Administrative Policies to Reduce the Negative Impact of Variation Orders on Jordanian Construction Projects

Variation orders have been identified globally as important reasons for the poor performance of construction projects in most countries, which has af-fected their national economic growth. Several variation orders have been identified in the Jordanian construction industry; however, there is a paucity of information on the approaches to minimize their occurrence. Therefore, administrative practices to reduce the negative impact of variation orders in the construction sector in Jordan are highly required. To achieve the objective of the current study, the researchers used the quantitative approach to a structured questionnaire consisting of 10 administrative policies to reduce the negative impact of variation orders. A total of 161 questionnaires were collected against 250 questionnaires distributed among engineers in construction projects. According to the findings of the study, the top five policies for minimizing variation orders include: all involved parties require audit planning before works start on site; ensure that the drawings conform to the required specifications; the owner must be informed of the designs before bidding; checking the specifications required in the contract; effective communication between all parties concerned during the entire stages of the project. Moreover, proper planning before starting the project greatly contributes to reducing potential variation orders. The findings of this research, therefore, contribute to a pool of knowledge that will enable practitioners and researchers in the construction industry to develop effective strategies for minimizing variation orders.


Introduction
Construction sector in Jordan is a vital base in improving the economic conditions of individuals and society. As reported by Oxford Business Group, the construction sector in Jordan witnessed improved growth in 2013 with expectations of continued growth in 2014. Loans granted in 2013 reached $5.76 billion, which represents 21.5% of the credit for all professions, building accounted for the biggest part. The construction sector is the backbone of the economy in developed and developing countries. Jordan is one of the developing countries that depend on the construction sector in its economy. Variation orders are among the most prominent obstacles that negatively affect the development and growth of this sector.
Variation orders are often issued to correct or amend the original scope of work because changes during project creation are inevitable. Identifying the critical causes of variation orders and their impact on construction projects helps in identifying appropriate administrative policies to address them. Variation orders are considered one of the most common problems in construction projects in developing and developed countries. Jordan, as a developing country, continues to face the challenge of variation orders despite the development of construction project management methods. This study aims to identify the administrative policies that can reduce the negative impact of variation orders on Jordanian construction projects. The study targeted construction projects of all kinds, whether they are buildings, roads, infrastructure, or others. Thus, this study focuses on identifying the essential administrative policies that enable reducing variation orders in Jordanian construction projects.

Construction Industry
Researchers reported on how construction industries around the world are motivating economic growth mainly because of the contribution the sector provides to these countries' economies by providing the necessary infrastructure that will encourage other industries to expand (Ofori, 2012). Furthermore, construction industry is one of the major sectors contributing to job creation in most economies and is, therefore, a key component of many countries (Chileshe & Yirenkyi-Fianko, 2012). Construction industry is one of the major sectors contributing to job creation in most economies. The construction industry also provides a source of development for other industries. In every country, the construction industry is needed to deliver physical consequences that help improve the country's social and economic needs. Additionally, it contributes to other sectors to provide economic growth in the country.
Sheer complexity of the construction projects and the diversity of the fields and activities involved have made them prone to many issues. Most of these issues arise during the construction process due to discrepancies in the drawings and contract documents. The construction industry, like other sectors, is faced

