From Poincaré’s Electro-Gravific Ether (1905) to Cosmological Background Radiation (3˚K, 1965)

It is well known that Einstein published in June 1905 his theory of Special Relativity (SR) without entirely based on space-time Lorentz Transformation (LT) with invariance of Light Velocity. It is much less known that Poincaré published, practically at the same time, a SR also based entirely on LT with also an invariant velocity. However, according to Poincaré, the invariant is not only that of light wave but also that of Gravific Wave in Ether. Poincaré’s Gravific ether exerts also a Gravific pressure, in the same paper, on charged (e) Electron (a “Hole in Ether” according to Poincaré). There are thus two SR: That of Einstein (ESR), without ether and without gravitation, and that of Poincaré (PSR), with Electro-Gravific-Ether. The crucial question arises then: Does “SPECIAL” Poincaré’s (e)-G field fall in the framework of Einstein’s GENERAL Relativity? Our answer is positive. On the basis of Einstein’s equation of gravitation (1917) with Minkowskian Metric (MM) and Zero Constant Cosmological (CC) we rediscover usual Static Vacuum (without charge e of electron). On the other hand with MM and Non-Zero CC, we discover the gravific field of a Cosmological Black Hole (CBH) with density of dark energy compatible with expanding vacuum. Hawking’s Stellar Black Hole (SBH) emits outgoing Black Radiation, whilst Poincaré’s CBH emits (at time zero) incoming Black Radiation. We show that Poincaré’s G-electron involves a (quantum) GRAVITON (on the model of Einstein’s quantum photon) underlying a de Broglie’s G-Wave. There is therefore a Gackground Cosmological model in Poincaré’s basic paper which predicts a density and a temperature of CBR very close to the observed (COBE) values. Cosmological Black Radiation versus Hawking’ s Outgoing Stellar Black Radiation, Poincaré’s Gravitational Pressure on Electron (“Ge”), Vacuum without Charge e (ESR), Vacuum with Charge e (PSR), Lightlike Quantum Graviton


Introduction: Poincaré's Gravific Waves and Gravific Pressure on Electron in the Framework of SR (1905)
From a historical point of view, there was not only one theory but two theories of SPECIAL RELATIVITY SR ([1] [2]) quasi-simultaneous, 1905): that of Poincaré (July, [1]) and. that of Einstein (June, [2]). Both theories, "Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies" (ESR, [2]) and "Dynamic of electron" (PSR, [1]), are very close but not confused 1 . Both theories are based on the same space-time LORENTZ TRANSFORMATION (LT, with invariance (limit) of light velocity c, but there exists a crucial difference that seems irreducible: Unlike Einstein which deletes ether, Poincaré claims the existence of a relativistic ether with "gravific waves" ( §1-1) and gravific pressure on electron ( §1-2). There is no polemical intention (struggle of priorities between Einstein and Poincaré) on our part because we are now led to rehabilitate Poincaré's "Very Special" Relativity in 1905 on the ba-sis… of Einstein's General Relativity GR in 1916 and more precisely Einstein's Cosmological GR in 1917).

"Special" Poincaré's Gravific Waves in Ether with Lorentz Transformation (LT)
We purposely adopt the term "GRAVIFIC Wave" used by Poincaré in 1905 in introduction of "Dynamique de l'électron" ( [1]: "Quelles modifications elle [la transformation de Lorentz, LT] nous obligerait à apporter aux lois de la gravitation? C'est ce que j'ai cherché à déterminer. J'ai été conduit à supposer que la propagation de la gravitation n"est pas instantanée mais qu'elle [ONDE GRAVI-FIQUE, GRAVIFIC WAVE, dixit Poincaré] se fait à la vitesse de la lumière". Laplace considered that the gravitation had a super-luminous velocity: "La gravitation se déplace au moins 300 fois plus vite que la lumière (according to Laplace: about 300c)". Laplace (Mitchell's) formula (1) for a Stellar Black Hole (SBH, "black" because the wavelight cannot escape from the SBH) is: Poincaré criticizes Laplace in 1905 by proposing that the speed of a GRAVI-FIC WAVE must be the limit (singular) speed of light on the basis of LT.
At first sight It seems that it is impossible to "make relativistic" (1) because we have no gravitation field in standard Einstein's SR (ESR, 1905). Poincaré's attempt (PSR, 1905) to define gravific waves on the basis of a RELATIVISTIC SBH (with LT) seems to be fruitless ( §2).

