Secondary Hypertrophic Osteoarthropathy or Pierre-Marie Syndrome Bamberger: Clinical Case and Literature Review

Secondary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy, or Pierre-Marie Bamberger syndrome, is characterized by the association of digital clubbing, polyarthritis and periostitis affecting the long bones. Most commonly it is a paraneoplastic syndrome associated with lung cancer in 80% of cases. We report the case of a 49-year-old female patient who is actively smoking, one pack per day for 20 years. Seen in consultation for pain and swelling of the hands, elbows, knees, ankles, and feet evolving for about 5 months, associated with a poorly differentiated pulmonary adenocarcinoma. On history, she told us about a weight loss of about 8 kg, no fever, no cough, no family history of inflammatory rheumatism or cancer. Bilateral digital clubbing was noted. The diagnosis was based on imaging and histology. Treatment with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and chemo-radiotherapy was started.


Introduction
Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy (HOA), also called Pierre Marie Bamberger syndrome, was described at the end of the 19th century [1]. It is characterized by a combination of clinical findings of severe disabling arthralgia and arthritis, digital clubbing, and periostosis of tubular bones, with or without synovial effusion [2] [3]. HOA can occur as a primary familial autosomal dominant condition called pachydermoperiostosis or secondary to other diseases in (95% to 97% of cases) [1] [4]. The secondary forms are due to a wide range of diseases, most frequently by paraneoplastic syndromes which are associated with lung cancer in 80% of cases [5]. The pathophysiology of these two syndromes seems poorly understood, but there is vasodilation in the phalanges with transudate to the interstitium. Palmar angiograms confirm the increase in size and number of digital capillaries. The responsible for this vasodilation would be a humoral substance normally inhibited by the pulmonary capillaries, and therefore, present in the right-left shunts [6]. A hormonal trail is also retained in HAE. A Growth Hormone-like secreted by bronchial and gastric carcinomas is thought to be responsible for the proliferation of the periosteum [7]. Finally, it should be noted the probable role of the parasympathetic system in these vasodilations with regard to the improvement of symptoms after selective vagotomy [8].
We report the case of a 49-year-old female patient with secondary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy.

Observation
Patient informed consent was obtained for publication of the case and associated images A 49-year-old woman with a history of asthma and depression, active smoking, one pack a day for 20 years, seen in consultation for pain and swelling of the hands, elbows, knees, ankles, and feet evolving for about 5 months. On history, she reported a weight loss of about 8 kg, no fever, no cough, no family history of inflammatory rheumatism or cancer. She is not taking any medication except Pulmicort and Ventolin. The clinical examination noted swelling in the hands, ankles and feet and synovitis of the elbow and left knee. Bilateral digital clubbing was noted. On the respiratory system, the vesicular murmur was perfectly perceived in the two fields, without additional sound. The lymph node areas remained free.
The biological workup showed a biological inflammatory syndrome with an erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) accelerated to 58 mm (normal value: 20 mm/h) at the 1 st hour and a positive C reactive protein (CRP) at 102 mg/l (normal value: <6 mg/l). The immunological and infectious results were negative.
The x-ray of the hands, feet, forearms and legs showed periosteal apposition at the shaft of the long bones ( Figure 1) and the bone scan also showed hyper fixation at the long bone level. The chest x-ray noted a triangular opacity in the upper right lobe (Figure 2(a)).
Additional investigations, in particular the chest CT scan, showed a right supra-hilar tumour mass invading the right upper mediastinum associated with multiple supracimimetric lymphadenopathies especially in the right upper mediastinum (Figure 2(b)). The PET scan showed a large heterogeneous and Open Journal of Rheumatology and Autoimmune Diseases  intensely hyper-metabolic right supra-hilar mass (Figure 2(c)). The bronchial biopsy showed a poorly differentiated lung carcinoma. Treatment with nonste-Open Journal of Rheumatology and Autoimmune Diseases roidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and chemotherapy couple with radiotherapy was started.
After a 3-month follow-up, the joint damage disappeared as long as there was a worsening of the respiratory symptoms and the patient was hospitalized in intensive care or she died three weeks after admission.

Discussion
HAO is a syndrome characterized by the association of digital clubbing, polyarthritis and periostitis affecting the long bones [2] [3].
The precise incidence and prevalence of HAO is unknown [9]. The age of onset has a bimodal distribution, with the initial peak occurring in the first year of life and the other during puberty.
Most affected are males; research has described both autosomal dominant and recessive inheritance.
HAO can be of primary genetic origin (autosomal dominant) called pachydermoperiostosis [10]. Much more often, it is a secondary manifestation due to a wide range of disease, most commonly paraneoplastic syndromes which are associated with lung cancer [11]. However, other non-neoplastic lung diseases have been mentioned, such as infections, inflammatory diseases (sarcoidosis), arteriovenous malformations, and extra-pulmonary diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, cirrhosis, and chronic inflammatory bowel disease [12]. Malignant lung tumours, whether primary or metastatic, are responsible for approximately 80% of secondary HAO cases, and most patients are diagnosed with adenocarcinoma as reported in our case [4] [7] [12]. There is no gender predominance, and the average age is 55 to 75 years [13]. However, in our case, the patient was 49-year-old.
The etiopathogenesis of secondary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy has been largely attributed to a neurogenic or vascular pathway triggered by circulating growth factors. The vascular pathway can be classified into two subtypes: 1) hypersecretion of vasoactive agents by the tumour itself or hypoxemia and 2) mechanical release of vasoactive agents into the systemic circulation due to 'an arteriovenous shunt in the pulmonary circulation [13] [14]. There is also evidence that circulating growth factors, such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) or prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), cause the triad (digital clubbing, polyarthritis and periostitis) [14], promoting angiogenesis, vasodilation, hyperplasia, interstitial oedema and collagen deposition in tissues [14] [15] [16].
The prognosis and treatment of secondary HAO are naturally linked to the primary aetiology [17]. Definitive treatment aims to remedy the underlying cause, including surgical resection, definitive chemotherapy or radiofrequency ablation for a primary malignancy of the lung [17] [18]. Symptomatic treatment (NSAIDs, octreotide, bisphosphonates, and specific growth factor inhibitors) is used in patients in whom the primary aetiology cannot be treated [19].

Conclusion
The diagnosis of hypertrophic osteoarthropathy is based on clinical and radiographic evidence. It is considered that a paraneoplastic syndrome associated with lung cancer in 80% of cases. The prognosis and treatment of secondary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy are naturally linked to the primary aetiology.

Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.