Pulmonary and Extra-Pulmonary Tuberculosis: Epidemiological and Diagnostic Aspects at Sominé DOLO Hospital in Mopti

Despite the efforts made to fight the tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis still remains a public health problem, particularly for low-income countries. According to the World Health Organization data, our country, Mali has detected only half of the 10,385 cases of tuberculosis expected for 2014 for a population of 17,309,000 inhabitants. The objective of this present work was to describe the different clinical aspects and the epidemiology of tuberculosis at Hospital Sominé Dolo in Mopti. We performed a retro-prospective and descriptive of tuberculosis cases diagnosed in our department of medicine between May 2016 and August 2018. A total of 96 tuberculosis cases were recorded, i.e. 4.6% and 1.0% for hospitalizations and consultations patterns, respectively. The median of age was 41 with extremes from 5 to 80 years. The age group [31 40 years] was the most affected with 20.8%. Men and women were affected in identical proportions, i.e. 50%. Pulmonary locations were the most frequent with 55.2%. Pleural tuberculosis was far the most frequent of the extra-pulmonary forms with 24.0% followed by the peritoneal and bone How to cite this paper: Samake, D., Coulibaly, M., Keita, M.S., Dembele, M., Traore, A.S., Coulibaly, D.S., Guindo, O., Traore, M., Keita, B.S. and Dao, S. (2021) Pulmonary and Extra-Pulmonary Tuberculosis: Epidemiological and Diagnostic Aspects at Sominé DOLO Hospital in Mopti. Journal of Tuberculosis Research, 9, 63-71. https://doi.org/10.4236/jtr.2021.91005 Received: January 19, 2021 Accepted: March 28, 2021 Published: March 31, 2021


Introduction
Tuberculosis is a highly contagious chronic bacterial infection caused by to a mycobacterium of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. It is a public health problem and more particularly in Africa. It is estimated that a third of the world's population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MT) and 10% of these people will develop active tuberculosis (TB) in their lifetime [1]. Every year, more than eight millions of people develop TB and almost 1.5 million die from it. More than 95% of deaths from TB occur in low-and middle-income countries, which pay a heavy price [2]. It has experienced an upsurge in the world since the advent of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pandemic and its acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Indeed, HIV infection alters cell-mediated immunity and increases the risk of progression from latent TB infection to active TB [3]. Extra-pulmonary tuberculosis is experiencing a resurgence of interest due to an unexplained increase in its relative frequency. Any organ can be affected, but it is the lymph nodes and pleura that are the most common extra-pulmonary sites [2]. In Africa, where it is endemic, its prevalence remains high and varies from one country to another country. In the Democratic Republic of Congo, the annual incidence is 323 cases per 100,000 inhabitants per year, while the number of undetected cases exceeds 50%. Over 125,000 new cases of TB in the country go undetected each year [4]. Mali reported in 2012 an estimated incidence of 60 new cases per 100,000 inhabitants. According to World Health Organization (WHO), the country has detected only half of the 10,385 cases of TB predicted for 2014 for a population of 17,309,000, or exactly 5976 cases compared to 6001 in 2013 [5]. According to this report, the proportion of new tuberculosis cases from smear-positive remained stable at 64% in 2013 and 2014; 332 cases of reprocessing (5%); 632 new smear-negative pulmonary TB cases (11% of the total); while extra-pulmonary TB cases reached 20% of all cases, or 1200 cases. In 2018, the incidence was estimated at 53 cases per 100,000 inhabitants according to WHO, while the notification rate was 35 per 100,000 with a gap of 3891 cases of TB to be investigated. In its various aspects, TB has not been studied at Sominé DOLO Hospital of Mopti, which explains our interest in conducting this present work. The objective of this work was to describe the different clinical, epidemiological and diagnostic aspects of TB.

Material and Methods
This is a retrospective descriptive study of TB cases diagnosed in the medical department at Sominé DOLO Hospital between May 2016 and August 2018 by successive recruitment. All patients seen in consultation, referred from another department or hospitalized in the medical department diagnosed with some form of tuberculosis were included. Were not included, patients already on anti-tuberculosis treatment, patients whose culture of the puncture fluid revealed