"Special" Poincaré's Gravific Pressure, with LT, on a "Hole in the Ether" (Charged e Electron)
Poincaré shows also in the same paper (July, §6 Lorentz' Contraction), [1]) that the mass e m of ELECTRON can be defined from its emitted ElectroMagnetic (EM) field provided to take into account a GRAVIFIC Pressure (also in the framework of LT. From Energy-Impusion tensor EM T µν Poincaré notes that energy and impulsion of a purely (EM) Electron are not transformed with LT as the components of a timelike 4-vector: it appears parasitic factors 1/3, 4/3 ( Poincaré then adds to the EM tensor a Non-EM (Gravific origin) tensor (according to Poincaré: a Supplementary Potential): , 4-tensor Energy-Impulsion can be reduced to a 4-vector Energy-Impulsion also in presence of a (spherical) charge e. Poincaré does not write in 1905 any formula for its internal e-gravific density (or pressure). This formula e w is explicitly written by Langevin (in 1913) on the basis of the implicit (for a hole) model of surface charge distribution in the spherical radius e r of Poincaré's electron or "hole in ether" (in details we have after integration Poincaré however specifies in 1905 (in the sentence where he claims gravitational origin, in the text "Newtonian attraction") that the density e w is proportional to the "fourth power of experimental mass e m of electron". With basic relation of "classical radius" e r (4) of electron we find indeed the proportionality with 4 e m announced by Poincaré (where e r is "classical radius of electron"): Such a name "classical radius of electron" is inappropriate in Poincaré's theory because he designates his electron as a "(spherical) Hole in the (gravific) Ether" (a kind of singularity in a gravific field). We will show that "classical" theory is in truth a wave theory of electron in the meaning of de Broglie §6-7).
Poincaré's non orthodox point of view seems overthrowed by qnantum theory of electron: According to Einstein's famous quotation: "electron ('quantum of charge' e) is a stranger in classical electrodynamics" (Minkowskian usual Va- and Newton's classical law of gravitation (kinetic and potential energy): At singular time 0 t = (no negative time, only Tachyon can escape…): Initial conditions are ( ) We deduce, with , the threshold ESCAPE (only Tachyon can escape…) invariant (light) speed: CC induces then a new formula of Laplace (1) that is now completely relativistic (in the meaning of SR and GR as well): only Tachyon can escape. We succeed then to transform non-relativistic (1) into (11). We suggest then to call this new formula (11) "Poincaré's formula". A Hubble's Horizon (Schwarzshild) from which light or photon) cannot escape. More precisely: A Cosmological Black Hole (CBH) whose Universal Schwarzshild's Horizon is Hubble's Horizon. Underlying Minkowskian Metric MM (Space-Like, only tachyon…) must be then written as follows: This is logically unstoppable. According to GR transformations of coordinates with MM are LINEAR LORENTZ TRANSFORMATION (LT). Enigmatic Neo-Minkowskian Poincaré's Black Hole is no longer a SBH of Laplace (or Schwarzshild) but a COSMOLOGICAL (UNIVERSAL BLACK HOLE (CBH): Schwarzschild's surface of radius H R (at singular initial time 0 t = ).
Let us note that CBH is also the cosmological limit of Schwarzschild's static metric (SBH).we have SBH CBH In order to be compatible with Expanding (Accelerating) Universe, Schwarz-