Variation Orders
Variation orders are popular in construction projects in many types (CII, 1994;Fisk, 1997;O'Brien, 1998;Ibbs et al., 2001). A variation involves not only the changes or conditions contributing to the work but also the changes to the working environment. It is one of the main problems facing the construction project during the implementation phase, which lead to project delays, cost overruns, and other adverse consequences (Memon, Rahman, & Hasan, 2014).
Variation order is a formal document specifying the improvements made between the owner and the contractor in the original agreement. The variation orders defined as the deviation encountered in any project from the basic contract or the mutually agreed scope of work at the time of contract (Keane, Sertyesilisik, & Ross, 2010), which are due to various causes, some of them are predictable and others are not (Memon et al., 2014). Oladapo (2007) reported that the key sources of variation orders are changes in specification and scope initiated mainly by project owners and their consultants. There are different reasons for variation orders that were identified in different studies, such as: Change in scope (Arain, Assaf, & Pheng, 2004), Owner financial problems (Clough, Sears, Sears, Segner, & Rounds, 2015;O'Brien, 1998), Obstructing the decision-making process (Sanvido, Grobler, Parfitt, Guvenis, & Coyle, 1992;Gray & Hughes, 2007), Lack of flexibility of the owner (Arain et al., 2004;Wang, 2000), The owner change the specifications (O'Brien, 1998), The consultant's change in design (Fisk & Reynolds, 1988), Complexity of the design (Arain et al., 2004), Inadequate details of working drawings (Arain et al., 2004), causing variations in the project, Insufficient design (Fisk & Reynolds, 1988;Force, 1990). Mohammad, Ani, and Rakmat (2017) investigated the main effects of variation orders on projects and suggested that the effects are: the increase of project time, the increase in the project cost, the delay of logistics, the impact on the quality of the project, and the destruction and reconstruction of certain components. Moreover, variation orders have a direct impact on labor productivity whether it is individual, or group works. Changes in construction often lead to disruption which leads to workers' productivity degradation (Thomas & Napolitan, 1995). Productivity is mostly influenced by variation orders because workforce should put more efforts, extra working hours and work overload and that is translated into extra costs (Hester, Kuprenas, & Chang, 1991).
Therefore, it is necessary to follow administrative policies to control this problem from the beginning of planning the project until its completion. As specified by Arain and Pheng (2005), differences during the design phases can be American Journal of Industrial and Business Management minimized with due diligence.
Proper and well-structured management on the part of the owner is crucial for managing the process of variation orders (Günhan, Arditi, & Doyle, 2007).
Therefore, the owner is considered primarily responsible for the variation orders, and hence the first step to reducing variation orders in construction projects starts with the owner. Several recommendations for minimizing variation orders in the construction industry are reported by various studies. For example, the provision of appropriate full design site requirements would help to minimize the order of variance in the construction industry (Jarkas & Haupt, 2015;Hayes, 2018), adequate preparation and interpretation of contract terms by the parties concerned prior to the start of the construction works (Nassar, 2017), employing highly experienced consultants and contractors (Le, 2019). In addition, the provision of appropriate funds, the correction of errors at the stage of project design and the removal of delay in tendering were identified as possible strategies for eliminating variation orders in the construction industry (Famiyeh, Amoatey, Adaku, & Agbenohevi, 2017).

Research Methodology
In this study, the methodology adopted was a combination of literature review and questionnaire survey to find out the most effective administrative policies to reduce the impact of variation orders on construction projects in Jordan (Albtoosh, 2020). The first step in the research methodology was to collect data related to the problem of variation orders, and that was through a comprehensive literature review. It has been observed that there is a lack of research in this area. Figure 1 illustrates the main steps of the current study's methodology.
The questionnaire was divided into four main parts. First part sought to obtain basic information about the respondents, while the second part focused on the causes of the variation orders. The third part focused on the effects of variation orders. Finally, the fourth part focused on exploring administrative policies to reduce the negative impact of variation orders in Jordanian construction projects.
This study was organized in a four-step process. In the first step, theoretical studies were conducted to achieve the background and literature of the research.
At this stage, the administrative policies to reduce the negative impact of variation orders were provided. In the second stage, based on a thorough review of the literature and five experts-judgments, 10 crucial administrative policies were placed in the questionnaire survey.
Experts tested the validity of the survey tool by giving some comments. It was taken to improve and ensure the validity of the questionnaire as a useful tool for collecting the data necessary for the study. Experts' comments include paraphrasing of some questions, suggesting addition of new questions to the study, deleting repetitive questions, and one expert suggested formulating some questions in the same meaning to examine reliability. The respondents were requested to rank these policies on a five-point Likert scale, i.e. 5 for "Strongly Agree", 4 for "Agree", 3 for "Neutral", 2 for "Disagree", and 1 for "Strongly Disagree". In addition, the tools were distributed among the research units and then the field information was gathered. In the third step, while collecting the completed tools, the content analysis was carried out to analyze the questionnaire. Then, analysis of the data was carried out in the fourth

