Analysis of the Trend of Peri-Urban Development in Minna, Niger State

Current situation of development in Minna has raised many spatial challenges especially in the peri-urban areas. This study analyzed the spatial development of Minna between 1972 and 2015, with a view to determining the trend at which the peri-urban area changes over time. Minna topographical map of 1972, township map of 1979 and the satellite imageries covering 1986, 1996, 2006 and 2015 were employed in this study. Map processing and image classification techniques were used in extracting the information needed. The study revealed that there was over 2000% increase in the built-up area of Minna within the period understudied. This implies that the peri-urban areas of Minna by 2015 had grown about thirty-two times its size in 1972; thirteen its size in 1979; thrice its size in 1986 and 1996, respectively; and twice of its size in 2006, but, with an increased rate of uncoordinated and unplanned development. It concluded that the planning and development of Minna pe-ri-urban areas should not be left to chance or the interplay of economic va-riables, but should be guided by strategies that will ensure orderly growth and development. It therefore recommended that the government through the statutory agencies should initiate a strategic development plan proposal known as Peri-urban Area Strategic Development Plans (PuASDP), which is to guide and control every spatial development activities in the peri-urban areas.


Introduction
reported that as the world moves into the realm of urban age, the dynamism tractive features of the contemporary research in urban studies. The pattern of migration has increased the levels of urbanization, urban agglomeration and peri-urban development [5]. This implies that there is a strong correlation between demographic transformation and urban agglomeration pattern. Thus, the existing urban hierarchies owed their spatial pattern and structure to the transportation system. Indeed, several studies held to this belief, presenting transportation as the key factor responsible for the growth of urban centres in the 18 th and 19 th centuries [3] [6]. [7] further identified economy, industrialization, government impact and tremendous immigration as few of the underlying factors contributing to peri-urban spatial transformation.
Peri-urban development, though a global challenge, its characteristics and impact vary locally. In Nigeria, the concepts of physical development in peri-urban areas entail construction of buildings and modification to land in order to create more liveable and comfortable environment [8]. Several factors have been adduced for the rapid expansion of the peri-urban areas in Nigeria. These factors, which range from physical, economic, social and political have influenced urban growth [8] [9] [10]. The dynamic and integrative nature of peri-urban areas has been a major constraint, exhibiting sprawled pattern development [9]. The pattern of development in the peri-urban area has been characterized by a wide variety of the undesirable aspects of changes in the fringe areas of cities, often consciously referred to as unplanned and uncontrolled development resulting in poor and much unplanned suburbanization [11] [12].
As noted by [10], massively-scaled peri-urban development in Nigeria had continued under a variety of guises to meet the demand for space for urban accommodation, business and services from a diverse population. To a certain extent, the large scale infrastructural developments in the peri-urban areas have led to ribbon satellite development that takes advantage of massive investment in national assets. These developments suffer from deficiencies in provision of infrastructure and services. The disadvantages of such development reflect in the absence of proper planning and inadequate or/and inappropriate land gover-

Neighbourhoods in Minna
With the introduction of the tradition head (Emir) of Minna in 1957, the town was subdivided into six (6) administrative wards, made up of the old settlement camps and the newly developed neighbourhoods. Later, numbers of wards increased to nine (9) in 1990 to accommodate the growing neighbourhoods at the periphery, but has since increased to twenty-six (Table 1). These neighbourhoods can be classified into core ( Figure 3) and peri-urban neighbourhoods ( Figure 4).     techniques were used in extracting the information needed. To extract the information, three different bands of these imageries were stacked together to develop the false colour composite image (Figures 7-10), thereafter, the area required for the study was subset using ERDAS IMAGINE 9.2 software. For image classification training set, four classes of features were adopted, which are built-up area; undisturbed vegetation; disturbed vegetation; and water body, meanwhile, this study only focuses on the built-up area. These training sets were subjected to the conventional supervised Maximum Likelihood Classification Algorithm using ERDAS IMAGINE 9.2 software. To change the interface of the satellite imageries, this was composed using ERDAS IMAGINE 9.2 software and later transposed to ArcGIS 10.3 software to compose the graticules, legend, scale bar and the true north. Finally, the built-up areas were composed and analyzed using the percentage of the areal extent covered.

