Dark Energy, Dark Matter, and the Multiverse

Our third spatial dimension (3-D) is currently in the process of building the fourth spatial dimension. Dark Energy is being used to create higher dimensions of space from the first to the nth, and it is also responsible for the formation and the rotation of the fourth dimension from the point singularities of the vacuum space of the third dimension. To start the creation up to the nth dimension, n! zero dimensional singularities arise simultaneously from the n = 0 level of the void. Once the creation of an n dimensional ellipsoidal matter Universe has been completed, the outward Dark Energy force ends, and then the inward force of gravity takes over to crush the n dimensional Universe into the center of the nth dimensional singularity of the void. The system is now in a non-equilibrium state because the entropy of the system has attained its lowest possible value. To bring the system back to equilibrium there will arise out of the nth dimensional void an antimatter Universe which will reverse the process to deposit all the Dark Energy back into the original levels of the void so that the net change in entropy of the system becomes zero. Dark Matter is the matter that exists in the fourth spatial dimension as 4-D matter spewed there through the Black Hole singularities of our third dimension. Ellipsoidal matter and antimatter Multiverses rotating in opposite directions are a natural byproduct of this new theory of Physics which also solves certain particle Physics problems of the Standard Model.


Introducing Dark Energy
Dark energy appears to be the dominant component of the physical Universe, yet there is no persuasive theoretical explanation for its existence or magnitude.
The acceleration of the Universe is, along with Dark Matter, the observed phenomenon that most directly demonstrates that our theories of fundamental particles and gravity are either incorrect or incomplete. Most experts believe that nothing short of a revolution in our understanding of fundamental physics will be required to achieve a full understanding of the cosmic acceleration. For these reasons, the nature of Dark Energy ranks among the very most compelling of all outstanding problems in physical science. These circumstances demand an ambitious observational program to determine the Dark Energy properties as well as possible [2].
Dark Energy is a quantum effect that arises from within the void, while Dark Matter is a matter that is sent from the lower dimension to the next higher dimension that is being formed by Dark Energy. The void is a quantum region that is not the same as the vacuum of outer space. Dimensions of space can be created in the void since it contains Dark Energy in different concentrated levels of quantum numbers n starting with n = 0, where the final value of n is determined by the total Dark Energy content of the void. The vacuum differs from the void in that the vacuum of our 3-D universe has already been created by Dark Energy since it has three dimensions of space and one dimension of time in it. The higher the quantum number n, the more concentrated the Dark Energy in that level, and hence the lower the entropy of that level. The lowest n = 0 level has the highest entropy while the highest nth level that has been deposited back into the void has the lowest entropy as it will contain the sum of the Dark Energies that existed in all of the n levels at the termination of the matter Multiverse in the nth level of the void.
Space and time are both intangibles, but just as time can be measured by the ticks of a clock, so too space can be measured by the distance between point masses. Space and time are not material things. They do not have a particle or wave nature associated with them. Hence space can be created faster than the speed of light without violating Einstein's theories of relativity. Besides creating matter, Dark Energy also has the capacity to create massless particles such as real photons for which E = pc.
Dark Energy can also create positive and negative charges (±q). The Energy Density in the Electric field is given by  Reinstating it in the current cosmic theory to explain Dark Energy was even a greater blunder because a λ dominated universe would expand forever leading to the heat death of our 3-D universe.

