Digital Marketing Communication and Consumer Buying Decision Process in Pandemic Standpoint (COVID-19): An Empirical Study of Bangladeshi Customers’ in Branded Cosmetics Perspective

The impact of digital buying during COVID-19 situation in Bangladesh cre-ates a vast number of customers since staying at home availing products specially in aspects of branded cosmetics. A large number of customers really are ordering branded cosmetics through online in Bangladesh during pandemic (COVID-19). This study focuses the standpoint of digital marketing communication of branded cosmetics in Bangladeshi customers. The primary data was collected from Dhaka (Capital of Bangladesh) through online using convenient sampling and the sample size was 665. Chi-square along with hypothesis test was applied. The study reflects that digital channel of communication such as websites, social media, was used/followed through smart phones or computers during this pandemic while buying branded cosmetics in Bangladesh specially at Dhaka city. In buying decision process, starts from need recognition to post purchase behaviour were affected enormously. The outcome of the result shows digital marketing communication could trigger on every stage of buying decision behaviour with high involvement in buying branded cosmetics. This study also showed that customers have positive feel-ings towards digital platforms during this pandemic (COVID-19).


Introduction
Digital marketing is described as the practice of promoting products and services using digital distribution channels through mobile computing, smartphones, or other digital devices (Taken Smith, 2012). It is defined by (Chen & Lin, 2019) as marketing activity, including branding, that uses various media like blogs, websites, e-mails, Ad words, and various social media networks. The use of digital marketing has brought about changes the way marketers communicate with consumers. Most consumers currently possess and use a variety of digital media such as computers, mobile devices, and social media such as Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, WhatsApp, YouTube, that contribute to the extraordinary progression of digital advertising expenditure (Yasmin, Tasneem, & Fatima, 2015). Owing to affordable smartphones, easy access to cheap data, the number of people across Bangladesh who have access to the internet has increased exponentially. This scenario has invoked companies to connect with their target customers, create brand awareness and sell their products or services; they can easily do it through online channels. Thus, cyberspace of the brand is indispensable, because people will do an online search before buying product. Digital tools empower consumers to compare prices and find the best value. According to Dahiya (2013), 81% respondents of customers admit before buying any product they do search & research online and it influences their buying decisions. Digital marketing is significantly involved in each stage of consumer buying decision making process including information search, brand awareness, buying behaviour and post-purchase communication and evaluation. Due to  pandemic, people are inside their houses and spending more time online than ever before. Potential Market has been moved towards digital. The  pandemic has deeply changed all aspects of life the way we used to know, think and live. Marketers, consumers are trying to cope up with this unthinkable new normal situation. Companies already have suffered massive loss and demanding to survive. The controlled lockdown and widespread fear of infection has shifted consumer consumers' attitudes, behaviours and spending habits as the pandemic progresses. Consumers now want on-demand products and services, whether it's food delivery, groceries, beauty and care products, fitness courses, telemedicine, conferencing, learning or entertainment. The closure of physical stores has enforced consumers to question their inherent shopping habits. People who had previously been hesitant to shop online are setting up online accounts and going through utterly a new customer ride. They are now appreciating such services and stating their satisfaction in the convenience of the platform. Brands are increasingly turning to a direct-to-consumer (D2C) business model through mobile and digital channels. Buying local trend is going faster as a factor that influences brand decisions is also affecting. Such shifting of consumer behaviour and business model will help the industry grow rapidly in the long run.

