Control of Postpartum Haemorrhage with Uterine Balloon Tamponade Using Foley Catheter in a Rural Mission Hospital in Ebonyi State, Southeast Nigeria

Background: Postpartum haemorrhage is the leading cause of maternal deaths worldwide, the majority of which occur in low resource settings. Uterine atony is the commonest cause of postpartum haemorrhage. Uterine balloon tamponade (UBT) is an effective method of treating refractory postpartum haemorrhage. Aim: Commercial UBT devices are often not affordable and not readily available in rural settings. The aim of this paper is to report on three cases of postpartum haemorrhage successfully managed with uterine balloon tamponade using Foley catheters. Case Reports: We report on three patients with major obstetric haemorrhage from uterine atony who were successfully managed with uterine balloon tamponade using Foley’s urethral catheter. The first two patients had primary postpartum haemorrhage while the third patient had significant bleeding during the surgical evacuation of the uterus for a molar pregnancy. In each case, uterine bleeding was refractory to pharmacologic uterotonics. They all had uterine tamponade with a Foley catheter with the dramatic resolution of their bleeding. Conclu-sion: In well-selected patients, uterine balloon tamponade with Foley catheter is cheap, arrests bleeding and prevents clinical deterioration among women with refractory postpartum haemorrhage, especially in low resource settings where commercial balloon tamponade may not be available or affordable.


Introduction
According to data released by the World Health Organisation (WHO), postpartum haemorrhage remains the leading cause of direct maternal deaths globally [1]. Fuelled by inequality and inequity in the distribution and access to quality healthcare, the majority of these deaths occurred in the rural communities of developing countries [1] [2]. It is estimated that there is a 1 in 45 chance of dying from pregnancy-related complications in developing countries compared to 1 in 5400 in high-income countries [1]. Widespread implementation of effective measures aimed at controlling postpartum haemorrhage using pharmacologic uterotonic agents, uterine tamponade, vascular ligation and hysterectomy will ultimately lead to an overall reduction of maternal mortality [3].
Uterine atony is the commonest cause of primary postpartum haemorrhage [3]. Predisposing factors to uterine atony include precipitate or prolonged labour, injudicious use of oxytocics, multiple pregnancies, fetal macrosomia, grand multiparity, chorioamnionitis, retained pregnancy tissue, among others [3] [4]. These factors are significantly prevalent among pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa where a substantial proportion of births are attended by unskilled birth attendants [5]. Appropriate management of uterine atony involves the use of effective uterotonic drugs, uterine massage, uterine balloon tamponade (UBT), uterine artery ligation and hysterectomy if all else fails [4] [6].
These potentially lifesaving interventions are often lacking in low-resource settings such as ours.
Uterine balloon tamponade has been reported as an effective and cheap intervention in the management of uncontrolled postpartum haemorrhage in cases where the use of uterotonics does not achieve the desired result [4] [7]. It works by exerting mechanical pressure on the bleeding venous sinuses in the placental bed and physically blocking their orifices. This will result in blood clot formation and cessation of bleeding [8]. Different commercial tamponade devices have been described, but they are often not available in rural communities, and where they exist, they are not affordable [9] [10]. We here report three cases of successful treatment of postpartum haemorrhage refractory to pharmacologic uterotonics using Foley's urethral catheter as a tamponade device in a rural mission hospital, Southeast Nigeria. She continued to bleed despite an empty uterine cavity. A size 22 FG Foley catheter was inserted into the uterine cavity, inflated with 100 ml of sterile water and the bleeding stopped. She received blood products and made an uneventful recovery. She was referred to a tertiary centre for surveillance but did not attend.
Histology report confirmed complete mole. She was lost to follow up.

Discussion
Globally, massive postpartum haemorrhage remains the most common cause of maternal mortality and significant morbidity [1] [2]. More than 90% of these deaths are estimated to occur in low and middle income countries [1]. Nigeria is Case Reports in Clinical Medicine one of the developing countries where maternal mortality remains a significant problem. A WHO study in 2015 estimated that Nigeria has a maternal mortality ratio of 800/100,000 live births with an estimated 58,000 maternal deaths in the same year [11]. The study added that women in remote areas were least likely to receive healthcare and had a 1 in 22 chance of dying from pregnancy or pregnancy-related complications [11]. Rampant poverty, illiteracy, ignorance and the patriarchal cultural society are responsible for the propagation of this scourge [12]. Even where facilities exist, pregnant women are not able to afford needed healthcare services because healthcare is financed out of pocket and patients would rather patronize cheap traditional birth attendants and quacks, without minding its attendant consequences as reported in this case series [12] [13].
Uterine atony is recognized as the commonest cause of postpartum haemorrhage but other possible causes need to be excluded [3] [4]. Interventions for the management of postpartum haemorrhage from uterine atony include the use of uterotonics and uterine tamponade devices. Effective commercial tamponade devices such as the Bakri balloon, Rusch balloon catheter, and Sengstaken-Blakemore tube have been reported in different studies for the management of intractable uncontrolled postpartum haemorrhage with good results [4] [10] [14] [15]. These facilities are expensive and not readily available in the rural communities of Nigeria with high burden of adverse maternal outcomes from postpartum haemorrhage. Innovative improvise such as the use of a condom balloon catheter and Foley's urethral catheter has been reported with successful outcomes [16] [17]. Yaqub et al reported a 72.5% efficacy of Foley catheter balloon tamponade in the management of postpartum haemorrhage among 50 patients at the Lady Willingdon Hospital Lahore [16]. This device was reported to be effective among 5 patients who had a vaginal delivery and 45 patients who were delivered by caesarean section [16]. In a similar study, Ali et all reported on the successful control of postpartum haemorrhage in 15 out of 17 patients who had elective caesarean sections for major placenta praevia [17]. Two patients had hysterectomy following persistent bleeding despite the insertion of the Foley catheter for uterine balloon tamponade [17].
We presented our experience with the use of two-way Foley's urethral catheters for uterine balloon tamponade (UBT) in the management of refractory postpartum haemorrhage with good results. Each of the patients presented with a major obstetric haemorrhage and was clinically unstable to allow for referral to the nearest tertiary centre given the bad terrain and poor availability of transport facilities. Moreover, our experience shows a strong aversion to attending "big hospitals" by patients due to economic reasons [13] [18].
We note that the Foley catheter is cheap, readily available and culturally acceptable to patients in rural communities. We found this device very effective in the management of primary and secondary postpartum haemorrhage where pharmacologic agents failed to control bleeding. Although not licensed for this indication, we report that the catheter balloon can take more than double the volume of fluid recommended for inflation and this is enough to exert adequate J. E. Mamah et al.
hydrostatic pressure needed to stop bleeding from the placental bed. This simple intervention does not require significant technical know-how and can make the difference between life and death for the patient. This can also obviate the need for laparotomy and possible hysterectomy in these patients which would be considered a reproductive failure given the cultural premium attached to possessing a uterus in our rural society [18].
In conclusion, we report that in resource constrained settings and in well-selected patients, uterine balloon tamponade with Foley catheter is a cheap, effective and safe tool in the management of refractory postpartum haemorrhage before resorting to invasive surgical interventions.