Dark Matter
Most physicists agree that some form of New Physics (NP) must exist beyond the Standard Model-we simply do not know what it is yet. Though there are many prejudices based on preconceived ideas about the form this NP may take, it will be up to experiments at future colliders, the LHC and ILC, to reveal the true nature of this NP [3].
The Standard Model of particle physics cannot be extended to explain Dark Matter with Supersymmetry (SUSY) particles because Dark Matter is not a particle that exists in our 3-D universe.
Just as stars and galaxies are formed in our 3-D Universe starting with quarks, leptons, and the gauge bosons created at the very early stages of the Big Bang, and then through nucleosynthesis matter is formed from these elementary constituents taking on a 3-D shape by gravitational attraction, so too all matter takes the shape of its dimension because gravity acts in all directions of the dimension it is located in. In 4-D space gravity would act in the directions, three that we are aware of but also a fourth that we cannot picture in our 3-D minds. Matter that is sucked into the Black Holes of our third dimension stretches the space of our third spatial dimension in the direction of the fourth spatial dimension until it finally ruptures the third dimensional space as matter goes into the fourth dimension remaining close to the Black Hole and the matter of our galaxies around it. The tidal gravitational forces of the Black Hole are responsible for turning 3-D matter into its elementary constituent parts described above, which then becomes 4-D matter under the influence of fourth dimensional gravity after entering the fourth dimension. This matter in the fourth dimension that has become four dimensional is precisely the Dark Matter of our third spatial dimension.
A White Hole contains the same singularity as that of a Black Hole, however it is in the next higher dimension that is being formed by the lower dimension.
While the time-reversed Black Hole which is a White Hole is a perfectly good solution of Einstein's field equations which are covariant under time reversal, we have not yet found a White Hole in our 3-D physical Universe [4]. The reason being that matter that goes into the Black Holes of our 3-D Universe enters the White Holes of the fourth spatial dimension as Dark Matter of our 3-D Universe. Since White Holes exist in the next higher dimension White Holes would have been observed in each part of the third dimension when three second dimensions were in the process of forming the third dimensions, as will be explained in the next section, but that information has been lost on the combination of the three second dimensions to complete the formation of our 3-D un- Bullet Cluster [5] as shown in Figure  Abell 2218 is a cluster of galaxies about 2 billion light years away. Acting as a powerful lens, it distorts all galaxies lying behind the cluster core into arcs. The lensed galaxies are particularly numerous and some of them are multiply imaged. Clusters of other galaxies like Abell 2218 have also been used to infer the amount of Dark Matter.
Gravitational lensing in the galaxy cluster [6] Abell 2218 as is shown in Figure   3 should be able to confirm Dark Matter as fourth dimensional matter in the fourth spatial dimension by its gravitational effect on light in our 3-D space.
Dark Matter would distort the images of galaxies behind the cluster into arcs as it pulls some of the light being observed out of our 3-D space into 4-D space due to the curvature of space in the fourth spatial direction by the Dark Matter

Iteration and the Creation of Higher Dimensions
For a n-dimensional (n-D) sphere of radius R, its volume V and surface area S are given by: V(n)/S(n) = R/n and L/2n-n, (n − 1)-D spheres come together to form a n-D sphere while 2n, (n − 1)-D cubes are joined together to form a n-D cube.
How do we know that our Universe has a spherical and not a cubic shape? It is because the spherical solution of Einstein's field equations by Karl Schwarzschild correctly predicts the existence of Black Holes, gravitational lensing, and the precession of Mercury's perihelion. This is also experimental proof that our 3-D Universe is not flat, and that it has a spherical shape. n! point singularities are created simultaneously in the void from level n = 0 at the beginning of the creation process. Let's analyze the manner in which one of the n! point singularities begins to build higher dimensions with the understanding that the same process occurs simultaneously for all of the n! point singularities.
To create the first dimension in the form of a circle around the second dimensional void the point singularity shoots Dark Energy from level n = 0 in two separate directions. The energy shot out in the first direction creates matter while its reaction force accelerates the point singularity in the opposite direction creating vacuum space between the matter and the point singularity. The energy shot out in the second direction is pointed away from the center of the circle to be formed. Having a reaction force in the direction of the center of the circle it does the work to change the direction of the point singularity from linear to circular motion since it does not have enough energy to create matter. A ring shaped 1-D space made of matter and vacuum is created within the void.
To create the second dimension around the third dimensional void two circles would start at the location of the North and South poles, each circle forming a hollow hemisphere coming together to complete the formation of a hollow sphere. Each circle shoots Dark Energy from level n = 1 of the void from all point singularities within its vacuum in two separate directions, the first toward the center of the circle and the second in the opposite direction to the center of the hollow sphere being formed. The energy shot out in the first direction forms matter within the circle, while its reaction force accelerates the circle in the opposite outward direction creating vacuum space between the matter and circle. The reaction force of the energy shot out in the second direction does the work to change the direction of the circle upwards from the South Pole and downwards from the North Pole creating two hollow hemispheres. As the two circles approach the equatorial plane, they have opposite linear accelerations that crash Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology together to cancel each other's motion as the two hollow hemispheres are joined to form a hollow sphere around the third dimensional void. A hollow 2-D spherical space made of matter and vacuum is created within the void.
Since the two circles creating the second dimensional (2-D) hollow sphere started at two locations of the third dimension, three 2-D hollow spheres creating the third dimension will start at three locations of the fourth dimension. The three hollow spheres will accelerate toward one another as all three hollow spheres come together to complete the formation of the third dimension around the fourth dimensional void. Just as the lower dimensions have become part of our 3-D space and will expand as our 3-D Universe expands, so too all lower dimensions that have become part of the (n − 1) dimensions will expand along with the expansion of the (n − 1) dimensions due to the Dark Energy outward force from the vacuum space of the (n − 1) dimensions. All matter (living and non-living) located in the nth dimension will have taken the shape of the nth dimension just as matter in our 3-D Universe has taken a third dimensional shape. There is no evidence for a preferred center of our 3-D spatial Universe [7] which might have been the site of a Big Bang explosion. The reason for that is all spatial dimensions, starting with the first and ending with the nth, are formed around the void of the next higher dimension. All spatial dimensions are being formed without a center.

