Formulation and Evaluation of Lipstick with Betacyanin Pigment of Hylocereus polyrhizus (Red Dragon Fruit)

Lipstick is the most widely used cosmetic product. Although lipstick gives a lot of social, psychological and therapeutic benefits, it may harm the consumers. Because most lipsticks contained high lead level and long term use of high lead level lipstick may harm the consumers. Research findings have suggested that administration of various antioxidants can prevent or subdue various toxic effects of lead and generation of oxidative stress. Hylocereus polyrhizus (Red dragon fruit) is widely available in Myanmar and it contains powerful antioxidant amaranth colorant called betacyanin pigment. It can prevent the oxidative stress caused by low level of lead, thus suitable as natural colorant for lipstick. As a role of pharmacist, this research was intended to minimize the adverse effects of lipsticks by formulating natural lipstick with betacyanin pigment obtained from H. polyrhizus and other natural ingredients. Formulation of lipstick was carried out by heating and blending method with homogenizer at a speed of 12000 rpm. Then, pH, melting point, surface abnormalities, aging stability, perfume stability and antioxidant activity were performed as quality evaluation. Skin irritation test, negligible skin irritancy. Therefore, lipstick with betacyanin pigment of H. polyrhizus can utilize as Cosmeceutical.


Introduction
One of the most widely used cosmetic products is lipsticks. A lot of social, psychological and therapeutic benefits can be achieved from using lipstick. On the other hand, it may harm the consumers, because lipsticks might contain heavy metals especially lead. Lead is being used in lipstick with the purpose of retaining the color intensity of pigments [1]. While wearing lipstick, licking of lips or eating and drinking or kissing someone can cause ingestion of the lipstick's ingredients. Almost all women eat, drink, or lip while wearing the lipsticks and accordingly can cause swallows of 4.5 pounds of lipsticks per lifetime of a woman. Because of the accumulative nature in chronic exposure and neurotoxic nature, high level of lead in lipsticks should not be ignored.
In animal studies conducted in 2014, researchers found bioaccumulation lead (Pb) in the blood of rats after 12 weeks of exposure to lipstick. That pointed out the exposure to lipstick can cause significant disposition of lead in the blood of rats. Research in many countries found that most lipstick contained high lead level and long term use of high lead level lipstick may harm the consumers [2].
Moreover, lipsticks with artificial dyes are often caused irritations such as dry lips, chapped lips and wrinkled lips to the lipstick users. In long term, the use of synthetic ingredients also raised safety concern due to adverse effects. Usually, the synthetic dyes used for color of the lipsticks are dangerous to humans for consumption. Coal tars used to prepare the synthetic dyes can cause drying of the lips, nausea, allergy and dermatitis. Worse, they can be carcinogenic and even fatal [3].
Research findings have suggested that administration of different antioxidants can prevent or subdue enormous toxic effects of lead and generation of oxidative stress [4]. The study on herbal lipstick formulation proved that lipsticks containing natural colorant were minimal side effects. In 2013, Swati and colleagues conducted a study on herbal lipstick formulation and proved that lipsticks containing natural color from Bixa orellana and Beta vulgaris were minimal and no evidence of side effect. Moreover, it had excellent properties like shining, spreading, and smoothness of lips [5]. Similarly, study of Sunil in Uttarakhand on formulation and evaluation of herbal lipstick showed that formulated herbal lipstick has better option to women with minimal side effects produced by the available synthetic ones [6]

Objectives
The primary objective of this study is to formulate and evaluate the lipstick with betacyanin pigment of H. polyrhizus. The detailed specific objectives of the

Study Design and Study Period
It was laboratory base analytical study and the study period was from January 2016 to December 2016.

Extraction of Betacyanin Pigment from H. polyrhizus
Matured H. polyrhizus was collected from Patheingyi Township and authenticated. After authentication process, harvested fruits were cleaned and peeled by using Ceramic knife to avoid the interaction between the acidic compound present in the fruit and the steel or metal knife. Then fruit pulp was cut into small pieces and crushed by hands. The betacyanin pigment was extracted by cold maceration with 50% ethanol for 3 days. Then, the extract was obtained by double filtering by muslin. The extract was concentrated by freeze drier and resultant concentrated solution was stored in refrigerator (4˚C) for future use.

Identification and Quantification of Betacyanin Extract
Betacyanin content of extract was determined by UV-Visible Spectrophotometer. Betacyanin content was measured in triplicate in de-ionized water. The extract was diluted by 100-fold with deionized water to obtain the absorption value. After 20 minutes of equilibration, the quantification of betacyanin was carried out by applying the following equation [7].

