Cosmic Ether, Possessing Electric-Tension and Magnetic-Resistance, Is the Unified Field for Physics

The paper presents the case that physics is already and effectively unified by the energetic tension field, ether. We identify this integrating power of ether first, by re-defining the action generating parameters of this energetic tension field as the electric-tension, 10 ε − , and the magnetic-resistance, μ 0 , while re-deriving the Maxwell’s wave equation in analogy with the mechanically stretched string, where the . Then, replacing and m 0 by , one can find that almost all working physics theories are being energized by 10 ε − and μ 0 . To complete the unification, we can now postulate that the particles are also freely propagating EM waves, but they are spatially localized as in-phase, close-looped (IP-CL) vortex-like propagation modes of ether. Because of their IP-CL mode structure, they have space-finite spatial structures and remain spatially stationary in the absence of any spatially influencing potential gradients (forces) in their vicinity. Par-ticles’ harmonic phase driven interactions between quantum particles give birth to the appearance of wave-particle duality. There is no need for the confusing and unnecessary de Broglie’s Pilot Wave. The inertia to spatial motion of IP-CL modes automatically accommodates Newton’s laws of motion. The cosmic universality of Maxwellian wave velocity, and particles as IP-CL modes, jointly accommodate the two key postulates of special relativity without the need for unphysical four-dimensionality.

can now postulate that the particles are also freely propagating EM waves, but they are spatially localized as in-phase, close-looped (IP-CL) vortex-like propagation modes of ether. Because of their IP-CL mode structure, they have space-finite spatial structures and remain spatially stationary in the absence of any spatially influencing potential gradients (forces) in their vicinity. Particles' harmonic phase driven interactions between quantum particles give birth to the appearance of wave-particle duality. There is no need for the confusing and unnecessary de Broglie's Pilot Wave. The inertia to spatial motion of IP-CL modes automatically accommodates Newton's laws of motion. The cosmic universality of Maxwellian wave velocity, and particles as IP-CL modes, jointly accommodate the two key postulates of special relativity without the need for unphysical four-dimensionality. The observable universe is represented only by its diverse oscillatory excited states. The stable and stationary Cosmic Ether keeps holding 100% of its energy all the time. We have proposed a one-way light pulse propagation experiment to directly validate the existence of ether, rather than approaching Michelson

Preamble
Since ancient times, ether has been recognized as the physical medium for the transportation of light all across the cosmic space [1] [2] [3]. In a previous paper in this journal [4], we have presented the rationale that this ether is a physically real, energetic tension field, holding 100% of the energy of the universe. Our key message in the current paper is that we have already been using the ether tension field as the unified field for physics, but is remaining buried under our current mathematical representation habits. Ether allows for the emergence of EM waves as freely propagating undulations of all possible frequencies and the emergence of particles as localized EM oscillators with quantized energies, icl E hf = , with built-in inertia to spatial translation. We suggest that we should re-name the old ether as Cosmic Ether, to incorporate this new property of allowing the emergence and also sustaining the elementary particles as oscillations of its tension field. Schrodinger's equation works, because the particles are oscillators with intrinsic harmonic phase variations, which is critical for the emergence of Superposition Principle (SP). The emergence of SP is not because the particles are "plane waves". Plane waves do not exist in nature as they violate the conservation of energy. Accordingly, we also do not need separate de Broglie's "Pilot Waves" to guide the localized particles. Inertial particles are always constrained to move only with the help of some physical potential gradients of the ether, which we included into the traditional Hamiltonian. The key purpose of this paper is to provide extensive examples and rationale to overcome the currently prevailing resistance to accept the reality of Cosmic Ether. cal medium intervening the Sun and all the planets to establish the gravitational potential gradient that keeps holding the planets. Newton's contemporary, Huygens, gave the description of the physical processes behind the perpetual diffractive propagation of light waves as due to the persistent generation of secondary spherical wavelets out of every point on all the wave fronts [10] in an energetic tension medium, the ether. Huygens' postulate was formalized into a Huygens-Fresnel diffraction integral [11], which has been guiding, later strengthened by Maxwell's equations, the sustained and continued growth of the fields of optical science and engineering. Planck triggered the concept of quantumness in our world by mathematically showing that the measured Blackbody radiation curve can be matched analytically only if the surface molecules inside the blackbody cavity surface emits and absorbs light as individual discrete quantum hv .
However, Planck gave us a very valuable lesson-identify the primary physical parameter that plays the key operational (engineering process) role in triggering a particular phenomenon to generate a measurable physical transformation. Avoid using any secondary parameter as the key guiding parameter to develop the main formalism. The author is making this paraphrase from Planck's book [12] where Planck underscored that he succeeded in deriving his desired expression only after he switched to using the frequency v, instead of using wavelength λ , where c λ ν = . Twenty five years later, QM formalism proved him right. The primary action parameter for atomic and molecular energy exchange is driven by the dipolar interaction frequencies of the involved radiations, not the wavelength. The wavelength varies from medium to medium, but not the frequency. Accordingly, we will stay focused on the parameters that are primary action drivers in nature. We will find that the primary action parameters for ether are

