Boundary Exact Controllability of the Heat Equation in 1D by Strategic Actuators and a Linear Surjective Compact Operator

In this paper we show a boundary result of controllability by a new approach using a linear, continuous and surjective operator built from the solution of the heat system. And, subsequently, the border exact controllability of the 1D heat equation through a compactness criterion and the use of strategic zone actuators were established.


Introduction
These last years, the exact controllability of distributed systems has been significantly enhanced by J. L. Lions [1] [2] with the development of the Hilbert Uniqueness Methods (HUM). It is based essentially on the uniqueness properties of the homogeneous equation by a particular choice of controls, the construction of a Hilbert space and a continuous linear application of this Hilbert space in its dual which is, in fact, an isomorphism that establishes exact controllability.
For hyperbolic problems, this method yielded important results (Lions [3]); although when the controls are small support (Niane [4], Seck [5] [6]), it seems not very effective, likewise when for technical reasons the multiplier method does not give satisfactory results.
As for the parabolic equations, there are the results of Imanuvilov-Fursikov [7] and G. Lebeau-L. Robbiano [8] who proved with different methods but very technical and long, the exact control of the Heat equation.
Also, the harmonic method is inoperative also for this kind of equations. In this work, to circumvent certain constraints related to estimates in G. Lebeau's work, we show that a new method which solves some of these difficulties. It is based Seck's work; on criteria of surjectivity of a continuous linear operator of a Hilbert space in another construct directly from the problem of exact border controllability.
The criteria are of two types: 1) A surjectivity criterion that is a consequence of the properties of uniqueness (J. L. Lions); 2) A criterion of compactness that derives from the parabolic nature of the operator or the regularity of the control; In both cases, these criteria are easier to verify than those of the Lions HUM method.
This method which we call Boundary Exact Controllability by Surjectivity and Compactness opens wide perspectives to the theory of the exact controllability in general, as well as to the theory of the exact controllability by actuators strategic zones and allows for the parabolic equations, from Schrödinger, plates, linearized Navier-Stockes to solve many questions thus opening up many perspectives.

Characterization of Exact Controllability
Indeed, we have the following result of functional analysis (see J. L. Lions and Ramdani [9]) which will allow us to characterize the exact controllability of the heat equation.
For proof see also jeups 2012 Karim-Ramdani or J. L. Lions.

Exact Controllability Reminders
Let ] [ 0,1 I = an open interval of  . We put A to the operator defined by: . Then,  is surjective if and only if its adjoint *  is bounded below, i.e. there exists a con- .
Lemma 2. The following assertions are equivalent: 1) The system (12) below is exactly controllable for 0 T > .
2) The operator * T  is inferiorly bounded, i.e. there exists See Lions, El. Jai [10] [11] or also Ramdani-Karim jeups 2012. Definition 1. Let  the operator defined below. We will say that the system defined by (12) that it is exactly controllable in time T if and only if  is surjective.

Definition 2. An integrable square function
: , the solution ψ + of heat equation Remark.

2)
Here Ω is an open bounded of 2  , of regular border; ( ) 2 L I is, a priori, the state space and T defines the time horizon considered for the exact controllability of the system (4). Proposition 3. There are strategic actuators with support contained in any interval ] [ , a b such that: Proof. We can first notice that µ is strategic if and only if: such that a b < and assume that: So, if we take a ∈  and b a r Remark. Of course, other strategic actuators can be built without difficulty, see also El. Jai.
We define the Hilbert spaces that follow: We equip T G with the following scalar product ( ) T G . We know that T G is a Hilbert space; its dual is defined by: We equip *

Main Result of Boundary Exact Control
In the following, we want to establish an exact controllability result by the construction of a particular linear, continuous and surjective operator. Indeed, we want to solve the following problem: for all 0 y in a space to be determined after, find One can formally also see how the operator L can be constructed.
Multiply the Equation (12) by ψ − solution of the Equation (11), we have: In order for the second member to make sense, it must be assumed that: . It suffices to assume that We know that: Remember that we had defined the following spaces: where ( ) which allows us to define the operator ( ) ( ) Remark. We can notice that: We thus define the operator L by Using the relationship Remark. The Lemma 1 and Lemma 2, responds to another philosophy than the usual one whose main hypothesis is the coercivity that assumes the verification of an estimate difficult to establish in explicit spaces.
So, we have the following boundary controllability result Theorem 4 (Main result). For all is surjective? We know that the operator L is defined by: and his dual is where K a constant defined by By the Lemma 1 and Lemma 2, we can deduce that L is surjective.
We know that µ is not degenerate, the operator L is surjective and, in addition, the operator * LL is compact see also Seck.
Let now