Trees and Shrubs of Zerafshan State National Reserve, Uzbekistan

The riparian (tugai) forest ecosystems of Central Asia are a biodiversity hot-spot with unique many trees and shrubs. Intense human pressure and global warming have caused habitat destruction in Zerafshan State National park and it’s 23.5 ha. There grow more than 300 higher plants. We analysed the wild flora and the remains of the species diversity that previously existed on the site of the forestry enterprise, the modern biodiversity of trees and shrubs in the described territory are represented by 52 species from among repre-sentatives of 21 plant families. These monitoring and results indicated that some tree species might in the near future become extinct in the wild. We therefore recommend that the local people be encouraged to stop using these trees.


Introduction
Uncontrolled use of plant resources for human well-being drives the loss of plant biodiversity worldwide [1] [2]. The study of plant biodiversity, development of ways of their integrated conservation and restoration continues to be an urgent problem. Such work is also carried out on the territory of the riparian forest of Uzbekistan, where a relatively large number of various plants grow [3] [4] [5] [6].
More than 300 species of vascular plants grow on the territory of the reserve.
Among this biodiversity, a special place belongs to the basis of the riparian forest-woody and shrub plants. Before the establishment of the reserve in 1975, this territory belonged to the Samarkand forestry organization, where the species of Acacia, Gleditschia, Acer, Fraximus, Ulmus, Juglans, etc., which have planted. One of the great interests is the Malus Niedzweckiana Dieck. and the Red Book species Rhus coriaria L. that has recently appeared in the reserve.
The Elaegnus angustifolia L., Berberis integerrima Rgl., Atraphaxis seravschanica Pavl Halimodendron halodendron Vass. etc. were well tolerated under the arid conditions.  The coldest month is January (−27), and the hottest is July (+41). In summer there is a lack of rain and the greatest aridity ( Figure 2).

Study Site
Precipitation in the area of the Zarafshan State Reserve is quite a small amount: from 100 to 400 mm. and falls on the autumn-winter period. Precipitation falls in the form of rain and snow-from early December to the first ten days of March ( Figure 3).
The number of days with snow cover does not exceed 30 days. The territory of the Zerafshan River basin is notable for a long duration of the sunshine, which is 2877 hours per year. The number of clear days is 150 -160 days ( Figure 4).
Samarkand. Mainly these focal species have used as wood and medicinal by local people.
Elaegnus angustifolia has got a firewood and it uses by local people. E. angustifolia and Hippophae rhamnoides are medicinal plants and people collect fruits of these focal species. And other species below are use as firewood by local people ( Figure 5).    shrubs, semi-shrubs, dwarf-shrubs, or herbs (perennial, biennial and annual).
Geobotanical research methods according to Rabotnov

Results and Discussion
The forests in the study region are mostly calm of Populus euphratica, Tamarix halostachys caspica, and Haloxylon ammodendron, and also some herbs such as Phragmites australis and Halimodendron halodendron. P. euphratica, is the keystone species of the riparian forests which are also reflected to as Tugai forests [13]. The Pesquería River (north-eastern Mexico) has long been exposed to significant anthropogenic pressures. For this reason, it has been identified by the Mexican National Commission for the Knowledge and Usage of Biodiversity as a priority resource to be priced and restored [15].   of this region, the trees are phreatophytes, which depend on access to groundwater. Essential ecosystem services (ESS) of these forests contain rationing, adjusting, and cultural services. Studies revealed that the wood of the forests could be sustainably used through a temperate harvesting intention [16].
This study investigated the anthropogenic pressure on the tugai forest. We observed Zerafshan tugai forest is under anthropogenic pressure and as well destroyed by erosion ( Figure 6).
We analysed wood-shrubs of Zerafshan tugai forest, there were 45 trees and 7 shrubs. Mostly dominated by trees due to tolerance.
We usually identify trees and shrubs morphologic and anatomic characteristics and as well as modern approach is DNA analyse (Table 1).

Conclusions and Recommendations
The Therefore, in order to prevent these threats, first of all, it is necessary to conduct wider environmental education among the population and urgently develop ways to preserve and restore riparian vegetation in this area.