Flow of the Paper
All perpetual wave propagation requires a parent tension field, like air-pressuretension field for sound waves. Maxwell's wave equation and his differential cal- In section 3, we use the physics of light propagation to analyze why Michel- We have discussed how the IP-CL model accommodates most of the quantum mechanical behaviors of particles and atoms and resolves wave-particle duality.
We have also discussed that the measurable superposition effect, always registered by a finite size detector, must be a causal and local phenomenon. We cite examples to justify the emergence of gravity out of electromagnetism. Our cosmic ether model naturally accommodates the two key postulates of the special theory of relativity without the need for a four dimensional universe. The section 5 has two subsections-first conclusion and then discussions, presenting further justification of our physics-thinking. . These parameters 0 ε & 0 µ were already defined by his predecessors as electric permittivity and magnetic permeability of the free space, respectively. These descriptions do not clarify the operational origin, or the engineering lever used by nature to generate the observed perpetual velocity of EM waves in the "free space". Inspection of the wave equation for an ideal classical mechanical tension field, like that for a long stretched string, does imply the emergence of a perpetually propagating wave, once the string is externally perturbed, provided there are no energy dissipating mechanism associated with the string. Accordingly, we will derive the EM wave equation emulating the procedure used for a mechanically stretched string. In other words, we will unite Newtonian particle mechanics (2 nd law) with Maxwellian wave mechanics. We also justify the emergence of Newtonian inertia of "mass" out of the electromagnetic properties of the free space, or ether, using Einstein's mass-energy equivalence relation:  (3) in analogy with a classical stretched string, we have found the operational (functional) meaning behind the emergence of perpetual velocity of an EM wave in its parent tension field, the Cosmic Ether. In general, an energetic tension field tends to stay in its energetic quiescent state. If a disturbance is introduced at a point by some external energy, the tension field at that point immediately pushes it away to all possible spherically accessible neighboring points so that it can come back to its original quiescent (equilibrium) state. Then all the forward points execute the same actions to come back to their respective quiescent states. As if, the tension field is forever searching out for energy sinks to eliminate it, since the system cannot assimilate the external energy which triggered the original deformation on the quiescent tension field. In the absence of any frequency resonant energy sink, the process continues perpetually. Hence, a disturbance introduced on an energetic tension field, will always generate a perpetually moving wave. This engineering process (action) taking place behind wave propagation, was first presented by Huygens in his book of 1690 while describing the propagation of EM waves in free space [10], although the mathematical wave equation was developed almost a century later by Maxwell. This natural action-picture is true for all tension fields: 1) mechanically stretched tension on a string, 2) surface tension on a water surface, 3) pressure tension in air, etc.

Excavating the
By integrating Newtonian mechanics into classical electromagnetism, we have now established the physical reality of the electromagnetic tension properties of free space as µ , with modified physical definition as "electric tension" and "magnetic resistance", which give us the operational meaning behind the generation of perpetually moving EM wave when triggered by the movement of an electric dipole within it.

How to Experimentally Validate the Existence of Cosmic Ether
The cultural demise of electromagnetic ether in physics was triggered by the "null" results obtained by a series of Michelson-Morley experiments (MMX), starting from 1887 [14], while attempting to measure the drag of cosmic ether by the earth. Michelson strongly believed that the all-pervading electromagnetic ether is real and exists. Since ancient times, the belief has been that materials exist separate from ether. Then there must be an ether drag against material bodies. Then the 1905 paper by Einstein on Special Relativity (SR) [15] eliminated the need for ether, which was further supported by a second paper on "photoelectric effect" [16], where Einstein described EM waves as independent elementary particle-like, or "indivisible light quanta", without requiring a supporting tension field for perpetual propagation. These two papers triggered the steady evolution of a decisive physics culture that the ancient concept of ether is not correct, even though Einstein later corrected himself while defining gravity as a "curvature of space" through his theory of General Relativity. Space needs to have some phys- ical properties, which can be "curved". However, the physics culture has been persisting that the cosmic space is a vacuum, filled with photons, elementary particles and vacuum fluctuations ( [17], and references there), besides observable macro galaxies with stars, built out of elementary particles. However, this picture does not explain how the photons always experience perpetual, and the highest possible velocity without the support from their emitters. These obvious contradictions, along with the re-definition of µ in the last section as the operational cause behind the perpetual motion of EM waves packets, there is an urgent need to carry out new experiments for the direct validation of the existence of cosmic ether as an energetic physical tension field.

