Ricardian Theorem Reality; Assessment of Sino-Tanzania Trade 2015-2019

China has suited a noteworthy economic partner position in African countries, specifically Tanzania. Consequently, this research is aiming at deter-mining the reality of the Ricardian theorem of comparative advantage by as-sessing its applicability to 21 st Century International trade practice particularly the Sino-Tanzania bilateral trade from 2015 to 2019. To find out if Sino-Tan-zania bilateral trade resembles the Ricardian theorem, the classical Balassa index (RCA), import and export intensity indexes were used to establish the revealed comparative advantage by-products between Tanzania and China in their bilateral trade. With the aid of International trade data obtained by the United National conference of Trade and Development (UNCTAD), (World Trade Organization) WTO and the Observatory of Economic Complexity (O.E.C.). The Balassa index, as well as import and export indexes, carried out some statistical tests grounding on both export and import merchandise trade (Standard International Trade Classification (SITC), Revision 3) related products; the study results established confirm the comparative advantage theory application in 21 st Century reality particularly in Sino-Tanzania bilateral trade in the timeline of 2015-2019 import-export trade.


Introduction
From the time when China struggled until she decided to abandon closed economy and alternativity pursued economic reforms in the 1970s with strategies such as fostering export as well as substitute imports, G.D.P. also grew in favor of the reforms to about 10 per cent annually, alongside, more than a quarter of the total population was saved from massive poverty (Moshi & Mtui, 1970). Currently, China is growing superficially than anyone could imagine, due to that, she is an upper-middle-income earner level making away up to the world first economy as she is the second leading economy in recent years (World Bank, 2020a).
Moreover, when China is in a higher rank, other countries are uplifted as well due to the trade and Investment generated out of China prosperity to developing countries like Tanzania (T.I.C, 2019). Sino-Tanzania bilateral relations can be traced back early to the era that Tanzania got independence and operated as a communist country in the 1960s to a mixed economy in later years from the 1980s (Moshi & Mtui, 1970). For the most part, Sino-Tanzania bilateral relationship is somehow viewed as historical and uniquely political more than economical given the friendship ties between Tanzania and China is dated back from political ties involved (Pearson & Meyer, 1974). Currently, the relationship is far advanced and economic oriented than prior decades, from the first President (Julius Kambarage Nyerere) to the late former President (John Magufuli) over thousands of treaties and business deals are made either Government oriented or individual based (Krugman & Obstfeld, 2006). It is quite a sadness that with the rich resources that Tanzania has, she is experiencing a trade deficit with China over the years, as the trade volume between these two countries increases (Reuters, 2012), a trade deficit is getting worse because of the distinctive difference between trade volume and value (Pugel, 2005;Helpman, 2011). To demonstrate it, China's exports to Tanzania generate about $1.8 Billion, the latter's exports earn $150 million in 2018 alone (UNCTAD, 2021).
Furthermore, O.E.C report tells a different story on its 2018 annual report, according to the Observatory of Economic Complexity 2019 Data shows that in the year 2018 alone, China was the 3 rd export partner of Tanzania and the first import partner of about 299 Million $ and 2.92 Billion $ respectively (O.E.C, 2019). On the other hand, in 2016 alone, Tanzania's export to the Peoples Republic of China amounted to USD 144.59 million. China is Tanzania's prime import partner by volume of import while at the same time, Tanzania's import from the Peoples Republic of China amounted to USD 1.77 billion. For almost two years alone, Sino-Tanzania bilateral export-import trade has doubled, which shows that Sino-Tanzania bilateral trade is progressing at a reasonable figure as shown in figure (Figure 1 & Figure 2) (T.I.C, 2019; O.E.C, 2019). Additionally, Despite the advantageous data indicating that Sino-Tanzania bilateral trade is progressing over the years, the question remains on the Balance of trade in Sino-Tanzania bilateral trade, asking if Sino-Tanzania bilateral trade is beneficial to both countries as it was stated in papers. David Ricardo's law of Comparative Advantage echoing that there is still room for two countries to have mutual benefit and gain from trade regardless of their efficiency and level of development if the country specifies production-based in the product that she has comparative advantage and exchange to get the products that they have a comparative disadvantage from other countries (Ricardo, 1817;Salvatore, 2016). This research is comprised of five main parts namely Introduction, literature review, methodol Open Journal of Social Sciences  ogy, results, and conclusion. The introduction part covers the background of Sino-Tanzania bilateral trade whereby it broadly explains Sino-Tanzania bilateral trade status from independence to currently, thereafter, the literature review provides a thorough review from previous related studies. Moreover, the methodology is the integral part showing ways through which the findings of the study were obtained while the result part describes the results obtained, conclusion part sums up the research and provide the possible solution towards Ricardian theorem Reality on Sino-Tanzania bilateral trade.