Literature Review
Online purchase played a significant role in each and every part of business in this pandemic situation. Digital technologies have been hugely used and created noteworthy impact in all the areas of business including product development, purchase and sales, branding, customer relationship management (CRM), and establishment of communication (Hudson, Roth, & Madden, 2012). Digital technologies have made the utmost impact on communication process in the business world; development of electronic devices and equipment, and flourishment of marketing practices have facilitated this impact (Chen & Lin, 2019).
Marketing practices have stepped into their digital format. As it is defined, a marketing practice is known to be digital when digital medium is used to execute it (Yasmin, Tasneem, & Fatima, 2015). Similarly, a marketing communication turns digital when digital transmission technology is used to establish relationship between marketer and customers. Marketers use digital communication to set up a direct communication through digital transmission technologies with their customers (Bird, 2007). Internet, through its channels like websites, social media, e-mail, smartphones, online groups and communities etc., is overwhelmingly used in digital communication in the field of marketing; however, it does not necessarily mean that digital marketing communication is limited to this particular technology. Channels free of internet connection also greatly avail marketers an avenue to communicate with their customers (Chen & Lin, 2019).
Offline digital platforms like TV, mobile phone is quite often used for the promotion of products and services along with the internet sites (Scharl, Dickinger, & Murphy, 2005;Pandey & Shukla, 2010). Style of communication in different capabilities such as interaction, accessibility, customer engagement, customization, measurability, and dealing with large information sources, have been reshaped by digital technologies (Deighton, an investigation they conducted in 2016 that there had been 6.4% increase in digital marketing compared to 3.3% increase in TV marketing and 2.6% increase in marketing via outdoor media. Investigation about expenditure in magazine and newspaper advertising revealed negative growth of almost 2% and 6% respectively. The interactive communicative capability created by digital channels, known as inbound marketing, has helped in the reduction of cost for the marketers in their effort to establish connection with customers and generate leads to a greater extent than traditional ways of marketing communication (Angelides, 1997) and at the same way evidenced the ineffectiveness of traditional marketing communication media by their annual research on inbound marketing which revealed that 45% of respondents do not open the direct mail from marketers, 85% swiftly skip TV adverts, 84% move away from a website saturated with adverts, and 91% cancel subscription from e-mails. It is also stated in the research that inbound marketing is 54% more effective in generating leads and 61% more cost effective than conventional outbound marketing.
As digital marketing has become a global practice, Bangladesh as a significantly growing economy in the world is not remaining behindhand in adopting this practice. The country now brims with spontaneous digital activities of both marketers and consumers and this phenomenon has been being noticed for the last decade. A significant portion of marketing investment by marketers is going on digital marketing at an increasing rate for various product categories among which cars, financial services like banking services and insurances, and fast-moving consumers good (FMCG) are at the top of the list (Hollebeek & Macky, 2019). Likewise, consumers are showing their frequent involvement with the digital marketing activities by purchasing through digital channels, providing their likes and dislikes, ratings, feedbacks, opinions and recommendations, sharing information, revealing their favour for or affiliation with a particular brand, and directly engaging with marketers (Classen & Friedli, 2019). This revolutionary trend seems to flourish in the upcoming days as smartphone users and internet subscribers are increasing in number, expenditure on internet service is going up, digital barrier between rural and urban areas is being broken down, and government is providing their sufficient support towards digital economy (Jayaram, Manrai, & Manrai, 2015).
