Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Characteristics of Acute Respiratory Infections in Children and New Developments in Laboratory Testing

Acute respiratory tract infection (ARTI) in children is the most common infectious disease in childhood, and its pathogens include viruses, bacteria and fungi, mycoplasma, chlamydia and rickettsia. In recent years, with the conti-nuous development of pathogen detection methods, the diagnosis and treatment of acute respiratory infections has received more and more clinical at-tention. The clinical diagnosis and treatment characteristics of acute respiratory infections in children and the research of clinical laboratory detection methods have also been continuously developed. The author collected references to review the clinical features and new developments in laboratory testing of acute respiratory tract infection in children.

population and economic losses are considerable, and can cause many complications [1] [2]. The complications of acute nasopharyngitis include purulent pharyngitis, sinusitis, otitis media, bronchitis, acute exacerbation of the original chronic respiratory diseases (chronic bronchitis, asthma), and worsening of obstructive sleep disordered breathing. Children occasionally have serious complications such as viral or bacterial pneumonia. Acute respiratory infections in children refer to acute infections above the throat, also known as upper respiratory tract infections, which are the most common infectious diseases in children. The disease mainly affects the nose, nasopharynx and pharynx. 90% of children's colds are caused by viruses, and can also be caused by bacteria or mycoplasma infections.
Children's colds can occur throughout the year, more often in winter and spring.
Infants and young children are prone to this disease due to the anatomy and immune characteristics of the upper respiratory tract. Therefore, there are more cases in early childhood, and gradually decrease in school-age children. Due to the difference of age, physical strength and lesion location, the priority and severity of the disease are also different [3] [4] [5]. In order to understand the clinical diagnosis and treatment characteristics of children with acute respiratory tract infections and the new progress of laboratory testing, the author collected references to review the clinical features and new developments in laboratory testing of acute respiratory tract infection in children.

Symptoms of Acute Respiratory Infections in Children
The incubation period of acute respiratory infections in children ranges from 1 to 3 days, and varies with the virus; enteroviruses are the shortest, and adenovirus and respiratory syncytial virus are longer; The incubation period of acute respiratory infections in children ranges from 1 to 3 days, and varies with the virus. Enteroviruses are the shortest, and adenovirus and respiratory syncytial virus are longer. The onset is sudden. Most people experience a burning sensation in the nose and throat, followed by nasal congestion, sneezing, runny nose, general malaise, and muscle aches. Symptoms reach a peak at 48 hours (virus uncoating). Acute nasopharyngitis usually has no fever or only low fever, espe-

Pathogenesis of Acute Respiratory Infections in Children
The rhinovirus, the pathogen of acute respiratory infections in children, is mainly caused by contact transmission (hand-eye, hand-nose) caused by the contamination of the nasopharyngeal secretions of cold patients, and there are also droplet transmission routes; the latter is far less important in acute nasopharyngitis than influenza [9] [10] [11] [12]. After rhinovirus infection, virus replication reaches a peak concentration at 48 hours, and the transmission period lasts for 3 weeks.

Pathological Etiology of Acute Respiratory Tract Infection in Children
The

Disease Diagnosis of Acute Respiratory Infection in Children
Acute respiratory infections in children need to be differentiated from other re-

Laboratory Examination of Acute Respiratory Infections in Children
The laboratory test for acute respiratory infections in children is firstly a peripheral blood test. The white blood cell count is normal or low during viral infec-

Treatment Plan for Acute Respiratory Infection in Children
The  has a preventive effect after exposure, but it caused adverse reactions such as nasal congestion, and the study was stopped.

Summary and Outlook
Acute respiratory infections in children are mainly caused by respiratory pathogens. Atypical respiratory pathogens refer to pathogens other than Streptococcus pneumoniae, including Legionella pneumophila (LP), Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP), Chlamydia pneumoniae (CP), Q fever rickettsiae (QFR), adenovirus (ADV), Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza virus (IFV) and parainfluenza virus (PIV), etc. These pathogens mutate quickly and spread widely, and it is difficult to form long-term immunity in the body, so it is difficult to prevent and control. Bacteriological examination can be carried out by sputum culture or six-unit inspection of respiratory pathogens. In the laboratory diagnosis method of viral respiratory diseases, the direct immunofluorescence method for antigen detection takes a short time, and the results can be obtained within 2 hours of the specimens sent to the laboratory. It can be carried out in ordinary laboratories. Compared with other methods, it has the characteristics of quickness, simplicity, specificity and high sensitivity, and it is suitable for the selection of primary medical institutions [39] [40] [41].
Acute respiratory infections in children have high morbidity and mortality. Viral infection is the main pathogen of ARI. The clinical manifestations of ARI such as fever, sore throat, cough, fatigue, etc. lack specificity. There are few vaccines currently available to prevent respiratory virus infections. Therefore, understanding the pathogenic epidemiological characteristics of acute respiratory infections is of great significance to the effective prevention and control of virus epidemics in the future; choosing rapid and sensitive laboratory testing methods and early identification of ARI pathogens is for clinicians to determine disease diagnosis and select reasonable diagnosis and treatment plans which has guiding significance.