massive objects like the Earth, the Sun etc. But, for same massive object of mass, M, (g1) over given fixed distance R always remains constant (Value of g1 will not change with change in age of the Universe); while with decrease in Age of the Universe, Mass-Density of Dark Matter increases and with this Dynamic Gravity effect of Dark Matter, value of (g2 + g3) may ex-  because of Massless photons. Thus, every moving electron carries photon/ photons with it or "Electron does not have its own kinetic energy, but owns only Rest Energy" as shown in Figure 10. Kinetic energy or motion to these electrons is given by Massless Photons which carries only Kinetic Energy (K.E. ∝ ν). Repulsive force between like charged particle is because of repulsive force (pressure) exerted by photons connected with these charged particles and vice a versa for attractive forces between them (For e.g. between positron and electron).  Half waves of opposite spins (±1 or ±2) and look like Circular wave line (4-D Wave). They have either Clockwise or Anti-clockwise rotation; hence they have rotational Asymmetry (Refer Figure 11).

Two Top Parts of Middle Fold
It includes 2 sub folds for 3 Weakly Interacting Massive Neutrinos (Left Handed) and 2 types of Vertical Massless Boson Particles, VMB (Refer Figure  9). In their respective sub-fold, the energy density of all Boson particles remains same (Constant) and hence, they are called as "Equivalent to Dark Energy". It is achieved by means of, Division of Higher Constant Energy Density VMB Particle into Multiple numbers of Lower Constant Energy Density VMB Particles, when it shifts from lower sub-fold of Middle Fold to upper sub-fold in such a way that every Lower Constant Energy Density VMB Particle looks similar to each other in upper sub-fold and this feature of these VMB particles is called as "Copy Cat" future (Refer to Figure 11). Out of these two sub-folds, lower sub-fold has higher constant energy density as compare to upper sub-fold. This is similar like Atmospheric Layers over the Surface of the Earth where, air pressure decreases with increase in altitude. There are 3 Types of "VMB" particles (2 from Top parts of Middle Fold and 1 from Top Fold), such that "Constant Energy Density" of these particles decreases as they shift from lower part of Middle Fold to Top Fold. Shift in their position occurs with step by step unfolding of expanding Universe. These particles move (shift) from one sub-fold to other sub-fold, when they have spin = ±1 while they multiply each other with same constant energy density in same sub-fold, when they have spin = 0. Because of random shift in their position (as per availability of vacuum at their upper or lower sub-folds), neutrinos along with them also oscillates from one fold to other sub-fold i.e. change in type of neutrinos occurs; called as Neutrino Oscillations. As per in Figure 12, Inner 3 Generations of Neutrino -Antineutrino come into existence by uplift of Massive Trident Particle from Bottom fold into Middle Folds and then by splitting of its each axis through Diagonal Separation, it gives Massiveness as well as Left Handedness properties to Neutrinos. Standard Model can't explain these properties of Neutrinos because of non-prediction of Trident particle. It means discovery of Trident particle is very necessary to prove Left handedness and Massiveness of Neutrinos.
Note that, this alternate source of energy (VMB particles) has property of Negative pressure (Constant Energy Density) and hence, they are Higher 4 th Dimensional Anti-Gravity Energy. It is just above Middle Lower Fold of Electron. If it becomes possible to harness this pure form of energy, miraculous changes in aviation and many more scientific fields are expected.

Top Fold
As shown in Figure 13 Neutrino which yet to be discovered. This Theory demands existence of 4th pair of Neutrino and Anti-neutrino; discovery of them will act as solid proof of this theory.

Creation of Bottom Fold in 4 Dimensional Universe [6]
Rotational Symmetry of Massless Boson (Spin = 0) particle as shown in Figure  14  Neutrinos and Mass to Quarks.
Apart from this Quadra Massive Particle, you will see creation of Graviton (Massless Boson, Spin = 2) particle on Left hand side of Figure 14. Though graviton moves forward in space with speed of light, c, but still it has direction opposite to its forward propagation velocity, that means towards Quadra Particle  Figure 7).

Conclusion
In this theory, "imaginary straight line" is proved as equivalent to "mass of particle", while any curved imaginary line shows massless equal to Spin 1 property of Boson particles viz. Gluons and photons. Thus, massless is directly connected with spin = 1 property of photon which is already proved in QED theory. True natures of photons and dark energy equivalent particles i.e. VMBs are revealed through their unique characteristics viz. Horizontal 3-D space motion for photons and vertical 4th dimensional motion for VMB. This vertical motion also gives one more property to VMB i.e. Constant energy density by means of copy cat future in the same sub-fold of upper middle fold. These VMB particles not only create repulsive force (Inflation) in terms of higgs field (Spin = 0) in the universe, but through vertical upward motion, they convert L.H.S. anti-quarks into quarks. Thus, they played the major role in solving the mystery of anti-matter and matter asymmetry in a very beautiful and elegant way. Also, arrangement of all particles in 3-Folds way not only simplifies particle physics theory but, also gives unification of physics and wide scope to think "beyond standard model", within TeV range itself. The discovery of new particles predicted by this theory like 4 th pair of neutrinos, trident particle, VMBs will solve lots of problems of standard model of particle physics. Finally, author concludes that with advancement in this theory, new era of science will begin for a better future of mankind.