Each and every industry, whatever size or nature it is, or whatever type and category it belongs to, is affected by digital marketing (Kothari & Saxena, 2004;Ricciuti, 1995). Bangladeshi cosmetics industry is no exception to it. Favourable factors like large population, increasing purchase capability of people, and exporting opportunities have made Bangladeshi market more alluring and given stronger motivation to penetrate it. The country's cosmetics industry seems to be a rewarding segment and thus it is quite normal that it intrigues marketers and researchers. In fact, it is unconscionable to exclude Bangladeshi cosmetics industry from research and investigation as it holds a significant position in the list of biggest industries. People are frequently searching branded cosmetics online and buying branded cosmetics online predominantly, and their demand Open Journal of Business and Management for uninterrupted online buying process is increasing. In response to these, top branded cosmetics market players are investing their money at an increasing rate in digital platforms specially in this COVID 19 pandemic situation. All of these factors indicate the future immense potential of branded cosmetics market in Bangladesh and unsurprisingly encourage investigation into consumer dynamics in the country.
The predominance of digital media in influencing consumers' decision regarding various product categories is widely recognized across the world. There is evidence suggesting that participation from both sides in digital marketing communication is equally frequent. From one side, digital channel are making their efforts in influencing consumer buying decision. From the other side, consumers are exerting their influence through digital media by searching products and making their evaluation, choices, preference, reference, opinion, suggestion, rating, feedback, and recommendation in product categories like clothing and fashion products, books, accessories etc. (Kink & Hess, 2008). However, this evidence, especially, the real impact of digital marketing on total process of consumers' decision making, is yet to be proved by Bangladeshi researches. Researches taking Bangladeshi cosmetics industry as a case of study have focused on offline factors that influence buying decision in the branded cosmetics market. If put together findings from those studies, branded cosmetics price, recommendations and suggestions from family and friends, affordable financing abilities are the factors that influence consumers' purchase decision (Sudhahar & Venkatapathy, 2005). Overall, none of these studies have explored the impact of digital communication on customer buying decision in the Bangladeshi branded cosmetics market.
However, the research of Hutter, Hautz, Dennhardt and Füller (2013) is a particular study which asserted the fact of modern technologies imposing new challenges and at the same time creating opportunities for the marketers working in branded cosmetics market as digital communication is affecting customers' buying decision. Being said that, what outcome the use of digital technologies brings is still unverified, and this keeps marketers in the need of understanding exactly how technological usage in marketing communication can influence buying decision. Although research bodies including KPMG, GE, Accenture and others publish reports regarding digital media's effect on branded cosmetics buyers' purchase decision, these cannot satisfy a marketer who wants to know exactly how digital marketing communication its influence throughout the whole process has of buying decision of Bangladeshi customer. Hence, the influence of digital marketing of branded cosmetics on Bangladeshi buyers' purchase decision still remains in the list of further research.
Researches have presented the term "digital media" as a collective one, which is why a very few studies are found to investigate about which digital media channels consumers put in their preference while making their information search on cosmetics products. Although studies have been able to show the evidence of consumers finding product and service information mostly through digital channels, how much these channels are able to induce a purchase action is still undetected. Hence, there remains a scope of researching on key parameters of branded cosmetics buyers consider throughout the whole process of their purchasing branded cosmetics. This study is aimed at working on these study gaps by conducting an empirical study.
Digital Marketing and Customer Behaviour: There have been huge and significant changes in consumer behaviour in the world at present. Consumers are now more empowered and demanding in the digital environment with higher satisfaction (Racolta-Paina & Luca, 2010).
Consumers who belong to "Generation X", are now more rational minds, socially connected, and dynamic with agility, skills, and multi-tasking abilities in the virtual world (Schiffman, Kanuk, & Hansen, 2008). They are now flatter to use multiple devices at a time while making their purchase decision; this trend is attributed to advent of advanced technologies (Petit, Velasco, & Spence, 2019) and now it is obvious. Consumers are now during this pandemic doing their individual research and evaluation as well as purchase of products and services ranging from basic-need items like groceries, clothes, home appliances to luxury and big budget items like gadgets, insurance, automobiles and homes through online channels (Clemens, Matkovic, Faasse, & Geers, 2020). All these trends are attributed to smartphones and internet sites, especially social media sites, getting consumers involved with learning in an informative and intriguing way that motivates participation and indulgence regardless of product category (Alexa, Shayne, Robert, & Michael, 1996;Wertime & Fenwick, 2011).
