Two Problems of Time Entering Respectively the Relativistic Mechanics and Electron Transport in Quantum Theory

In the relativistic mechanics, we calculate a minimal distance between the time scale of a one-dimensional motion having a larger velocity and the time scale of a similar motion with a lower velocity. Concerning the quantum theory, we demonstrate that mechanical parameters entering the electron motion in the Bohr hydrogen atom can provide us with a correct size of the time interval entering the Joule-Lenz law for the emission energy between two neighbouring quantum levels of the atom.

In the general relativity, the time interval became dependent also on other parameters than the body velocity, for example the body mass; see e.g. [2].
A separate problem which became of importance was the irreversibility of time. In fact, only one kind of the time change, that of a spontaneous increase of the time variable, could be postulated as valid in nature. A correspondence of this property with a systematic increase of entropy predicted by the second law of thermodynamics became here well-known and famous.
On the first level of the paper, no quantum effects come into play. Our aim is to study in Section 2 -4 the problem of an extremal (minimal) time difference attainable by the time variables belonging to two different frames considered in the mechanics of special relativity. This problem seems to be neglected in the earlier calculations, but can be solved now in a rather simple way.
In the next step-Section 6, the time interval necessary for the electron transition between two neighbouring energy levels of the hydrogen atom is calculated in a semiclassical way. The interval is found to fit very well the Joule-Lenz law for the quantum electron transition. Electrodynamical repercussions of the law are also presented.

Change of the Time Variable in Special Relativity Examined as a Function of the Particle Velocity
A very simple approach to the theory of special relativity is based on a single position variable z and the time variable t of a moving particle [3]. This kind of motion can be called one-dimensional. If the particle motion is considered next in a system frames which move with a speed of v in the direction of z, the particle coordinates ( ) By subtracting (9) from (8) we obtain   2  2  2  2  2  2  2  2  2  2  2  2  2  2  2  2  2  2   1 so we arrive at the equation This formula can be also obtained on the basis of the reference [3].
In the next step we apply the approximation given in (7) so (14) an extremal value of the expressions in (11), or (13), occurs at 2 2 2 vt tz = (15) or min .
The second derivative of (13) with respect to v gives therefore the formulae (15) and (15a) indicate a position of a minimum of (11) or (13).
Evidently at 0 t = the expression in (13) becomes zero and-because of (11)-the same property applies to the left-hand side of (13), so in this case A minimum value of (11) or (13) becomes ( ) when the value of (15a) is substituted for t in (13). This gives also On the other hand, for example for we obtain ( ) and also-because of (11) Another example can be the case of ( ) This gives ( )

Special Behaviour of the Time Extremum (tmin) Obtained in (15a)
In principle we look for an extremum with respect to v of the expression  (22) in which the denominator of 2 z′ can be represented by a series of the even powers of v c : Evidently-in the case of (7)-the powers entering (23) can give only small numbers.
A characteristic point is that when the series (23) is taken into account, the extremum value of min t obtained before in (15a) for the case of neglected powers entering (23) does not change. This becomes evident if we note that expression (22) in its part dependent on v is equal to a sum of ( ) identical with the expression examined on the right of (12) and leading to (15a), and expression ( ) But expression (25) if we substitute z vt = from (15) into expression (26). This fact makes position of the extremum value of (22) equal to that given by (12), therefore min t becomes equal to (15a).
The second derivative of (25a) calculated with respect to v gives if z vt = , so we attain again at (15a) a minimum of the v dependence of the expression given in (22).
see (18). The differences from results obtained in Section 3 occur for but not zero obtained in (20) and (20a), for but not the result from (21) and (21a), etc.

Time and the Quantum Theory
A discovery of the quantum effects in physics led to a new look on time; see e.g. This situation made any theoretical description of the time-dependent change performed by a quantum system to be a rather uncertain task. In practice this meant that the quantum mechanics was reduced to a quantum statics: only stationary states of the atomic systems could be represented by the quantum theory.
Simultaneously, the computational effort connected with an accurate description of such states was drastically complicated by an increase of the particle number involved in the calculations.