Why MMX Experiments Cannot Discern Either the Ether-Drag or the Absence of Ether?
To appreciate the limitations of MMX type of experiments, we need to pay close attention to the physical processes behind light propagation through material media and through material free ether. Huygens, contemporary of Newton, was the first one to frame the key postulate behind the propensity of waves to propagate perpetually leveraging an energetic parent tension field. Because the tension field keeps perpetually pushing away the waves, generated through some suitable perturbation of its quiescent energetic state. In his 1690 book [10] Huygens' postulated that this perpetual propagation of a wave is generated via secondary wavelets emanating out of every point on every wave front. We usually measure the superposition effect of all these arrived secondary wavelets by some frequency resonant detector. Huygens explicitly mentioned that his model of wave propagation process require a tension medium (ether) to propagate as its undulation (excitation). Section-2 of this paper has strengthened this viewpoint. Huygens also underscored that the secondary spherical wavelets do not interfere or modify each other's wave properties in the absence of any interacting medium.
We have articulated this as Non-Interaction of Waves (NIW) [18] [19]. In 1817, Fresnel gave a simple and elegant mathematical integral representation of Huygens Principle, now known as the Huygens-Fresnel diffraction integral [11], which automatically embeds the NIW property. This is actually one of the two key mathematical foundations behind the continuous and sustained advancement of optical science and engineering, till today. There is a second foundational contribution that describes the physics behind the EM wave generation and propagation. It was given by Maxwell in 1864 [20]. It turns out that the Light also has another very interesting property. It always prefers to propagate through a structurally single mode medium of lower tension value (lower velocity with higher refractive index), whenever it has that option. This is why we have been able to invent and implement the fiber optic communication systems and sending the optical signals through glass-fiber-core of higher refractive index, surrounded by a protective glass cladding of lower index. Light remains entrained within the core of the glass-fiber for tens of thousands of kilometers with very little loss. Ether has the refractive index of 0 1 n = and air has the refractive index 1.0003 air n = , or 0 1.0003 air c c = . Therefore, in the laboratory, the light beams will always be entrained by the stationary air surrounding any MMX interferometer, since air provides a relatively lower tension (higher index) medium for light to propagate. Light propagation will not be entrained by the lower index ether, even though it is permeating through all material media and the entire universe. Hence, the propagation direction of the light beam vector = × S E B in the MMX interferometer will always remain orthogonal to the pre-aligned mirrors, immersed in the laboratory air. The propagation path cannot be tilted, as was originally sketched by Michelson, shown in Figure 2(a) [3]. Figure 2(b) and Figure 2(c) show slightly different versions of the same Michelson's interferometer to bring out the common-sense understanding that light beams will travel straight up and down, without getting tilted. Figure 2(b) is a monolithic rendition of the Michelson interferometer within a glass cube, with built-in mirrors and a beam splitter. Even if the cube experiences some velocity V in the horizontal direction due to earth's orbital velocity, or in space on a satellite, there will be no fringe shift because the two light paths will remain identical, always entrained by the glass cube. The V vector of the cube-prism cannot tilt the S vector of light away from its vertical path since the S vector is entrained by the assembly of the material dipoles of the glass prism of index . Within a material medium, S can no longer be under the control of the stationary or even the dragged ether. However, there will be a negligibly small Fresnel Drag ([18]-see Ch.11, [21]) of the light beam. Because of its effective miniscule value, we will neglect the Fresnel drag in air here. The intention behind Figure 2(c) is to underscore the same point, as we have done for Figure  2(b), except that the interferometer is now residing within the stationary air of the laboratory environment. Figure 2(c) is actually equivalent to Figure 2(a) with the correction that the light beam propagation vectors remain orthogonal to the two mirrors, without suffering the tilt assumed by Michelson, with longer travel path.
Thus MMX type of experiments should always give null-fringe result. We do not need to assign a new property on to nature that needs to trigger "length contraction" or "time dilation". If we assume that Michelson had believed ether entrained the light ray, and not the "thin" air in the laboratory, then the ether drag would have created an apparent tilted path for the arrival of the vertical ray and tilted return again, just as Michelson's drawing in Figure 2(a). However, then the real physical tilt of the light beam would have caused a change in the spatial frequency of the observed fringes, which was also never reported.

