Cement Resources, Agrominerals, Construction, Marble, Dimension and Decor Stone Resources, Gemstone and Jewelry Resources of Pakistan

Large deposits of cement raw material and resources like limestone, gypsum and shales/clays found from the Koh Sulaiman area of South Punjab (Saraikistan) and Balochistan Provinces, Pakistan. The installation of cement industries especially in South Punjab/Saraikistan Province due to close occurrences of resources should develop the area and increase the export. The Koh Sulaiman regions of South Punjab (Saraikistan) have huge gypsum deposits which deserve for further exploitation. Pakistan is agricultural country and fertility of cultivated lands is vital. Fertilizer resources like phosphate deposits are moderate but the deposits of phosphate and potash bearing rocks are very vast and need their further explorations and exploitation in the Indus Basin. Pakistan has very large construction, dimension and decor stone deposits like limestone, marble, dolomite and igneous rocks like granite, dolerite, serpentine, etc. which needs further exploitation for the development of the areas and increase export. Pakistan is spending a lot of earnings for importing glass, glass wares, pottery, clay, etc. while Pakistan has these resources which needs exploitation of own resources. The best structures and geotectonic elements like the Northern and Western Indus Sutures and Karakoram Suture and Indus placers which are rich in gemstones and jewelry resources. To increase gems and jewelry export, these industries requires reduction in gemstones smuggling and encouragement for gem appraisal and jewelry industry at high level for value addition. In short, Pakistan is rich in natural resources but poor in development. Try should be made to develop and export the own mineral commodities like cement, gypsum, marble, gemstones and jewelry.


Introduction
The development of all mineral resources of Pakistan is responsibility of fede- than what is expected to be discovered in not too distant future [1]. From independence to so far, many economic geologists presented revised and updated data and papers on mineral deposits of Pakistan. From the beginning of Pakistan, many geoscientists incorporated the new discoveries in the previous records and reported the review of mineral/minerals of Pakistan or part of it. The reference [2] presented a summary of known minerals of northwestern India (now Pakistan) with suggestions for development and use. The references [3] [4] reported economic minerals of Pakistan. The references [5] [6] [7] [8], recently [9] [10] presented a comprehensive report on mineral resources of Pakistan and reference [11] presented a report on mineral resources of Pakistan with basin and provinces wise which is easy for provinces to know their mineral resources.
Limestone is also used in steel mills as fluxing agent, soil conditioner, as a source of lime, chemical raw material and as dimension stone. It is also used for building, statuary, monumental and ornamental purposes. It can be used for making animal feed, water treatment and coal dust mines with relaxed specifications [80] [81]. The inexhaustible reserves of limestone ( Figure 1) are found in Pakistan [82]. At some places it occurs near railway track for easy transportation. Alabaster is fine grained and compact snow white to light smoky white with low hardness (1.5 -2) and low specific gravity (2.2). Gypsum is used as retarder in cement, as a fertilizer, as filler in various materials such as paper, crayons, paints, rubber, etc and in the manufacture of plaster of Paris for which purpose the mineral is heated to expel some of its water of crystallization and then ground up. Calcined gypsum is extensively employed in the building trade for the production of various types of plasters, sheets, and boards and for stucco work; it is also used as polishing beds, in the manufacture of plate glass, and as an adulte- Salt Range contains at least 137 mt of gypsum [83]. Gypsum

Gemstone and Jewelry Resources from Pakistan
Pakistan has vast deposits of precious and semi-precious gemstones [

Gemstone and Jewelry Resources from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Including FATA), Pakistan
The gemstones and jewelry resources of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa including FATA are being presented (Figure 3).
Gold-Silver-Platinum: Gold deposited by hydrothermal, metamorphic and replacement deposits and also nuggets and grains in residual or placer deposits.
The silver used as photographic materials, in refrigeration and air conditioning industries. It is associated with copper, lead, zinc deposits or in combination with gold. Platinum group metals are used in automobile industry to reduce CO emission, in chemicals, petroleum refining, ceramics and glass, electrical and electronic industries, in jewelry, in dental and medicine like treatment of cancer, arthritis, radiotherapy, production of denture, etc. Platinum group are associated with mafic and ultramafic rocks, also in placers. Small amount of gold is also recovered by panning in the upper Indus and its tributaries. The production of copper along with gold will be started soon from Saidak porphyry copper depo-