Special Time Problem Entering the Quantum Theory of the Atom
Historically the perfect success of the semiclassical Bohr theory obtained for the  [10]. In this section we try to apply that theory in calculating the time intervals necessary for the electron transitions in the hydrogen atom; the atom is evidently considered on a semiclassical level. The virial theorem for the electron energy in the hydrogen atom states that [11] kin pot where kin E is the kinetic electron energy The above parameters provide us with the following result for the total electron energy on the level n: Our aim is to calculate the time of the electron transfer from the level 1 n + (less negative energy) to the level n (more negative energy). This task can be approached in several ways. In the first step, we can apply the Joule-Lenz theorem developed earlier on the basis of a quantum approach to the classical Joule-Lenz dissipation energy (see [12] [13]) is the energy difference between the total electron energy on the levels 1 n + and n which are the nearest neighbouring quantum states in the atom. This kind of calculations was widely applied in examining the intensity of the emission spectra of the atomic hydrogen; see [13]- [17]. In the present case we refer to the result of the Joule-Lenz law in (37) again at the end of the present section.
A more direct approach to the emission time interval t ∆ can be obtained, first, by considering the change of the total electron energy with the change of the electron velocity between the states 1 n + and n. We obtain The product of E ∆ in (45) and t ∆ in (44) gives: This result is in a perfect agreement with the product representing the Joule-Lenz law in (37).
An electrodynamical repercussion of the formulae (37) or (46) is very simple.
Having t ∆ we obtain the density of the electron charge current equal to In effect of the formulae (46), (46a) and (46b) the resistance of the current associated with V ∆ and i becomes: for any electron transition between two neighbouring quantum levels 1 n + and n, on condition n is a large number. The resistance R-equal to a well-known constant of the integer quantum Hall effect-is independent of n, so it can apply to any pair of large 1 n + and n. It seems of interest to perform a reversed procedure, i.e. to calculate E ∆ on the basis of R and i. This is obtained from the Joule formula By substituting R from (46c) and i from (46a) we have which is the same result as it was given in (37) and (46).

Two Other Time Problems Entering the Quantum Physics
Beyond of the time intervals characteristic for the electron transitions in the atom, two other special problems connected with time position in the quantum theory can be approached. The first one concerns the uncertainty problem of energy and time raised at the beginning of the modern quantum theory by Heisenberg [19]. This is represented by the relation where E ∆ and t ∆ are respectively the energy and time intervals entering the quantum process. In this case the E ∆ should not be confused with the interval specified in the formula (45). The formula (47)-though formally similar to the uncertainty reference between the intervals of the particle momentum and position variables-was strongly criticized [20] [21] and omitted in numerous textbooks; see e.g. [22] [23]. In the author's opinion a more justified relation than (47) is [24] [25] [26] ( ) It can be noted that an application of (48) allowed us to obtain the relation between the fundamental constants of nature (e, h and c); see [27].
Another special time problem which can be raised by the quantum theory is connected with the scale of time. A strictly progressive scale applied in general in physics is represented by Figure 1.
This kind of scale means that any time B t later than time A t satisfies the World Journal of Mechanics However it can be shown that a different scale of time than given in Figure 1 is suitable when a perturbation of a stationary non-degenerate quantum state in some time moment, say A t , is applied. Then the scale of time necessary to calculate the Schrödinger perturbation energy of order N-represented by a set of N successive collisions of the original (unperturbed) state due to the perturbation potential per V -should be extended rather along a topological circle than a straight line.
In this case all energy terms belonging to the perturbation energy of order N, labelled in total by can be readily obtained from the scale; see The only rule which has to be applied to contractions is that the loops created by them should not cross [28] [29] [30].

Summary and Conclusions
In the paper, two problems of time entering respectively the special relativistic mechanics and quantum physics are outlined. In the first problem, an extremal calculation of the time difference between a moving and stationary frame of a one dimensional relativistic particle motion has been performed. The extremal (minimal) time difference becomes equal to the ratio of the actual position variable (z) and the velocity (v) of the moving frame.
The time interval of the electron transition between the neighbouring quantum energy levels in the atom has been estimated in a semiclassical way. This  interval fits perfectly well the Joule-Lenz law coupling the energy difference between the levels to the value of the Planck constant.
As a second problem, a semiclassical calculation of the interval of time concerning the electron transition between the neighbouring quantum energy levels in the Bohr hydrogen atom has been performed.
In discussion, an extension of the original Heisenberg uncertainty principle for energy and time-criticized a time ago by several authors-has been presented.
In a final step, we pointed out to the use of a circular scale of time-instead of a conventional straight-linear scale-in calculating the Schrödinger perturbation energy of a non-degenerate quantum state.

Conflicts of Interest
The author declares no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.