Can We Validate the Existence of Stationary Ether?
In Section 2 we have established the deep significance for physics that we experimentally validate the cosmic space as a stationary energetic tension field. Experimental validation of Casimir Effect [22] does indicate that the space, in the nanometer domain, is not "empty". However, since the Casimir Effects have been measured only in the nanometer domains, these experiments cannot assure us of the existence of a stationary ether-like energetic tension field as the very foundation of our emergent universe. Therefore, Michelson's brilliant idea, of using the physics of light propagation over a macro distance, has to be properly re-formulated. In this section, we take lessons from the limitations of the MMX experiments and propose a simpler new experiment to determine the existence of ether. Our design should be able to compare and differentiate the measured outcomes of light propagation through some material medium and "completely" material-free ether space.
As mentioned earlier, the generic tendency of light is to choose to travel through the relatively lower tension (higher index and lower velocity) media. Further, the Poynting vector, orthogonal to the collimated optical beam, preserves its spatial direction, while obeying the basic laws of reflection and refraction. This has been pictorially shown in Figure 2 would not experience a reduction in the effective tension value of that space.
Light will now be guided as an undulation of the pure ether only, with minor amount of scattering of light from encounter with individual molecules.
We can now construct a very simple ether-sensor consisting of a rigid box (see  uable parameter in studying the fundamental physics behind the emergence of refractive index and the need for a certain number of air molecules per λ 3 to generate an "effective continuous medium" for EM waves. It will also validate that the EM interaction cross section of Angstrom size atoms could be one or two orders of magnate larger than the λ 2 , especially when the optical frequency is in resonance with quantum level transition of the chosen gas [23] [24].

Ether Sensor inside a Super-Vacuum Chamber
If the experiment, when carried out very carefully with the desired free-space equivalent vacuum condition, shows no lateral shift of the light spot, one possible conclusion would be that the ether is being fully dragged around its surface by the massive earth. We doubt this outcome because in our model, ether is universally stationary. EM waves and particles are the excited states of its various emergent potential gradients, not the physical field itself. EM wave propagation does not make the ether move. Further, the movements of material particles (or bodies) should create only changes in appropriate potential gradients around them.

Ether Sensor on a Deep Space Satellite
Let us assume that the orthogonal velocity of a possible deep space satellite is Then the lateral displacement of the light spot would be: This is also accurately measurable using an off-the-shelf position sensing quadrant detector. Here also we are assuming that a satellite cannot drag stationary ether.
In both the above experimental environment, one could employ a second identical ether sensor with the light vector path always aligned parallel to the box-velocity vector. Then, this second sensor should always show zero lateral shift in the arrival of the light spot. This will provide us with the extra confidence on the results of the experiments.

Major Physics Theories
In the introduction, we have presented the argument that ( ) ( ) is a secondary derived parameter. In section 2, we have re-derived Maxwell's wave equation while re-defining the primary actionable parameters of the cosmic ether as µ , electric tension and magnetic resistance, respectively. In this section, we show that these two actionable primary parameters are involved in all major theories of physics to validate our key assertion that the cosmic ether has already been functioning as the unifying field of physics.

Material Media Are Also Energetic Tension Fields, a Modified
Versions of the Ether, In section 2, after the derivation of Maxwell's wave equation, emulating the energetic mechanical tension field of a stretched string, we have explained how a tension field tries to consistently push away the external perturbation and ends up generating a perpetually moving wave. Material media also perpetually push away EM waves when they are generated inside the media, or wave pulses are sent inside them. In fact, the core properties of the EM wave propagation, including diffraction, are mathematically very similar in structure to those for the free space, except the values of the core parameters are modified by the aggregate properties of the material dipoles. The structure of the Poynting vector remains same. The velocity of EM waves becomes: For most material media, usually, properties of the atoms and molecules within the media. One can then surmise that, functionally, the material media also behave as modified electromagnetic tension fields. We are then guided to postulate that the electrons, protons and neutrons, which build the atoms, and then the material media, should also represent some forms of emergent properties of the same cosmic ether.
Let us note from Equation (6) that the velocity of light waves are slower inside the material tension fields. Hence the material tension fields are weaker than the material-free Cosmic Ether. This is why material media offer an alternate wave energy sink for the ether. This is why, given the physical proximity, EM waves will always be pushed inside the lower tension (higher index) material media. In fact, the atoms and molecules, having quantum mechanical frequency-resonant energy levels, will always "pull" in the wave energy, while the EM tension fields will always tend to "push" in the wave energy, which is a perturbation to its quiescent state. This is a key point that we have utilized to explain as to why, in Michelson's ether-drag cartoon, Figure 2(a), the vertical light rays could not have been "dragged" by the ether! Light is always entrained by a lower tension air, even though the air molecules are emergent entities of the ether.