Results, Analysis and Discussion
The data of the current study were collected through a structured questionnaire targeting engineers working in Jordanian construction projects. A total of 250 forms were distributed to Jordanian construction projects. The collected number

DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION
Extracting administrative policies to reduce the impact of variation orders Selecting suitable administrative policies in Jordanian construction industryvariation orders

Researcher observations from construction
Designing questionnaires and examining their validity and reliability Distributing the questionnaires to the target group Rank the administrative policies using RII Analyzing data to determine the most effective administrative policies on construction projects Prioritizing the important policies to reduce the negative impact of variation orders on Jordanian construction projects of questionnaires was 161 which is equivalent to a response rate of 64.4%.
The respondents in the questionnaire as shown in Figure 2 consisted of civil engineers of about 64.0%. Regarding their education level, most of them (about 74.5%) hold a bachelor's degree. To assess the work experience of the respondents, the results confirmed that (56.5%) of the participants have worked for at least ten years, which means that they have good experience to give confident answers to the research questions. In terms of respondent position, there are 19.90% project managers and 35.40% site engineers. In addition, the participants included contractors, consultants, and owners with 41.1%, 33.50% and 25.50% respectively.
The data collected from the questionnaire were analyzed using SPSS ® software version 26. First, before analyzing the data, one must verify the reliability of the data through the reliability test. The results of the reliability test as shown in Table 1 revealed that there is a strong reliability with a value of Cronbach's alpha equals 0.914. Data reliability is considered to be good when Cronbach alpha is more than 0.7, which indicates that the data is suitable for further analysis (Wanjari & Dobariya, 2016). In addition, construction reliability is acceptable, since the satisfied reliability value exceeds 0.7 as suggested by Yeung (2014). Table 1 presents a value of Cronbach's alpha equals 0.914 which is obtained from the analysis software.  Through the questionnaire, the respondents were to give their opinion to rank the effectiveness of each of ten potential administrative policies to reduce variation orders in construction projects in Jordan. To measure the data from the questionnaire survey, a Likert scale of five ranking scales from 1 to 5 according to the level of contribution was used, where: 1 totally disagrees, 2 disagree, 3 neutral, 4 agree, 5 totally agree. The adopted scale allowed individuals to express their opinion on how much they strongly agreed with a particular statement or strongly disagreed with it (Mashwama, Aigbavboa, & Thwala, 2016).
The relative significance index method was used to assess responses to the variables and items of the questionnaire. On the other hand, in construction research studies, the relative index method is used more frequently to quantify responses to questionnaire variables and items under study (Singh, & Singh, 2017 W-Weighting given to each factor (1 to 5); X-Frequency of response given for each item; A-Highest weight (5 in this case); N-Total number of respondents (161).
The results obtained, as presented in Table 2 summarized the values of mean, RII, and ranks for each of the policies.
The respondents in this study were divided into three main groups: owners, consultants, and contractors. Table 3 shows the results of the responses of each group which were analyzed separately and compared with each other.
The top five administrative policies to reduce variation orders in this study are; Audit planning required by all involved parties before works start on site (AVO1), Ensure that the drawings conform to the required specifications (AVO9), The owner must be informed of the designs before bidding (AVO10), Checking the specifications required in the contract (AVO5), and Effective communication between all parties concerned during the entire stages of the project (AVO6) as shown in Table 3.
The most effective policy for reducing variation orders according to the results of this study is AVO1, which ranked 1 st according to the overall ranking.
Only contractors agreed with this result, while the owners and consultants agreed with each other to place it in third place. Planning and reviewing documents for construction projects is one of the most important strategies that contribute to improving project performance as it reduces potential problems during the implementation period.
The second effective policy is (AVO9) was ranked as the first effective policy on the viewpoint of the consultant. On the other hand, it ranked by owners and contractors as 5 th and 3 rd , respectively. One of the most common problems in construction projects is that the drawings do not match the required specifications, so they must be checked before submitting the bid. The third policy (AVO10) was ranked by the owners, consultants, and contractors to be the 1 st , 2 nd , and 6 th , respectively. One of the main reasons that lead to change orders in construction projects is the additional work at the request of the owner, which is the result of the owner not being aware of the designs prior to the assignment. Owners being aware of the design alone do not stop them from requesting variation orders. In fact, owners must be made to understand details of the drawings and sign off before the project commences.
The owners and consultants in this study agreed to rank (AVO5) as the fourth policy in its effectiveness for reducing variation orders, while it ranked first in its effectiveness from the contractors' point of view. Changing specifications in construction projects during the implementation phase is a common occurrence in construction projects because of duplicating specifications from previous projects. Therefore, specifications must be determined based on the requirements of each project and verified before the project is referred.
For the fifth policy, only the consultants corresponded to the overall ranks.
Owners and contractors ranked it 2 nd and 4 th , respectively. The nature of work in construction projects requires teamwork, which effectively contributes to the project's success in achieving its goals. Therefore, effective communication between all stakeholders during the entire project phases reduces the potential causes for variation orders to occur.
The results demonstrate the awareness of all parties in construction projects to the importance of administrative policies and their effectiveness in reducing variation orders during the implementation stages.
The current study is considered one of the studies that search about the solutions of variation orders in Jordanian construction projects, as most of the studies search about the causes and effects of variation orders.
Most administrative policies for minimizing variation orders are in the early stages of the project life cycle, which are the responsibility of the owner. Therefore, it is necessary to focus on this stage and give it the time and cost to implement it with high efficiency. The construction projects in Jordan are clearly suffering from problems in preparation of the project in its early stages for various reasons. The most prominent reason is the inefficiency of the preparation team.
The other reason is the failure to give enough time for the preparation phase, and the last reason is the possible wrong choice of the design team.