Pre-Formulation Study for Identification and Incompatibility
Each ingredient used in formulation of lipstick was identified by scanning on FT-IR spectrophotometer and the resultant spectra were identified by comparing to the reference spectrum of each ingredient. The spectra obtained were saved for incompatibility study. Before main formulation of lipstick, incompatibility study was carried out by scanning the pre-formulated lipsticks on FT-IR spectrophotometer and incompatibility was checked by comparing the resultant spectrum with initial spectrum of each ingredient.

Formulation of Lipsticks with Betacyanin Pigments
Lipsticks were prepared by following formula derived from Cosmetic Chemistry (Red Lipstick). The detailed description of individual ingredient and proportion were described in Table 1.

Formulation of the lipsticks was carried out according to the Good Laboratory
Practice (GLP) and steps involved were described in Figure 1. All the ingredients required were accurately weighed on a digital balance. Color extract containing betacyanin pigment was added to the 100 mL beaker and to which Olive oil was added. Then, the resultant mixture was heated on water bath to 70˚C with little addition of Tween 20 as emulsifier. White beewax, Candellia wax, Cetearyl alcohol, Lanolin alcohol and Cocoa butter were placed in 100 mL beaker and heated to 70˚C on temperature controlled hot plate. They were added subsequently according to their melting points. At 70˚C, all the ingredients were mixed while hot at 12,000 rpm for next 10 -15 mins and then resultant lipstick was moulded. Then, the mould was rapidly cooled in freezer for 20 mins and the resultant lipsticks were transferred from mould to lipstick case.

Melting Point
Formulated lipsticks were completely melted on temperature controlled hotplate. Three capillary tubes were also placed in temperature control oven at 70˚C for 10 mins. The melted lipsticks were poured into the capillary tube while hot and allowed to solidify for 10 mins. Then capillary tubes were placed into melting point measuring device. Melting point determination was done 3 times simultaneously and the melting point ratio was observed.

Surface Abnormalities
Formulated lipsticks were visually checked by an evaluator for surface defects such as crystal formation, contamination by mould and fungi etc.

Aging Stability
The formulated lipsticks were stored in temperature controlled oven at 40˚C for 1 hour. The formulated lipsticks were evaluated for various parameters such as bleeding, crystallization of on surface and ease of application.
pH Parameter The formulated lipsticks were placed in 25 ml beaker and heated on temperature controlled hotplate at 70˚C. The probe of pH meter was placed into the beaker of melted formulated lipsticks and pH was measured during while hot.

Perfume Stability
The formulated lipsticks were stored at room temperature for 1 month and then evaluated by evaluator for the presence or absence of the fragrance.

Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity (DPPH Assay)
The antioxidant activity of extract and formulated lipstick were determined by the DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Briefly, the reaction mixture containing

Mouse Ear Irritancy Test
Three months old healthy 10 females ddY strain albino mice (mean body weight

Microbial Analysis
Microbial analysis was carried out to ensure the microbial safety of formulated lipsticks for customers to use and to confirm hygienic and high quality handling.

Lead Content Determination
One gram of lipstick was accurately weighed on a digital balance. The lipstick was digested by triacidic mixture (70:7:23) of Nitric acid, Sulphuric acid and Perchloric acid on electronically temperature controlled hotplate until white fume was obtained. The digestion was carried out at low temperature at first followed by increase in temperature. The digest was cool and quantitative amount of de-ionized water was added and was filtered into 10 mL volumetric flask. After cooling, the final volume was adjusted volumetrically with de-ionized water [1]. Sample solutions were freshly prepared by digestion method. The resultant solutions were injected into Flame AAS and lead contents were determined at optimized condition by proposed method. All the measurements were triplicate.
The results of sample were expressed as part per million (ppm).

Preliminary Procedure before Formulation of Lipstick
UV-assay showed that betacyanin concentration of the extract is 643 mg/L. Duration is the critical factor that determines the betacyanin concentration and antioxidant activity. To obtain the extract with high antioxidant activity at least 48 hours maceration time is crucial. The long the extraction time, the more the betacynin concentration. The results obtained from the present study on betacyanin concentration were similar to the study of Naderi in Malysia [11]. Hydroalcholic solution especially 50% ethanol had highest betacyanin concentration.
Therefore, the 50% ethanol was solvent of choice for extraction of betacyanin.
Spectra obtained from FT-IR showed that all the ingredients used for formulation were authentic materials. All the spectra of raw materials were compared with formulated lipstick's spectrum. Characteristic bands of raw materials did not change (Figure 2). Pre-formulation incompatibility study confirmed that all the ingredients used for formulation of lipstick were compatible with color extract containing betacyanin because there were no significant spectrum changes after formulation.