Digital communication is creating an outlet for consumers to create content, share content, initiate a dialogue, and provide feedback online. Consumers are empowered by this unleashed opportunity to exert their power over marketing communications as they can avoid or choose and raise their demand for the contents (Prahalad & Ramaswamy, 2004a). According to Labrecque, Esche, Mathwick, Novak and Hofacker (2013), there are four sources of power that make up consumer empowerment in digital world-demand, information, network building, and crowd-based influence. Marketers now obtain permission first before sending a digital marketing message to consumers which is designed with relevance to establish a meaningful engagement (Corniani, 2006). Consumers now have a great control over their own decision-making process. This has caused re-creation of value for them in the forms of enlightenment, entertainment, and utility (Prahalad & Ramaswamy, 2004b). One study found that customer value rises from online searches when there is present a list of factors which includes better matching, increased awareness, time efficiency, transparency in pricing, people's matches, problem solving, and entertainment (Bughin et al., 2011). The modern media is by nature social, as asserted by Pearson (2013), and it sufficiently meets the need for communication by affording cheap or no cost online exchange and conversation. Another significant and interesting issue, as added by the author, is that establishing an identity and connectivity in Open Journal of Business and Management digital media has become in some ways a basic need of people around the world.
In most of their purchase decisions, consumers recourse to the use of digital channels more than traditional channels (Kink & Hess, 2008). It is mainly because digital channels are cheap, easy to use and access, and quick in response (Bakos, 1997;Shapiro & Varian, 1999). More than three quartiles of the whole market population make an online search before buying a product (Srivastava, Srivastava, & Pai, 2014). Items which are mostly searched include electronic products while clothing products are the second most. Apart from these, books, personal care items, beauty products, home and furnishing items, healthcare products and services, and baby products have also their places among the product categories which are mostly found to be searched online.
Consumers' buying process usually starts from need recognition. Digital media's capability in stimulating this preliminary stage of buying process has been expressed in various opinions. For example, while studies of Jayawardhena, Wright, and Masterson (2003) disagreed to the effectiveness of digital media in stimulating the need recognition stage, researches of Hausman (2014), and Gross (2014) opined that the case is exactly opposite in the case of low-involvement product categories. And the study of Maklan, Knox, and Watson (2001) remained confused about the fact. However, digital channels, especially social media sites, affect the way consumers make information search. In line with this researcher, Hausman (2014) stated that customers information searching in various internet sites such as search engines, YouTube, websites, discussion forums, comparison websites and suchlike is more frequent than ever, which has caused a massive change in the digital arena. In addition to that, mobile phones are swiftly supplanting traditional channels of communication, and consumers are using mobile phones at an increasing rate to conduct their individual research before making a purchase.
In the world of internet, consumers' reviews are becoming an increasingly influential factor as 70% of consumers see the online reviews and count those reviews before making a purchase (Ludwig et al., 2013). Consumers have their reliance on online reviews mainly because the reviews are deemed to be neutral and unbiased (Mir & Rehman, 2013). In fact, reviews of other people online are so influential that they sometimes make consumers change their purchase decision (Giamanco & Gregoire, 2012;Funde & Mehta, 2014), and as found by one study, both positive and negative reviews can have this influence; positive reviews cause decisional change in 96% of the consumers and negative reviews cause change in 86% of consumers. As the study stated, positive reviews motivate to buy while negative reviews demotivate.