Literature Review
The Ricardian Theorem by David Ricardo (1817) states that the nation should produce goods that are more proficient and sell to other nations while buy goods from others that are less effective to likely being produced due to different factors related to production (Ricardo, 1817;Salvatore, 2016). The two nations will expand their production by broadening income and making their customers save money and use more for the two products by paying less (Hill, 2008;Chingarande et al., 2013). The Ricardian law has been endorsed significantly by Heckscher-Ohlin (Krugman & Obstfeld, 2006), who offers a lot of proof, given the factor endowment idea (Hill, 2008;Salvatore, 2016). A nation is of Comparative Advantage on the off chance that it abuses the resources by utilizing them well as well as create a favorable environment for trade with other countries (Eifert et al., 2005). A similar view of a country as free trade exposes more influence worldwide by establishing international trade strategies which can support imports openness from others hence increase trade volume (Lancaster. 1994).
Developing countries are suffering from the debts and trade deficits that comes in the name of trade because they cannot be competitive enough with their Agricultural and raw materials products with the giant machines that are im-  (Hill. 2008), the Tourism, and mining industry has proven to grow rapidly in Tanzania but what they can bring is hardly enough to survive with for EAC countries . With the monetary escalation, poverty decrease, the foundation of common political qualities, and improving life standard but there are still areas of doubt as to whether International trade is a key factor for trade between EAC and the rest of the world . Reflecting on the potential twists in trade in general because of unfair trade boundaries, Mzumara in his studies mentioned that the burden lines on the regular for the R.T.A.s, which makes utilizing the R.C.A. relevant to measure International trade especially export-wise related to the adjustments in the local direction of trade to recognize any obvious failure in import exchange designs for the developing nations like Tanzania when engaging in trade with industrialized countries like China (Muchanyuri & Mzumara, 2013 (Batra & Khan, 2005), as it offers the areas or potentiality in each country, in addition to other things, there are likenesses in the result on their study (Batra & Khan, 2005) with the analysis of this study apart from 10 years gap between these two kinds of research. In any case, there was no connection between the assembling areas in the Peoples Republic of China and India on the global market. Moreover,

Methodology
This more to the rest of world hence identify country's competitiveness as well as efficiency in specified goods/services. Over the years, Balassa index has been a productive way to calculate country's comparative advantage in certain goods/services . While evaluating the import and export volume as well as the gain of trade in exchange for Sino-Tanzania bilateral trade as Ricardian theory suggested, the study employed importation and exportation tensity too.
The result establishes where the country has a comparative advantage or disadvantage in each product/good as well as reveals the import and export intensity, If the results are either = 1 or <1 country i is not enjoying an RCA in commodity k. while the index with a higher than 1 result implies that a country has an RCA in commodity k, the country i low import to export from or to the country j. when the result is greater than 1 country, i has higher RCA in commodity k, and country i has high import or export intensity from country j.  Mij = total imports of country i from country j, Mi = total imports of country i, Xi, Xj = total exports of i and j, Xw = total world trade, Xij = total exports of country i to country j, Xi = total exports of country i, Mi, Mj = total imports of i and j, Mw = total world trade.