Conclusion
A general conclusion of this study reveals a lack in research about administrative policies to reduce variation orders and their negative impacts in Jordanian construction projects. Therefore, it was difficult to find reported studies about administrative polices to compare with our findings (Albtoosh, 2020). However, our results reveal the following specific conclusions: 1) The study clearly shows that it is beneficial for the owner to be cognizant of the negative impacts of numerous change orders during construction and to be directly involved in the design stage.
2) The most three effective administrative policies to reduce the negative impact of variation orders are: All involved parties require audit planning before works start on site; Ensure that the drawings conform to the required specifications; and The owner must be informed of the designs before bidding.
3) Proper planning before starting the project greatly contributes to reducing potential variation orders. 4) Most of the respondents agreed in defining policies to reduce variation orders. 5) Constructability reviews help minimize the occurrence of design flaws that lead to variation orders, while value engineering ensures that the most economical solutions are used without sacrificing quality and function.

Recommendations
The following recommendations were derived from the results of this research that has been discussed in addition to the above key conclusions: 1) The owner must choose the designer with sufficient experience in the field of the project. Furthermore, the designer must be given enough time to prepare the designs with the required details.
2) Before starting the design, the project objectives must be clearly defined devoid of any ambiguities, which thus reduce additional work by the owner during implementation.
3) It is necessary to consult with the consulting office during the design phase to reduce design errors.
4) A comprehensive table should be prepared for detailed specifications of the project materials and their cost.
5) The owner must ensure that the materials are available with the required specifications in the local market to avoid changing the material specifications during the implementation phase. 6) Competencies and professional history should be the primary condition to choose the contractors and not the financial bidding offer. 7) After selecting the contractor, all parties (owner, designer, consultant, and contractor) must meet to review all documents and agree on every detail before signing the final agreement which will reduce the number of variation orders.
8) The choice of consultant must be based on his experience, competency, leadership, and knowledge of the regulations and the basic principles of the construction projects.