Particles Are Localized in-Phase Close-Looped (IP-CL) EM Oscillators
Quantum theories are functional field theories [17] [25]. Ether is an energetic tension field. It also accommodates perpetually moving EM waves. We just need the right set of postulates to model the emergence of localized EM oscillators out of the same ether, which will follow Schrodinger's "wave" equation and other quantum field theories.
It is important to appreciate again the emergence of perpetual velocity of EM wave (or any wave) once it has been triggered on its supportive energetic tension field, which is ether for us. This will help us integrate classical mechanics with the quantum mechanics at the very foundation of the emergence of waves and material particles.
The concept is already built into the physical-process driven derivation of the EM wave equation, Equation (3). It models the real physical processes in nature, which engenders the perpetual motion (propagation) of a wave once triggered due to some energetic perturbation on the vast electromagnetic complex tension field, ether. Equation (3) is a linear first order differential equation allowing for the Superposition Principle (SP). Second, it equates a temporal second derivative ("temporal acceleration") with a spatial second derivative ("spatial acceleration").
This equality, or the built-in balancing condition set by our math implies that we have correctly modeled nature-one of the fundamental tendency of an energetic tension field is to restore its original quiescent energetic state by getting rid of the perturbation energy. If it does not have built-in energy dissipation mechanism, then it will keep pushing away the perturbation perpetually because every pint of a tension field wants to stay in its energetic quiescent state (recall Huygens postulate [10]). This is the cause behind our observations that waves have tendency to move away perpetually. Now, let us look at the Schrodinger's equation, Equation (7) and compare with Equation (3). Unlike EM waves, without the presence of a separate physical potential gradient ( ) , V x t , Schrodinger's particle does not move spatially. However, like the EM wave equation, it is also a second order linear differential equation and hence accommodates complex amplitude-driven Superposition Principle (SP). Equation (7) does have a "spatial acceleration" term, inertia of motion, until it is subjected to some physical potential slope (gradient) in its vicinity; even stopping it would require a separate opposing potential gradient. We thus see the natural propensity of particles to obey Newton's two laws of motion. "Locality" of spatially localized particles is inherently undeniable.
Further, Newton's third law of real physical action-interaction through energy exchange, guided by some compatible force between the particles, must also be accepted as physical reality, that strengthens the locality defined by the physical range of the force. There is really no wave-particle duality, even though the particles are structurally localized IP-CL wave loops. However, particles do have oscillatory complex amplitudes which guide the energy exchange process through the QM superposition principle. Interactions are guided by forces, which we consider as various types of physical potential gradients around them, generated due to the internal complex EM wave motions. Newton's action-reaction is built into these mutually influencing "potential gradients", as they equally try to influence each other.
The quantization of particle energies also emerges naturally from the famous relation, icl E hf = , the subscript "icl" is added to underscore the "internal , for a free particle should have never been interpreted as a "plane wave". The conservation law tells us that a "plane wave", existing for  (9)), since the postulated wavelength of the Pilot Wave diverges to infinity as the particle velocity tends to zero: We have mentioned Planck's advice in the introduction that it is important to identify the primary action parameter of natural entities to model their interaction processes. To model particle-particle superposition effects on "external" ("third party") detecting molecules through Superposition Principle, we need to postulate that the particles acquire a different kinetic frequency k f (different from internal IP-CL frequency icl f ). , to model particle superposition phenomenon. The causality for the de Broglie frequency is preserved (Equation (10)): Recall that frequencies of oscillators are the primary characteristic parameters and are determined by the intrinsic tension property that promotes the physical oscillation.

Role
In the first part of the above Equation (11), we have re-expressed α in terms of the primary parameters The "spin" would be a natural consequence of the self-looped waves inside the IP-CL oscillation with its own Poynting vector. It is now conceptually clear to appreciate the emergence of quantumness in the particle world out of the 3D classical ether. The wave particle-duality is real and it is built-in structurally and permanently, not due to some dependence on the type of experimental set up.
We do not need the large number of strange, and non-causal, quantum philosophical interpretations to "understand" quantum mechanics.

Frequencies of IP-CL Particle
The rest energies of the electron and the proton are 0.510 MeV, and 938.272 MeV, respectively. Then, using icl E hf = , and We should also underscore that the dependence of discrete energy levels on inverse n 2 implies phase dependent propagation behavior of electrons in the atomic orbits, which is mathematically well captured by Schrodinger's wave equation.