Access and Availabilities of Cheap/Affordable Electronic Devices and Internet Connection
The mobile industry in Bangladesh has climbed speedily over the last decade to Locally assembled devices are priced lower than that of the imported ones. The government has been making efforts to endorse local manufacturing. The local manufacturers can now take advantage of less cumulative tax rates than the imported handsets.

Impact of COVID-19 on Consumers
Any kind of pandemic was considered as unlikely event (Chiplunkar, Gowda, & Shivakumar, 2020) and it was already being come out from the research. Virtual meetings had been conducted even before this COVID 19 pandemic and digital communication channel was hassle-free and degree of freedom was also high.
The usage pattern of consumers on their buying decisions had been changed and these changes might last even after the pandemic overs. Recent study reveals that respondents (46%) planned to reduce their spending during this pandemic (Coibion, Gorodnichenko, & Weber, 2020) and Spending pattern on emergency products such as groceries, household supplies had been increased (Coibion, Gorodnichenko, & Weber, 2020) and consumers tried to decrease the costs for

Hypothesis of the Study
Most of the literatures provide that the online or digital channels only show digital communication channels (Kink & Hess, 2008), but did not show a particular digital channel. Also a few literatures denote that websites, smartphones and social media are significant used communication channel by customers, but ultimately still marketers are facing challenges to decide particular channel what has influence on consumer behaviour, that is why the first hypothesis for this research is: H1: There is an exact digital channel preferred by customers while buying branded cosmetics. Consumer buying decision process has a large effect on buying decision process by the consumers, but researchers ignored this specially while buying branded cosmetics. A customer does not follow or notice this process or sequence of consumer buying-decision process, but marketers should have to understand specially to understand buying intentions, actual purchase behaviour and loyalty of the customers. A few studies (Naik & Peters, 2009) showed that effect of digital marketing on consumer buying process while buying branded cosmetics only in Western context. So, it is necessary to understand it precisely and that is why, some additional hypotheses need to be discussed.
Digital channels cannot make any trigger in need recognition stage while buying low-involvement products though (Maklan, Knox, & Watson, 2001), so need stimulation for "branded cosmetics" which is still high involvement product should be a huge intrinsic in nature in Pandemic (COVID-19) situation and in relation to that the following hypothesis can be formulated: H2: Digital platform of marketing communication for customers does not create any need to buy branded cosmetic in Pandemic (COVID-19) situation.
Customers always search internal and external sources of information while buying products specially in problem-solving category (Schiffman, Kanuk, & Kumar, 2010). Consumers look digital channels rather than traditional channels since digital channels are more interactive, quick and easily accessible (Kink & Hess, 2008) and this is also an obvious demand in this pandemic situation. This is how the following hypotheses might be formulated: H3: Customers feel comfort digital channels rather than traditional channels looking for information on cosmetics products in Pandemic (COVID-19) situation.
Another hypothesis can be made as follows: H4: Customers are very much positive on the characteristics of digital marketing communication while looking for information about products in Pandemic (COVID-19) situation.
Customers reviews through online affect in buying decision of consumers. Digital channels focus different types of effect on each stage of buying decision process and also some steps more than others (Maklan, Knox, & Watson, 2001 A few literatures showed that customers used to provide post-purchase feedback and recommendations to disapproving brands in aspect of negative post-purchase experiences (Hausman, 2014). Branded cosmetics are mostly self-expressive products, so these require social approval basically boost up the confidence of the customers and reducing the post-purchase dissonance (Aaker, & McLoughlin, 2009). And branded customers would like to share after sales experiences digitally and at the same time researchers find a hypothesis: H9: Consumers like to focus their post-purchase experience digitally.

Methodology
There is a huge research gap for the current study and that is why mixed research methodology was taken here. Mixed research methodology is better than pure qualitative and pure quantitative research especially while researcher wants to develop the theory. Usually mixed research methodology provides a balanced and informative research outcome (Johnson, Onwuegbuzie, & Turner, 2007).
Literature provides that important features of digital marketing communication are the most preferred channel of communication both for customers and marketers. Five (5) points Likert scale were referred. When a researcher is interested to know the proportion instead of mean value of the population, in that situation population proportion approach is appropriate to find out the sample size (Malhotra & Dash, 2012 range of margin of error taken for educational research study is between 3% to 5%. P value referred as 0.5. After that calculation, the sample size would be 665.
The target population is segmented mutually exclusive such as sub-groups called clusters. The capital of Bangladesh; Dhaka was taken as sample area and this might be the limitations of this research.
The location of data collection has been chosen conveniently here. The sample was conveniently picked up here as well through online platform. Data were gathered from 665 respondents; actual and potential buyers from Dhaka City (Table 1).
This research is empirical in nature what derives on the basis of actual experience rather than theoretical beliefs. Empirical study basically finds the observed result and then drives a conclusion based on primary data. The theory was brought from secondary sources of data such as books, journals. Primary data were collected from actual and potential buyers of branded cosmetics products through survey (structured questionnaire). Online modes were used to collect the primary data (Table 2).

Preferable Digital Channel:
Digital channel is a significant preferred communication and it is a very good communication platform as an alternative of traditional communication platform.    This research hypothesized and showed that there is a significant preference of particular digital channels of communication for branded cosmetics products and significant value of 0.000 for digital channels reflected that customers or respondents used to use all the digital channels indifferently, so, thus the hypothesis H1 would be accepted.