Formulation of Lipstick with Betacyanin Pigment
Formulated lipstick with betacyanin pigment had eligible appearance and attractive color but low tintorial power. Hardness was neither soft nor hard. The formula used in this study was the simplest formula for lipstick formulation but it can give desired properties. The present study showed that temperature is the main influence factor in lipstick formulation. Lipid medium and liquid medium must have the same temperature at the time of mixing; otherwise, creaming problem was occurred during formulation process. Mixing and emulsification is important point in formulation. The lipsticks formulated from the betacyanin pigment were described in Figure 3.

General Evaluation
Data obtained from the general evaluation of formulated lipsticks revealed that the formulated lipsticks had the acceptable quality ( Table 2). The formulated lipsticks had appropriate organoleptic characteristics (color, odor and appearance). It was observed that there was no sweating, bleeding, streaking and blooming after one week of observation, when the products were store in room temperature for one month and oven temperature (40˚C) for an hour. The melting point of formulated lipstick was less than 60˚C. The pH value of formulated lipstick was very near to neutral pH 7 and no surface abnormalities, no visible sign of mould and fungi. Aging stability test also showed that formulated lipstick had suitable physical quality requirement.
T. Lwin et al.

Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity
The 50% inhibitory concentration for free radical (IC 50 ) of Standard ascorbic acid was 4.51 µg/ml. The IC 50 value of ethanolic extract of Red dragon fruit, lipstick with betacyanin pigment were 10.28 and 22.23 µg/ml respectively. % RSA on DPPH radical at five serial concentrations of Standard ascorbic acid, Red dragon fruit extract, lipstick with betacyanin pigment were described in Figure 4.   Azwanida and his colleagues reported that 50% inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) of formulated lipstick with betalanin pigments extracted from RDF was 54.29 ± 1.9 μg/ml and IC 50 value of the formulated lipstick (without pigment added) was 76.31 ± 0.43 μg/ml while the IC 50 value for the reference ascorbic acid was 14.56 ± 0.24 μg/ml [3].
The present study showed that IC 50 values of red dragon fruit extract was approximately 2 times greater than those of standard ascorbic acid. Accordingly, the antioxidant activity of Red dragon fruit was satisfactorily high. High antioxidant activity of extract was mainly due to the presence of betacyanin compound. The IC 50 value of lipstick was greater 2.3 times greater than those of RDF may be due to the dilution of extract with other ingredients and exposure to relative high temperature 70˚C during formulation process.

Mouse Ear Irritancy Test
The responses obtained from the Mouse ear irritancy test also less than 9 ( Table   3 animal studies should invariably be carried out before they are tested on human skin; even with well-known raw materials, it is prudent to screen new formulations similarly. Therefore, mouse ear irritancy test was carried out in present study instead of human volunteers.

Microbial Analysis
Formulated lipstick was products of category 2 and microbial analysis of lipstick sample proved that these lipsticks was microbiological suitable for cosmetics use.
In quantitative analysis for microbiological control, lipsticks with betacyanin

Lead Content Determination
The present study found formulated lipstick that using betacyanin pigment as color ingredient had very low level of lead. The mean lead content in lipstick with betacyanin pigment was only 2.88 ± 0.09 ppm. In contrast to the market sample lipsticks, mean leads content of natural color lipsticks was very lower than mean lead content of Counterfeit, Fair Price, Regular Price, Less Expensive and Expensive lipstick groups ( Figure 5). Very low level of lead was detected.
Detected amount of lead in these formulated lipsticks with natural color are lower than the specified limit of FDA (20 ppm) and limit of Health Canada (10 ppm) [12] [13]. Form the result of this study showed that natural color compound can reduce the lead content of lipstick. Figure 5. Comparison of lead contents of market sample lipsticks and formulated lipstick [14].

Conclusion
This study researched on reducing the lead content of lipstick by using betacyanin pigment obtained from H. polyrhizus instead of synthetic dye. Formulated natural color lipsticks have acceptable quality, safety and very low level of lead.
Antioxidant activity analysis showed that formulated lipstick was satisfactory. In this study, formulated lipstick with betacyanin pigment enriched with natural oil; moreover, it can reduce the oxidative stress of lip, thereby preventing dry lips and slowing the aging of lips. Therefore, it can be used as Cosmeceutical and using the natural color can reduce the lead content of lipstick.