Locality of Superposition Effects
We have underscored in section 4.2.1 is that wave-particle duality is a reality of nature because particles are localized IP-CL EM waves. Schrodinger's QM equation represents a logically self-consistent causal relation. There cannot be sudden emergence of non-causal and non-local phenomena only when we carefully set up experiments to measure Superposition Effects (SE). Let us first underscore that the linear Superposition Principle (SP), 1 2 ψ ψ Ψ = + , is not an observable phenomenon; Here the operator "+" implies only coexistence, not any interaction. In contrast, SE is an observable phenomenon. We need an appropriate quantum detector that can execute the quantum mechanical square modulus operation on both the superposed signals, , where χ is the linear dipolar polarizability of the detecting molecules that guides the interaction process between the detector and the stimulating signal. SE can becomes observable only after non-linear quadratic operation process has been executed by a detector through absorption of energy from all the stimulating fields, 1 ψ and 2 ψ , present simultaneously. We must not defy these mathematical logics that have been working just by repeating the culturally accepted belief that "indivisible single photon interfere". Further, the detecting molecules must be resonant to the incident signal frequency. Just by sending any signals ("photons") do not automatically create observable distribution of the sent signals. Further, the signals sent out, follow their own laws of propagation. EM waves diffractively spread out and particles follow linear trajectory in force-free region. IP-CL particles do not diffract like the Maxwellian waves do. Therefore, the expression for SP below (Equation (13)) is just a causal mathematical expression that we are Journal of Modern Physics sending two streams of signal through two slits on to a distant detector array that can interact with the particles on arrival. The "+" operator in the equation does not represent any particle-particle interaction.
Now the operation "+" within the square modulus sign is executed by the detecting elements via the interaction parameter χ . It is almost impossible for us to send exactly identical number of particles through both the slits with identical release times to make 2 and generate pure cosine fringes with unit visibility, which is routinely assumed in making arguments in support of the magical "single particle" SE. The causally correct mathematical logics embedded in Equation (13) representing the detected "fringe intensity" (or particles number) variations defies the interpretation that a single particle can generate SE. The mathematical logic behind the presence of the product 1 2 a a in the interference cross-term implies that the detector accepts energy from both the particle beams (the literal meaning of "superposition"). We rely on the hard causality, built into our mathematics, to advance exploration of physics. Locality of superposition effect is dictated by the interaction process executed by the detectors [30] [31] [32]. Dark fringe locations are due to the resultant null stimulations induced on those detecting elements generated by multiple particles due to their mutual phase dependent stimulations. Dark fringes are not due to non-arrival of particles in those locations. That is what the literal meaning of the two terms within the sign of square modulus. We should not randomly defy the mathematical logic whenever we are at a loss to explain the invisible intention processes that generate the registered data though interactions with detectors. Wave-particle duality (WPD) is real because particles are truly IP-CL wavelets carrying different phases. However, WPD should not be used to justify the non-causal belief that single particle interfere. Stable elementary particles cannot make themselves appear or disappear based simply upon human constructed passive double-slit structure.

Gravity and Electromagnetism Are Emergent Properties out of
We know that all "material" particles and their assembly display gravitational and by Einsteinian through more complex formalism as "curvature of space" (General Relativity). We also know that inertial property of a particle with Newtonian inertia (mass) can be expressed in terms of the particle's IP-CL energy and ether properties (Equation (15)): By definition, Newtonian mass display "gravitational curvature" around it as in Equation (16). Below, we have presented the macro mass as a summation of innumerable IP-CL oscillators of quantum frequencies ( ) . The issue to notice is that the mutual gravitational force between two massive bodies is inversely proportional to both the square of the distance and the square of the electric tension of the ether (Equation (16)).
If the IP-CL wavelet concept for particles is correct, then the correct mathematical closed-looped light propagation model should be able to generate the gravitational force, or create the "curvature of space" (potential gradient) on the ether field. The strength of the "Curvatures of space" increases with the "closedlooped" frequencies (energies) of the particles and is directly sum-able to generate larger and larger gravitational attraction without the need for any phase terms, unlike for interactions between quantum particles or EM waves and particles. We do not need a separate theory of Quantum Gravity that can generate graviton for interaction through "exchange process".
Here, we would like to introduce, without further discussions in the current paper, the postulate that all forces in nature are due to diverse kinds of curvatures in ether generated by the IP-CL EM wavelets, without requiring the concept of exchange particles. We should note that interactions between diverse IP-CL wavelets will naturally go through transient intermediate "photon-like" states as they transition from one stable IP-CL wavelet to assume another stable IP-CL structure, like for example, e e γ γ − + + +  . Thus, Feynman's integral technique that utilizes intermediate photons or Bosons, represent more than just a mathematical trick that just works! The method closely represents actual interaction processes going on in nature. That is why Feynman-diagrams are so successful [33].
There are many publications where the authors have claimed that gravity has electromagnetic origin [34] [35]. We will briefly mention the work of Mallett [36] who has shown that Einstein's formalism does allow for the emergence of "weak gravitational field" due to a linear circular laser beam. Mallet has shown that a stationary neutral massive spinning particle at the center of the ring laser will pick up a precession given by Equation (17)  Current cosmological theories imply that of the total energy density of the universe, Baryonic matter represent only ~5% , dark matter and dark energy supposed to consist of ~25% and ~70 %, respectively [37]. The energy density of propagating EM wave (photons) energy is negligible, only about ~0.005%. In our model, all the Baryonic (5%) matter consists of IP-CL inertial wavelets. Then Let us re-write Equation (18)  , to underscore that the origin of gravitational "curvatures of space" emerges out of electromagnetic ether. The solid computer plotted curve fits very well through the experimental data points with their error bars. This is a 3D model of gravity and it does away with the need for Dark Matter [40]. It is better than the 4D model of Einstein's gravity. (The dashed and dotted curves correspond to using different terms, or combination of terms, from the Equation