Some Misconceptions in the Current Cosmic Theory
From the dipole distortion of the CMB (Cosmic Microwave Background) temperature [8], which is a Picture of the birth of our 3-D Universe as shown in  The blackbody spectrum is shifted to higher temperatures on the right and to lower temperatures on the left. This implies that our 3-D baby Universe was given a rotational spin in the westerly direction; counterclockwise as viewed from above. This dipole distortion of the CMB due to the Doppler shift has been explained away incorrectly as peculiar velocity to preserve the isotropic and homogeneous nature of the CMB for the Cosmological Principle and the Robertson-Walker Matrix to be valid. According to the peculiar velocity theory, the Planck satellite that took the most detailed of the CMB pictures while moving with the earth also moved around the sun which moved around the Milky Way galactic center which moved around the center of the Local Group of galaxies moving in the general direction of the constellation Hydra. This reflects that the very massive Virgo Cluster at the center of our Local Supercluster is being gravitationally attracted to and accelerating toward the Hydra-Centaurus Supercluster. After subtracting the dipole distortion due to peculiar velocity, the remaining temperature fluctuations were used to prove that our 3-D Universe was flat using the altered CMB data which is also an incorrectly calculated result since it uses the λCDM model, the use of which has also been made to calculate the value of the Hubble Constan t [9] (H 0 ). Data obtained from nearby galaxy measurements (H 0 = 73 Km/s/Mpc) by several different methods such as SHOES, Carnegie and HOLiCOW, and data from the CMB Planck picture (H 0 = 67 Km/s/Mpc) do not agree. The experimental error bars between these two separate methods do not overlap. This discrepancy throws a monkey wrench in λCDM as the standard model of Cosmology as also in the Cosmological Principle.
The first dimension of our Universe had a circular Euclidean shape, and the second dimension had a non-Euclidean hollow spherical shape with positive curvature (it was not flat). The current value of the density parameter determined to be 0 1 Ω ≅ for a flat universe is incorrect. This implies that the percentage of Dark Energy (68%) that has been calculated, based on 0 1 Ω ≅ cannot be correct.

A. Irani Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology
The Schwarzschild metric, a spherical solution of Einstein's field equations indicates that our 3D Universe has a spherical shape, as is also the case in the Newtonian theory of gravity, and in this new theory of Physics, hence The Inflation theory of the early Universe which has not been confirmed experimentally is incorrect because it was designed to solve the Horizon problem and the Flatness problem. The Horizon problem is solved because the CMB black body radiation is not the same in all directions [8]. The Flatness problem is also solved because our 3D Universe is not flat ( 0 1 Ω > ).
With the creation of each higher dimension a new phase begins to start up since all matter takes the shape of that higher dimension. The estimated age of As soon as Dark Energy ceases, so too will end the creation of higher dimensions. Gravity's inward pull for a closed n-dimensional Universe will begin to reverse the creation process with all the matter, now part of the nth dimension, deposited back into level n of the void as Dark Energy in its most concentrated form. However, the question of the stability of such a system remains because gravity is an inward force which will have to be counteracted by the outward centrifugal force once the creation of each dimension has been completed. A rotation will have to be imparted on the system as will be discussed in the section on the Rotating Ellipsoidal Multiverse. Without a rotational spin the process would have ended with the first dimension collapsing back into the void.
Since our 3-D Universe could not be created without a rotation denying the anisotropy of the CMB radiation by using the peculiar velocity theory was a bla-A. Irani Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology tantly misleading falsehood.

