Current Knowledge of Mango and Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) Control in Myanmar: A Review

Mango is one of the largest commercial fruits in Myanmar and the fruit fly, B. dorsalis and B. correcta are the major pests. Mango is a kind of native fruit which can grow well as natural vegetation throughout the entire country under the various climatic conditions. We aimed to point out overuse of insecticide application in agricultural sector of Myanmar and further criteria of effective fruit fly control techniques were also proposed for worldwide ecosystem. Traditional fruit fly control is primarily focused on the uncoordinated use of insecticide applications which is orchard-by-orchard strategy. However, in view of flying distance, this localized strategy is not successful and harms the ecosystem. Occasionally, fruit bagging technique was applied by some farmers. In Myanmar’s agricultural sector, numerous varieties of cheap insecticides which mostly imported from China were plentiful. While conventional insecticide application controls were implemented annually, the population of fruit flies increased year after year, particularly in tropical region. The requirement of technical-scientific research reduced the worldwide fruit fly records. Furthermore, traditional insecticide application approach inhibits the yield and quality of mangoes that have adversely affected international trade. Importantly, in long term period of the entire previous decade, the conventional insecticide application controls make more fruit fly infestation.


Introduction
Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is originated in Asia particularly Myanmar, southern Asia and eastern India, then it spread to Africa and United State of America [1] [2] [3]. Mango is an important major fruit crop in the tropical and subtropical region of Asia [4] [5] [6]. 38.67 million tons of mangoes were produced worldwide in 2010 [7]. 76.49% of the world's mango production came from Asia with India being the largest producer of 42.25% of the world's mango production [8]. Myanmar is the sixth highest country in mango production of Asia accounting as 19.8% of global production in 2000 [9]. The production of mangoes has now been spread worldwide although the species and quality are quite different.
There are four major genera of fruit fly tephritidae such as Bactrocera, Anastrepha, Ceratitis and Rhagoletis [10] [11]. Over 75 species of the genus Bactrocera fruit flies were updated and B. dorsalis is serious destructive pest around the worldwide [12] [13] [14]. B. dorsalis was a destructive polyphagus pest that has damaged more than 250 species of fruits and vegetables over the last decade [15] [16] [17] [18] [19]. The guava fruit fly, B. correcta is also a destructive pest in Asia [20] [21]. Thus, Bactrocera fruit flies are major key pests in tropical region of Asia.

Mangoes Cultivation in Myanmar
The cultivation area of mangoes in Myanmar exceeds 93,890 ha and the harvested area is 76,313 ha in 2010 [22]. Rich farmers occupy 45% of the total mango's cultivation area while 30% is backyard farm and government occupies only 25% [9]. More than 200 varieties of mangoes were recognized in Myanmar.
Major mango production areas were observed in Mandalay, Yangon, Bago, Sagaing, Ayeyarwaddy Region and southern Shan State whereas the entire country possessed natural vegetation (Table 1) [37]. It is the biological insect birth control with the inundative release of sterile males [38] and environmentally safe method target only on specific insect [39].

Fruit Fly's Control in Myanmar
MAT is the technique of against adult stages of fruit fly by attraction on male using a mixture of sex pheromones lure and insecticides in order to affect high mortality of target species [40] [41] [42]. BAT is the control of female fruit fly using insecticidal protein baits (mixtures of protein hydrolysates and insecticides) was successfully demonstrated in field trials in Hawaii in the early 1950s [43] [44].
Biological control of parasitoids in the HAWPM program was examined at three levels of application: 1) conservation; 2) classical releases; and 3) augmentative releases [45] [46]. Fruit bagging technique is the simple control method of wrapping individual fruit to prevent fruit fly infestation [47] and it is effective  [48]. Field sanitation technique is an effective suppression method to prevent fruit fly larvae from developing young emerging adult flies so that they cannot return to the crop to reproduce [49] [50] and important in AW-IPM [51].
In Myanmar, traditional control of mangoes is the constant insecticide application and fruit rarely bagging. Constant uses of insecticide application were analyzed even after harvesting fruits before transport to markets. The control techniques of MAT, BAT, bagging, sanitation and insecticide application were conducted only in Mandalay region. Myanmar's mangoes cultivation and traditional control of fruit flies were shown in Table 1.  [60]. As the survey provided the comprehensive information of insecticide resistance in fruit fly, insecticide resistance management plans have to implement in fruit fly control.

Conclusion
In view of fruit fly movement, tradition control of insecticide application orchard-by-orchard approach increases the frequency of insecticide application which turned into overusing. Various insecticides were applied even after harvesting until exporting and also chemical to be ripening suddenly. This approach damages the environment and adversely affected national consumers' health.
The higher doses of insecticides have to apply year after year because of insecticide resistance of fruit fly. As depending on the current market prizes of mango, some farmer absent any control and it let be individual breeding sides. The fact of mangoes farm occupied only 25% by government be lead to uncoordinated use of controlling technique. Thus, fruit fly population increased year after year.
High fruit fly infestation and conventional constant insecticide application reduced the fruit quality. Therefore, sustainable biological controls of fruit fly were urgently needed in Myanmar.