SR Postulate-2: Laws of Physics Are Same Everywhere in the Universe
We have already underscored that our universe, emergent in the stationary ether, is the only inertial reference frame. The only observables are propagating EM waves and localized IP-CL EM waves. They all are different kinds of excited states of the same cosmic ether. They naturally must follow the same rules on planets in any star, in any galaxy, in the entire observable universe. Therefore, the 2nd postulate is also naturally built into our model for the cosmic ether. We do not need to postulate it separately.
Further, the atoms and the molecules, being assemblies of resonant oscillations of the same cosmic ether (IP-CL modes), they naturally would obey and display the same quantum mechanical behavior in all the stars, in all the galaxies.
This is also the obvious reason why the theories, well-validated by experiments on earth, also corroborate the properties of atoms and molecules in distant stars and their planets. We should further note that the empty space between the atoms, and also within the atoms, is the same stationary Cosmic Ether, whether they are in the corona of a star, or in a discharge tube on earth. Clearly, a separate SR theory in Physics is not of critical importance just to appreciate the universality of the laws of physics, as originally articulated by SR, which did not explicitly recognize ether as the stationary energetic tension field.

SR: The Running Time "t" Is Not an Operational, or a Primary
Parameter of Any Natural System or Object Recall that we have underscored in the introduction the importance of "interaction process" and "primary actionable parameter" in modeling natural phenomena, because nature is persistently evolving through diverse interaction processes where the interaction parameters usually define the strength of interactions. The running time, "t" does not fit into either of this characteristic. So, it does not make operational sense to assign running time "t" as the fourth dimension of nature (the universe), having equal footing with the 3D space. The running time "t" is an ingenious invention of human culture. We cannot lead our lives without it.
Let us examine how we measure the running time. We use a standard physical oscillator that has a characteristic natural (resonant) frequency, f. Then we invert this frequency into a "period", "dt" = "1/f". Then we keep counting larger and larger number of periods to get a semblance of running time "t". It is not an action guiding parameter of nature. Life times of radio-active elements and unstable particles do represent various physical time intervals as time periods. So, the running time can be expressed as different multiples of their respective "life-times". So, the running time "t" should be kept as a mathematically convenient parame-ter to keep track of evolution of natural phenomenon, however, without assigning it the status of a primary action parameter of nature. We should note that, frequency being a primary physical parameter of a physical oscillator, it can be "dilated" and "contracted" by applying appropriate changes in its immediate vicinity that can alter the physical parameter that influences the resonance frequency of an oscillator. Therefore, the universe should not be arbitrarily defined as physically four or multidimensional.

Summary
Galileo and Newton ushered in the golden days of physics-thinking by elevating the need to validate the reproducible experimental data after constructing mathematical theories that can explain the operational functions behind the emergence of natural phenomena. After several centuries of outstanding and rapid progress, physics has now become a bit moribund [4] [5] [6] [7], except our steadily accelerating engineering capabilities. This has encouraged us to imagine nature as a profoundly creative system engineer. Accordingly, we have approached to dissect the working theories while searching for the primary operational parameters in them. This approach has also been strongly espoused by Plank [12], as has been mentioned in the introduction. While searching for the appropriate action parameters behind the perpetual velocity of light in the cosmic "vacuum", which is built into Maxwell's wave equation, we are able to identify them as with complete inertia to motion in the absence of any spatially influencing potential gradients (forces) in its vicinity.