Matter Multiverse
The fifth space-time dimension was first included in the Kaluza-Klein Theory and then extended to multiple extra dimensions in String Theory [10].
The total number of dimensions that can be formed by the Universe is limited by the total Dark Energy content of its void. In order to prove that to create a n-dimensional sphere, a start would have to be made with n! zero dimensions, to create the nth dimension will have more concentrated energy by a factor of n! than the Dark Energy that comes out of the n = 0 level of the void because matter in the nth dimension is more concentrated by n!. Since the first dimension is created by Dark Energy from quantum number level n = 0, the nth dimension will be created by the Dark Energy from quantum number level (n − 1) of the void. The Dark Energy of each level in the void is in thermal equilibrium with less concentrated energy or higher entropy in the n = 0 level than in level n, and the Dark Energy of each level is thermally isolated from all the other levels. By mixing the Dark Energy of all the levels, not only has the entropy of the system been lowered but also the system is no longer in thermal equilibrium. Both these effects are responsible for the non-equilibrium of the final level n of the void into which all the Dark Energy is deposited.
When one zero-eth dimension has created the first dimension there will remain n!/1! = n! first dimensions. When two first dimensions have created the second dimension there will remain n!/2! = n!/2 second dimensions. When three second dimensions have created the third dimension there will remain n!/3! = n!/6 third dimensions. Hence n!/6 third dimensions would be currently in the process of creating the fourth dimension. When n, (n − 1) dimensions have created the nth dimension there will remain n!/n! = one nth dimension. For n = A. Irani Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology 10, our 3-D Universe would currently be one out of 10!/3! = 3,628,800/6 = 604,800 third dimensional Universes. We do not know the current value of n with absolute certainty because we do not know the total energy content within the void, but what we do know is that our 3-D is not an isolated Universe. Multiverse is a natural byproduct of the new theory of Physics.

A Rotating Ellipsoidal Multiverse
Since rotational motion changes the shape of a planet from spherical to ellipsoidal, I extend the n-dimensional spherical shape to a n-dimensional ellipsoidal shape. Both shapes have positive curvature. The iteration formula for V(n)/S(n) remains the same [12], since it is proportional to 1/n for both n-dimensional spheres and n-dimensional ellipsoids.
Since everything including galaxies, black holes, stars, planets, and sub-atomic particles rotate, this implies that our 3-D Universe is also rotating as indicated earlier from CMB data that shows that our baby 3-D Universe was born with a rotational spin. The advantage of giving each dimension a spin is to keep it from collapsing on itself due to the inward gravitational force. The outward centrifugal force is made to be greater than the inward gravitational force by the rotational motion thereby flinging galaxies in the outward direction. This rotational motion is responsible for the experimentally [13] observed outward acceleration of our 3-D Universe.
To examine how this rotational motion is generated consider the point singu- The ellipsoidal shape implies that the Multiverse is closed and hence has a finite size.
A rotating Universe cannot be isotropic because it has a preferred direction which is the direction of the axis of rotation. The further out you go from the axis of rotation the faster you will be rotating as in a merry-go-round. Rotation also tends to fling galaxies in the outward direction away from the axis of rotation due to the centrifugal force. Hence our Universe is neither isotropic nor homogeneous. Since the Cosmological Principle is not valid, we cannot use the same space-time equations for different parts of the Universe. The other problem within the current cosmic theory arises because the scale factor a(t) used therein was made to further simplify the space-time equations by allowing distances to expand as a function only of time. Introducing a(t) means using comoving coordinates which means working within the framework of the expansion of space only without regard to gravitational and rotational effects.