Hawking's Outgoing Black Radiation versus Poincaré's Incoming Black Radiation
Let us remember that we have NECESSARILY (10)  is emitted from Horizon of Events of SBH (30) to the outside. Hawking (1974) invokes quantum fluctuations in order to justify an emission of (outgoing) Black Radiation from event horizon of SBH.
Until now our theory seems to be a purely classical theory of black hole and then we cannot obtain such a "Hawking's derogation" for Black Radiation: ONLY tachyons can escape to THE OUTSIDE.
In what Sense of Radial direction should this Black Radiation be emitted?
The only possible logical answer is that the photons can only be emitted to After spacelike interval (9-10) we have LIGHTLIKE interval for the radiation from the Horizon H R : on the same quantum model of (Quantum) PHOTON, we introduce for (Quantum) GRAVITON a constant G A (ACTION) that is at this stage unknown: Let us begin first without Poincaré. We have now to introduce Electron in basic equation of Perfect Fluid in G(6) in order to determine G A (ACTION). Poincaré's electron is hidden in (17). We have to find it.

Hidden Electron in Cosmological Perfect Fluid and Black Radiation (without Poincaré)
Let us begin first without Poincaré. We absolutely need to introduce the light (emission of CBR in 0 t = , 10) and therefore EM wave in Perfect Fluid (5): Remember that Cosmologists distinguish three different types of Fluid which corresponds to three periods of the universe 1) the dust or inconsistent matter ( 0 p = ), 2) the dark energy 0 p ρ + = (first density) 3) the so-called "Radiation"

Hidden Electron in Cosmological NeoMinkowskian Perfect Fluid
In cosmological literature we have a perfect "Fluid of Radiation" always written in Riemannian metric g µν (18). In cosmological literature we have a perfect "Fluid of Radiation" always written in Riemannian metric g µν (18). It is generally claimed that, if we replace g µν µν η = from a Riemannian Fluid to a Neo-Minkowskian Fluid (19) the gravitation (and then gravific waves) would be eliminated.
1) The first tensor (left member) is usual EM tensor of radiation with null . This is the reason why the perfect fluid is called "Radiation" in cosmological literature.
2) The second tensor looks like that of a "non-baryonic particle" at rest At this stage, if we admit that non-baryonic particle would be a lepton electron or rather an abstract electronic point, we are far (see 1-4) from a concrete electron ( ) , , e e e m r . There is however a hidden electron in Cosmological tensor of "Radiation" (a cosmological electron?).

Hidden Electron (with Pressure) with Timelike Minkowskian Metric
Let us remark that we can put in the third tensor (the pressure) to the left:

Hidden Electron in Sphere of Black Radiation in Isentropic Expanding (CBR)
The concrete radiation in our cosmological problematic is black radiation in CBR. Let us remark, in this respect, that the situation of concrete electron According cosmological usual "Isentropic Expansion of Spherical CBR" 1 3

Why Poincaré Does Insist on the Fact That Pressure Is NEGATIVE?
Poincaré's basic idea ( §1) is to define the electron ( e w ) from its field ( em w ) see The first is classical EM with zero trace). Poincaré's mathematical answer would be logically: and therefore mathematically the gravific pressure according to Poincaré indeed must be negative: is not very credible in the role of density of radiation, Reported to black radiation of CBR this first attempt involves e CBR w w = ( §8) the density involves a temperature) we obtain about 10 15 K!

Poincaré's Pressure on the Basis of Perfect Fluid: From Photon (v = c) to Electron (v < c)?
(we do a reconstitution as in a judicial investigation) This is exactly the perfect fluid (39) with an electron at rest ( §5-1). EM_RADIATION + POSITIVE GRAVIFIC PRESSURE-⇒ COSMOLOGICAL ELECTRON Therefore Poincaré's historical (long) deduction is the same as our deduction g µν µν η = from Riemannian Fluid to NeoMinkowskian Fluid. There is however a CRUCIAL CONTRAST because formulated with timelike MM: We have now to introduce between Photon and Electron, the Graviton (17).
Summary of the situation: At this stage we have a purely gravific density (pressure) and a purely electronic density (pressure). But we have no longer an Electro-Gravific density (see the title).