Results
We

Discussion
The diagnosis of pulmonary TB is relatively easy given the presence of AFB in sputum, suggestive radiographic images such as excavations and miliaries, positive culture or other molecular techniques. However, it is not the case for extra-pulmonary localizations such as in serious puncture or bone forms in which it turns out to be much more difficult. As the lesions are paucibacillary and samples difficult to obtain, it is therefore based on clinical studies, imaging, cytology, chemistry and pathology [2]. We found a hospital prevalence of 4.6% with a predominance of pulmonary forms, i.e. 55.2%. The age group [31 -40] was the most affected with an average age of 42.28 years. According to WHO estimates, the estimated incidence of all forms of tuberculosis was 8.8% in 2002 [5]. The low rate of hospital prevalence is explained by a TB detection rate which is just as low in a context of permanent unavailability of diagnostic activities and difficulties in detecting AFB in extra-pulmonary forms. In Mali, the detection rate increased from 56% in 2013 to 58% in 2014 [4]. In the DRC, the number of undetected cases exceeds 50% [6]. Tuberculosis is a pathology of both sexes. Our data achieved gender parity in term of being infected by MT. This is not a general rule. At Fann University Hospital in Senegal, a male predominance was recorded with 69% [4]. In Nigeria, Gambo Aliyu et al., [7] reported a predominance of the male sex with 56% while in the work of Lumbani Makwakwa et al., In Malawi, the female sex was the most affected with 66% [8]. All ages are affected by the disease. We report a predominance of cases in those 40 years and over with 73% and a median age of 41 years. In Malawi, Lumbani Makwakwa et al., [8] reported more cases in those under 40 years old while the mean age was 40.2 in Senegal [4]. The association of HIV infection and TB is a pejorative and growing association. We reported a co-infection rate of 5.21%, very low since we know that the Mopti region has an HIV seroprevalence of 0.7% according to the 5 th Demographic and Health Survey (EDSM-V) [9]. The low proportion of co-infection could be explained by the fact that HIV serology was not performed for all TB cases. In fact, all TB patients are immediately transferred to treatment centers in community health centers (CSCOM) and referral health centers (CSREF) in their originating health districts, the hospital being only a diagnostic center according to the guidelines of the national TB control program. In Ethiopia the TB/HIV co-infection rate reaches 5.9 per 100,000 inhabitants [10] and in Malawi 70% [8], Nigeria 26.7% [7]. A Senegalese study reports a co-infection rate with HIV at 57% [7]. The diagnosis of tuberculosis is evoked on the presence of general signs, respiratory and extra-respiratory clinical signs, additional examinations or due to a particular epidemiological context, particularly in the event of exposure in a family or professional environment [11]. General signs such as fever, anorexia, weight loss were found in considerable proportions with 33.33%, 77.78% and 27.78%, respectively. Chest pain and cough were 22.22 and 44.44%, respectively and were higher than those of B Koné et al., in Mali who reported 14.78%. For the pulmonary forms, the most performed examinations were the chest X-ray 82.29%, microscopic examination of the sputum (38.54%). GeneXpert ® was performed in the diagnosis of disease in 4 patients and found no resistance to rifampicin. Sputum microscopy was positive in 40.5% of cases. The detection of contagious TB cases is still insufficient in the world and in Africa. It is 44% of expected cases globally and 45% in sub-Saharan Africa, which is far from the target to be reached between 2005 and 2015, which is 70% [5]. In Mali, microscopically positive forms of TB are estimated at 64% in 2014 against 11% for TPM [4]. The sensitivity of the chest X-ray was 31.6% (25/79), having made it possible to find mainly cavitary images and miliaries. In the literature, approximately 36.7% of radiographic images in immunocompetent subjects are generally atypical [12]. This constitutes a limit in the diagnosis of pulmonary forms. Despite this insufficiency, it remains one of the main modalities of the diagnosis of TB infection [13]. Extra-pulmonary forms represented 44.8% of cases. Pleural TB was the most frequent of the extrapulmonary forms with 24%. In Mali, they are 20% of all cases [4]. With 6.25%, peritoneal TB is the 2 nd most frequent location of extra-pulmonary forms and the only abdominal location found in our series. The peritoneum is the most frequent location in abdominal TB [14]. It remains the first diagnosis to be made in the face of exudative ascites in endemic areas. The ascites, abdominal pain and fever triad is a classic presentation of peritoneal TB, present in 70% of cases [15]. IDR contributes only to half of peritoneal TB cases in Mali, while laparoscopy remains the examination of choice for diagnosis with a specificity of 93% and a sensitivity of 98% [16]. The progress of our patients was monitored through telephone contact on the one hand and above all with the TB officers in the districts on the other hand with whom the drug supply and biological monitoring are carried out. Mopti regional hospital is a second referral structure. Like other structures at the same level of the three-tier health pyramid in Mali, it has few diagnostic resources, including culture of effusion fluids on special media, examination by GeneXpert ® . All of which were limitations in the diagnosis of tuberculosis infection in its extra-pulmonary Journal of Tuberculosis Research locations. The exudative nature of effusion fluids has been the main diagnostic criterion for pleural, pericardial and peritoneal TB. A serious effusion of cancerous origin could have biological and chemical similarities.

Conclusion
TB remains a public health problem that is on the rise with the advent of HIV infection. Cases of extra-pulmonary TB are on the increase and confirmation of the diagnosis remains difficult in our context. This is why the integration of programs to fight tuberculosis and other communicable diseases (HIV and Viral Hepatitis) would strengthen the health system and the availability of efficient diagnostic tools through the pooling of available resources.