Antimatter Multiverse
CRT is a symmetry where C (charge conjugation) stands for matter or antimat- Since the matter ellipses were formed with a counterclockwise spin as viewed

Entropy
The Upon completion since the process is cyclic, the net change in entropy of the system is zero, and the system is stable once more because the system is now in its highest possible entropy state.
The difference between matter and antimatter is that matter starts at the highest entropy level to begin the non-equilibrium state of the system by decreasing its entropy while antimatter starts at the lowest entropy level to begin to restore the equilibrium ics. Researchers at SuperKEKB will be able to compare their results with those from LHCb at CERN, which has been tracking B decays amid the shrapnel of proton-proton collisions. With such different approaches to B-meson production, the two experiments complement each other nicely. LHCb researchers have the advantage of higher energy and more B decays to analyze; the cost is having to sift through scores of unrelated particles that are not created in the relatively clean electron-positron collisions at SuperKEKB. One method of decreasing the entropy of the electron-positron or the proton-proton beams would be to compress them in the lengthwise/radial directions (increasing their luminosity) just before the two beams collide with each other and then observing how the asymmetry of the products differ from the uncompressed beams after collisions. Since the entropy of the compressed beams would be lower the decay rates of their products should show a larger ratio of antiparticles to particles compared to the uncompressed beams. The reason it is more difficult to form higher luminosity beams is because they have lower entropy, therefore they tend to become more unstable.

Certain Particle Physics Problems of the Standard Model have been Solved
A) Why are there only three families of fundamental particles and why is only the first family stable?
A.) There are only three families because we live in a 3-D spatial Universe and each dimension adds an extra family to the list. Only the first family is stable because it is made from Dark Energy of the n = 0 level which has the highest entropy. As Dark Energy from the higher levels get mixed together the entropy of the system is lowered producing a non-equilibrium state, and hence it is responsible for the particles of each higher level becoming more and more unstable.
B.) Why is the neutrino only left-handed, meaning that it advances with a clockwise spin?
B.) Since our 3-D universe is rotating in the counterclockwise direction the neutrinos inertia gives it a clockwise spin. This confirms that the neutrino has mass. This also means that the antineutrino is right-handed since the antimatter universe spins in the opposite direction as the matter universe. The neutron must also be left-handed and the antineutron right-handed.

Conclusions
Without rotation our Universe could not have been created. Hence denying the experimental existence of anisotropic CMB radiation and also the outward acceleration of our 3-D universe due to rotation, and stating that our 3-D Universe is flat even though we have known since the time of Newton that it had a spherical shape is a great injustice being done to the advancement of the theory of Cosmology, and brings forth the need of the new Physics.
The idea of a Multiverse-an ensemble of Universes-has received increasing attention in Cosmology as the outcome of the originating process that generated our own Universe [14]. If there is one thing history has taught us, it is that we should expect the unexpected. Just as the sixteenth-century Polish astronomer Copernicus proposed correctly that our earth revolved around the sun and hence it was not at the center of the Universe; so too this NP proves that our 3-D Universe is not at the center of the Multiverse, but rather it is only one among hundreds of thousands of other 3-D Universes. We hold no special privilege within the Multiverse creation and annihilation process.
The cited Dark Energy problem should, in principle, also be achieved in the framework of extended gravity [15] or the quantum theory of gravity since Dark Energy is a quantum effect.
Just as scaffolding is a structure that is taken down upon the completion of the building it was used to build, so too dimensions of space, time, and matter/antimatter are structures that are dispensed off with once all the Dark Energy has been deposited back into the original quantum mechanical levels of the void where space, time, and matter/antimatter do not exist.

Conflicts of Interest
The author declares no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

Introduction
Twelve Key Features of the new theory of Physics: 1) Experimental proof exists that Dark Matter is in the fourth spatial dimension as 4-D matter.
2) Experimental proof exists that λCDM is not the standard model of Cosmology, and that the Cosmological Principle is an incorrect approximation.
3) Experimental proof exists that 0 1 Ω > and hence our third dimensional universe is not flat, and the 68% of Dark Energy calculated based on