Poincaré's Electro-Gravific Ether: de Broglie's Wave of Graviton
We have the same formula for photon and graviton as well (at this stage the gravific density G w and gravific pressure G p are not defined, G A is unknown).
Given that Poincaré's concept of "Hole in ether" for Electron recalls de Brog-

G-WED (Photon-Graviton-Electron) VERSUS QED (Photon-Electron)
We suggest here to continue with relativistic mind of de Broglie ( [8]) that distinguishes (in 1957) three basic levels in physics.
1) The first level is (macroscopic) according to de Broglie is classical physics (dynamic and thermodynamics). 3 Frequency Ge ν will be connected with angular velocity of Thomas 2 T Gefo ω ν π = for galaxies and thus dark matter). 2) The second level is (microscopic) Quantum physics (baryonic or atomic matter 0 G µν ≠ ).
3) The third level (hypomicroscopic) is the deepest level (photonic-electronic, non baryonic 0 G µν = ): "the deepest level is Hypomicrophysics SubQuantum Substratum constituted by this Vacuum a huge reservoir of underlying energy of which we still know almost nothing" (in French: Le niveau le plus profond, hypomicrophysique ou subquantique pourrait-on dire, constitu? par ce "vide" réservoir immense d'énergie sous-jacente dont nous ignorons encore presque tout).
The third level "Hypomicrophysics SubQuantum Substratum" is particularly suitable for our problematic (see equation 16-17 for photon and graviton). , in harmony with continuous spectrum of CBR, is smaller 'SUB) than the "quantum" of action.
In order to treat of (the density of) non-baryonic SUBquantum VACUUM G-WED is then better adapted: The fine structure constant [9]) wbecomes then a decisive factor between G-WED and QED in its two forms (Sommerfeld or Planck Einstein): Let us specify also the ratio with wavelength of Compton and radius of Bohr (with fine structure constant): We have not only the density of CBR but also the basic ratio: very close to observation (see also 44, [3] 5.38 × 10 −5 ). Observers located inside the universe (a Black Hole filled with a Black Radiation) can be happy they have "light" and "electricity".

Conclusions: Einstein's Classical Theory of Unified Field versus Poincaré's (Wave) Quantum Theory of Unified Field (Ge)
Most physicists have gone too quickly "to the quantum whole". A re-reading of Poincaré's work on Unified Field (Ge) is clearly needed (beyond the cosmological question, [10]).
The irony of the story is that the return of the neoclassical finally allows a perfectly natural introduction of wave-quanta in gravitation's theory. Rather than the Quantization of GR (main stream) we choose here rather a GR-ization (with Wave-Quantum-Graviton) of Quantum (electron).

Conjecture about Our (Relative) Velocity with Respect to Poincaré's Ether
The fine structure (without quotes, [9]) constant is thus hidden in the synthesis between the two SR ("Poinstein"): this factor called by Einstein "factor 900". We have the right to formulate a Conjecture of "Big Boost" (Cosmological Poincaré's "Light Elongated ellipsoid"): Poincaré's (relative) speed with respect to the gravific ether is given in (56). This is very close of the observed COBE value. A dipolar effect on 3 K. of the order of 3 mK ( 3  1  10 900 − ≈ ). Their radical elimination will persist even after 1922. They were ejected from both History of Physics and Physics itself. Thanks to GR (Einstein 1915) with CC (Einstein 1917) with Poincaré's (Neo-Minkowskian) Limit, we now know that when (the young) Einstein makes

Historical Epilogue: Einstein's LichtKomplex and Poincaré's Velocity Qwith Respect to the Gravific Ether
: v c = in Poincaré's electron (Perfect Ultra-Relativistic Electron (PURE) §5), he determines not a photon but a graviton. The history of physics is highly nonlinear 5 .