Results
Revealed comparative Advantage depicted several crucial issues about both Tanzania and China exports by using data from UNCTAD (United Nations Conference of Trade and Development) and WTO International trade statistics, as well as import-export data combined to determine import and export intensity between these two trading countries. The analysis uncovered that Tanzania has a significant comparative advantage in agricultural and resources intensive related products such as cocoa, gold, hides and skin, fibres vegetables and textile materials, and food products like fish, spices as well as cereal meal and flour goods with average RCA from 10 to 202 in the length of 5 years (2015)(2016)(2017)(2018)(2019). Whereas China has a comparative disadvantage on those products (Agricultural and resources intensive), China has the comparative advantage in the manufactured and technology-intensive product instead, with high RCA from 2.8 to 5.1 in products like clothing accessories, telecommunication, pottery, lighting apparatus, baby sports, tulles, and fabrics from 2015-2019 as shown in Table 1 & Table 2.  According to this study, Tanzania exported about an average of $5.64 billion to the World annually from 2015-2019, meanwhile Tanzania export to China is only 6% which is equal to the average of $338.4 million years, while most of the exported products include, raw tobacco, precious metal, coffee, and many other raw materials. Alternatively, Tanzania imported about an average of $11.7 Billion from all over the world annually in 5 years, yet she imported about 34% from China which is equal to an average of $3.9 billion annually and the main products imported includes refined petroleum, cars, palm oil and wheat as well as medium machines like food and agricultural products processors. The result is not fitting for a country like Tanzania, which has trade deficits as it is supposed to increase and specialize more in export products while improving the internal market, however, imports doubled from export which is why the trade deficit is inevitable. Tanzania grasps the maximum opportunities in resources intensive related products as they have the highest R.C.A. than any other product or commodities due to her resource's endowment although she has more volume rather than value compared to what China exports to Tanzania as shown in Table 1 & Table 2. Nevertheless, Tanzania chooses to target the market such as resource-intensive which is less competitive at the global market as the analysis shows that it only accounts for 8.9% of the world total trade of all products. Hence, more opportunity for Tanzania to attain a much higher comparative advantage but does not necessarily indicate many benefits from Sino-Tanzania bilateral trade as shown in Table 3 & Table 4.
Ultimately, the quest to whether the law of comparative advantage is applicable in 21 st International trade reality using UNCTAD International trade statistics as well as RCA import and export intensity indexes basing on Sino-Tanzania bilateral Trade is answered. The answer corresponding to the analysis is Yes, the Ricardian theory applies to today's reality especially International trade wise. However, the essence of how the assumption of the theory is still relevant are

Conclusion
This paper calls into question the International trade reality convergence to the Classical trade theorem, particularly the Ricardian Theorem. Meanwhile, the findings indicate the applicability of the Law of Comparative Advantage in a case study of Sino-Tanzania bilateral Trade by looking at their respective revealed comparative advantage as well as export and import intensity between and among these two trading countries. Various commodities such as agricultural and manufactured were put into test by using SITC commodity level to determine specialization and gain from trade as an outcome of trade (import-export) exchange, using export data from UNCTAD, WTO and O.E.C Database to examine the comparative Advantage and trade intensity from the year 2015-2019. The find-ings confirm that the law of comparative advantage applies to the Sino-Tanzania trade because Tanzania has a comparative advantage in resources-intensive products and China in Technology-intensive products, therefore they can exchange. However, few assumptions do not fit in the 21st International trade world. Moreover, Sino-Tanzania bilateral trade demonstrated that China gains more than Tanzania due to the analysis that indicates the trade deficit for Tanzania but trade surplus for China in the cause of trade because China re-export most of the products back to Tanzania with value-addition. Therefore, there is a need for Tanzania to add value to their agricultural products before exporting them to China, the best way is to encourage the manufacturing and processing Industry more so that Tanzania can gain more from trade as suggested by the Ricardian Theorem.