Influence on Consumer Buying Decision Process:
Digital marketing communication influenced strongly on consumer buying decision process (Gay, Charlesworth, & Esen, 2007). This research hypothesized that digital marketing communication influence the entire buying-decision process. If statistics shows the significant positive effects, it will reflect the significant association with every stage of buying decision process. Statistical result shows the association higher than average since the descriptive results focus the average value more than (3) in each stage of buying decision process (Table 5).
Digital marketing communication influence the respondents at the initial stage of consumer buying decision process as per the statistics outcome for branded cosmetics product in Pandemic (COVID-19) situation. Interestingly, respondents stated that they use to focus on digital channels rather than traditional channels while they think of purchasing branded cosmetics in this Pandemic (COVID-19) situation.
The Chi-Square test value of 203.776 with 0.000 sig that leads the acceptance of hypothesis H3 where saying customers focus digital channels more than traditional channels at searching for information of branded cosmetics. The study also finds the reasons such as informative, interactive and flexibility of using digital communication. These reasons accounted for the increase of focusing digital channels and another believe came from respondents that customers most likely avoid traditional channel due to save time and energy while buying branded cosmetics products.
Respondents (75%) uttered that evaluation of branded cosmetics is much easier through digital channel since they might gain feedback easily from existing customers. This sort of information is available. Respondents also believe their positive vibes of branded cosmetics usually come from positive reviews mostly.
The respondents underline consensus of customers' recommendations rather M. Akter, N. Sultana Open Journal of Business and Management than manufacturer of branded cosmetics usually. Respondents accepted that digital marketing helps them to select the convenient dealers for branded cosmetics. Respondents (80%) happy to join digital channel forums, blogs and social media where they find analysis and discussions on branded cosmetics specially in this Pandemic (COVID-19) situation. Special offers, instruction for usage and so on are easily accessible at digital media according to respondents.
Changing pattern of buying branded cosmetics might come while searching for information through digital channel given by the respondents. A few respondents also showed their distrustfulness while they searched information such as misinformation, buying conditions etc. Another interesting thing is that respondents are very much positive to provide feedback after purchasing branded cosmetics. But in a nutshell, it would say that respondents consider searching and going through consumer buying decision by digital channels are wise.
This research study conducted inferential analysis and normality tests as well.
But the data were not found in normal distribution level and that is why One Sample rank test at 5% level of significance used. The significant p value of 0.000 indicated that digital marketing communication reflected a good amount of effect on entire consumer buying-decision process. The findings of this study agreed with outcomes of the studies such as Hausman (2014) who provided that digital channels such as cell phones, social media and websites have abilities to arouse need understanding step of the consumer buying-decision process specially for high-involvement products.
Branded cosmetics could consider as high involvement products. The results of this study clearly shows that digital marketing communication has the abilities of stimulating or making recognition and awareness for buying branded cosmetics and at the same time the outcomes of the study led to the acceptances of different hypotheses such as H3, H4, H5, H6, H7, and H9. But H8 did not accept, it was rejected since respondents found that customers use to order, or book branded cosmetics from digital channels.

Research Outcomes for Marketing Managers of Branded Cosmetics Specially in Pandemic (COVID-19) Situation
According to the outcome of the study, the marketing managers of branded The content of the websites should be informative, appealing, flexible, relevant and interesting. These facilities would help customers to make their wise decisions in aspect of choosing digital channel of buying decision. Digital channel preferred customers prefer dialogue rather than monologue, so marketers may apply this strategy. Now-a-days customers want to be loved and excited with promotional efforts from marketers or sellers. In this aspect, marketers may create social networking quizzes, games or contests what would resemble the customers a new dimension of thought.
There is no adequate way of describing digital communication channel strategy and it varies industry to industry and also customers to customers in this COVID-19 situation. If anyone starts a business but ignoring the digital marketing communication channel reflects opening business in a disguised way (Vadhwani, 2020). According Vadhwani (2020), the marketers need to invest on advertisements choosing the right platforms, need to build brand psychology on different social media. And due to lockdown & pandemic situation, customers' behaviour drastically changes, and marketers need to find out right match through digital marketing communication channel. This research already shows that customers are already adopted with digital marketing communication M. Akter, N. Sultana Open Journal of Business and Management channel and that indicates the sustainability of digital marketing channel communication in aspects of branded cosmetics consumption.

Limitation of the Study
Potential limitation of this study is the representativeness of the data. Bangladeshi consumer market is demographically large. The study is focused only particular areas of the capital of Bangladesh; hence the result may differ with the demographic characteristics of the sample.

Conclusion Laterally Future Research Opportunities
Digital marketing channel performs an attractive role selling and buying prod-