Areal Extent of Minna: 1972 and 1979
The availability of the topographical map of Minna (1972)

Land Use Classification: 1986-2015
The    The supervised classification procedure was adopted because this permits the specification of parameters based on prior knowledge of the study area. The conventional supervised Maximum Likelihood Classification Algorithm was used to extract information from the satellite data and image analysis was carried out to detect the change in the land use/land cover (LU/LC) of Minna between 1986 and 2015. The total area for the land use/land cover classification is shown in Table 3; the graphical illustrations of the classified satellite imageries of Minna between 1986 and 2015 are shown in Figures 13-16.     Trend of the Peri-urban Built-up Area Table 4 shows the changes that occurred in the built-up area of Minna within the periods covered by the study. Expectedly, there has been a tremendous increase in the land developed in the town between 1972 and 2015. From a mere 368.3 hectares in 1972, Minna has increased to 11,913.2 hectares by 2015. A sharp increase in the areal extent of the town occurred between 1979 and 1986; from 893.7 hectares to 4368.7 hectares, respectively.     Figure 19 indicates four major settlements that were located within the peri-urban area of Minna in 1979. These settlements are Bosso to the north, Tudunwada to the south, Maitumbi to east and Kpakungun to the west. These neighbourhoods became the settlements that anchor further expansion of the peri-urban area of Minna. This supports role played by declaration of Minna as the administrative capital of Niger State, in 1976. After Minna became the State Capital, the non-residential land increased, the low-density and medium density housing also increased rapidly. The overall growth of Minna between 1972 and 1979 was estimated at the rate of 20.4% per annum. Figure 20 shows the peri-urban areas of Minna in 1986. Between 1979 and 1986, the satellite settlements that were far away from the core area of Minna, expanded more toward the core area, taking the advantages of the newly constructed roads that linked the core area and the low cost housing estates. Developments in the peri-urban area of Minna began to take shape, though, rather scanty and few. These peri-urban neighbourhoods with various degrees of development are Bosso town, Tudunwada north and south, Tayi-Village, Maitumbi, Kpakungun, Dutsen Kura Gwari, Sango, Chanchaga, Tundun-Fulani, Jikpan and Bosso Estate.
The development of the peri-urban area of Minna increased, but rather slowly ( Figure 21). Between 1986 and 1996, there were more of dispersed developments outside the designated core area of Minna and this displayed the linear strip pattern along the major highways and access roads. Neighbourhoods such as Tudunwada, Tunga, F-layout and GRA, developed toward the core area of Minna, while neighbourhoods like Bosso town, Tayi village, Kpakungun and Chanchaga developed in different directions.  The peri-urban development of Minna in 2006 is shown in Figure 22. During this period, Minna could be seen as a spatially clustered city. Actually, the development of the peri-urban area of Minna in 2006 could be described as dramatic, because the major parts of the peri-urban and the core area became fused. The neighbourhoods affected are those of Tudun-Fulani, Bosso town, Tayi-village, Journal of Geographic Information System Kpakungun, Dutsen Kura-Gwari, Jikpan and Bosso Estate.
The peri-urban area of Minna in 2015 has grown tremendously ( Figure 23) to the extent that [18] described Minna as a highly cosmopolitan community. This growth of peri-urban neighbourhoods of Minna is unlike the growth of a typical northern Nigerian city. Accessibility to land for different purposes was identified as one of the major reasons for this pattern of expansion.

Conclusion and Recommendations
This study documented the spatial development of peri-urban area of the Minna  not be left to chance or the interplay of economic variables. But, the development of the peri-urban areas of Minna should be guided by strategies that will ensure orderly growth and the provision of necessary infrastructure and services in the peri-urban areas.