Strengthening Further Our Physics-Thinking
We have already underscored in the introduction that we consider nature as a creative, but logical and causality-driven system engineer. Hence, we need to focus our attention to visualize the invisible interaction processes in nature to understand the realities of nature. This is akin to evolution process congruent Quantum Mechanics since the beginning of the last century. We believe this is because we have started to neglect that nature is constantly executing real physical interaction processes to nurture its perpetual evolution, very much like the perpetual velocity, c 0 , in its fundamental constituent oscillators. Observable nature is physically real in the sense that the orderly universe has been existing for over a very long period of time, still undetermined; whereas humans have started modeling nature using modern mathematics starting barely some 600 years back. It was Galileo and Newton who successfully demonstrated that mathematics contain deeply logical properties and since then it has turned out to be an invaluable tool to explore nature. However, logics built into mathematics, irrespective of their beauty and harmony, cannot directly define and/or articulate the physical interaction processes hidden behind the causal interaction processes, which nature is executing. That has to be interpreted and articulated by the variable and the subjective, albeit "logical", human minds, and constrained by the mathematical logics and the experimental data. Therefore, the prevailing evidence based science, led by mathematics and validated by experiments, is in-sufficient for our continual progress to keep exploring nature's reality.
Our universe is a constantly recycling system. This is evident from the system engineering marvels of creation and destruction of macro galaxies made out of stars and planets, while recycling the same atoms, built out of the elementary particles. And all of which are continuously recycling as "excited states" of the common unchanging platform of the energetic tension field, the ether. Nature is not a speculative philosopher, even though to step out of our beginning ignorance about the laws of nature, we must start by being philosophic. Nature is not driven by pure mathematics-type of logics either; even though human invented mathematical logics have been one of the major success tools to help us explore and advance our understandings of nature.
Consider the case of laser modes. Stable fundamental laser modes are mathematically expressed as spatially Gaussian with tails extending to infinity. How can an infinite-tailed laser mode be generated out of spatially-finite laser cavities (gain media)? "Successful" mathematical logics could even lead us to draw wrong conclusions regarding the cause behind an emergent phenomenon while generating correct prediction. Clearly human invented mathematical logics and cosmic logics are not identical. The "evidence based science", a combination of our mathematical theories and experimental validations, have been, so far, our major guiding tools towards our advancements. However, the evidence based science is not enough. We should also note that our scientific exploration of the laws of nature has started with essentially complete ignorance. Our conclusion about the experimental data, generated through interaction between different chosen entities, can never be completely conclusive simply because we do not know completely any of the interacting entities within our experimental apparatus. We still do not completely understand what electrons and photons are made of. Therefore, no finite set of experiments can succeeded in finding the complete set of properties of any natural entity as yet. This has been mathematically arti-Journal of Modern Physics culated by Gödel's in his Incompleteness Theorem [50]. We have to continuously keep challenging our best working theories and iteratively re-organize and/or re-structure them as our knowledge keeps advancing incrementally. Our recent progress has been slowed down as our speculative mathematics and philosophically flexible interpretations of the experimental data have started overtaking our excitements without keeping ourselves anchored to visualizing the real engineering processes nature has been utilizing.
Human biological evolution started acceleration with the invention of creating controlled fire on-demand by quick rubbing of dried wood pieces, or by striking a pair of stones. Anthropologists believe that this had happened several hundred thousand years ago, if not even much earlier. The multi-step physical processes behind these innovations involve, first, transferring the biological muscular energy of hands as the kinetic (or thermal) energies on to the molecules and atoms of the wood or the stone pieces. Then this classical kinetic energy triggers the quantum mechanical processes of ionizing a large number of atoms and molecules. After that, the second set of quantum processes kicks in. The free electrons from the surrounding air start neutralizing the ionized atoms and molecules, while releasing a wide range of EM radiations -heat, visible and UV. This momentous innovation was achieved by multiple human tribes in different geographic locations through their trial-and-error approach. The pressure for this innovation was triggered by the evolutionary desire to live better compared to the then existing best conditions they had. They did not have any clue about physics or chemistry; they did not have any mathematics, and not even advanced languages. However, the human thinking, driven by the wisdom of trying to emulate the physical processes taking place in nature through trial and error, has set the humans in the right direction to unravel the mysteries of the universe, while enjoying the biological lives and the beauty as a byproduct of nature. We are here today because of our very ancient forefathers were wise engineers with very innovative minds.
The field of modern physics has demonstrated a rather remarkable set of advancements, especially, over the last six hundred years. We have now ushered in the Knowledge Age by installing the global Internet System, while mastering the technologies behind light management. However, our dominant thinking has remained frozen to the foundational postulates behind the four distinctly different physics-thinking (epistemologies)-Classical Physics, Relativity Physics, Quantum Physics and Cosmological Physics. But, we know that the universe is one continuum. Therefore, we need to add the Interaction Process Mapping Epistemology (IPM-E), over and above our currently successful approach of using Measurable Data Modeling Epistemology (MDM-E) [39] [40] to thoroughly understand and visualize the engineering processes nature employs on her energetic tension field, the ether. Our predominant culture has now guiding us to become the consumers of the biosphere, rather than its nurturer, as our ancient forefathers were.
We have to keep on iteratively re-structuring the basic set of postulates behind This paper is an attempt in this direction. It has logically demonstrated that the old ether is, most likely, the best unifying field for us. We ourselves are just bundles of oscillating, or dancing, excited states of ether!

Conflicts of Interest
The author declares no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.