sits. The references [123] [124] reported alluvial gold and mineral in Chitral and
Northern areas respectively. In Northern areas under Gold Exploration carried by Australian Assistance during 1992-95 by geochemical samplings. Gold was detected in many hundreds of drainage tributaries. Among these 24 sites shows high anomalous gold. These anomalies are mostly associated with major shear zone/Indus Suture and some are porphyry type intrusives or altered carbonates [125].
The upper reaches of Chitral, Gilgit and the Indus River in northern parts of Pakistan are well known for the placer gold occurrences [126]. The Bagrot valley [127], Shigari Bala area of Skardu [128] and Golo Das and surrounding areas [129] of Gilgit-Baltistan seems to be significant for gold and base metal mineralizations. Chitral district was studied by SDA for gold and silver prospects in the Sewakht formation of [130] in the Awireth-Shogor-Sewakht areas of Chitral, 6 -8 km west, northwest and north of Krinj. This formation is faulted on both sides.  [135]. It is transparent to translucent and pale to dark yellowish green, rarely greenish yellow. It is medium to coarse grained with large crystals reported measuring more than 10 cm in length and upto 2 kg in weight. The reference [136] has presented physical data and microprobe analyses of the gem minerals.
The Peridot is mostly Fo 91 in composition but ranges from Fo 90 to Fo 94 .
Ruby: It belongs to corundum family and is popular due to the glowing red color. It is believed to symbolize that it endows children born in the month of July with priceless gifts, namely freedom, kindness, honor and dignity. Presently Topaz: It is fancied for its glowing, fiery sparkle and its wide range of colors ranging from yellow to golden brown, rose red to peach (Aro or Shuftalo) pink, blue to shining azure/sky blue and colorless to pure white. The yellow variety resemble citrine (yellow quartz), but it is more attractive mainly due to its higher refractive index (1.62), hardness 8, and specific gravity 3.5 -3.6. They mostly found in microcline-quartz-muscovite matrix. Topaz bearing pegmatites are found at Bulechi, Shingus and Gone near Dessu in the Skardu area. Pink Topaz is deep red to orange rose. In fact this is the only known naturally deep red or deep pink colored topaz in the world [139]. It is reported from Katlang Mardan [140], Lutkho valley Chitral [5]. The Katlang deposit [140] is located in the price can be very greatly enhanced [8].
Tourmaline: It is famous for its beautiful colors, occurring in all possible hues and shades. The more common hues are ruby red (rubellite), orange through brown to yellow, green and blue (indicolite). The gem varieties include rubellite, dravite, elbaite and liddicoatite [121]. It is believed to be stone for the October-born and is said to speed the writers' flow of thought [8]. It is reported from Lutkho valley Chitral [119] and Swat area [119]. Indicolite (blue tourmaline) is found in the pegmatites of Garm Chashma (Chitral). Some of the best and fairly large specimens of bicolor and tricolor tourmaline have been found in these pegmatites [134]. Several showings of black tourmaline in Malakand and lower Mohmand agency are also reported [5].
Bastnasite: Bastnasite (CeLaCO 3 F-yellow brown hexagonal crystals)-a rare earth bearing gemstone reported in Zagai Ghar alkali granite-a part of Warsak alkaline granite crops out in the Peshawar plain [141].

Gemstone and Jewelry Resources from Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan
The reference [144] provided the first information about the gemstones from sites shows high anomalous gold. These anomalies are mostly associated with major shear zone/Indus Suture and some are porphyry type intrusives or altered carbonates [125]. The upper reaches of Chitral, Gilgit and the Indus River in northern parts of Pakistan are well known for the placer gold occurrences [126].
The Bagrot valley [127], Shigari Bala area of Skardu [128] and Golo Das and surrounding areas [129] of Gilgit-Baltistan seems to be significant for gold and Aquamarine: It is reported from Dassu and Khaplu, Baltistan [5]. It occurs in the pegmatites of Karakoram and NW Himalayas. Light blue aquamarine is most abundant in the gem pegmatites of Gilgit-Skardu area [121]. The better known deposits are Iskere, Shingus, Dusso and Tisgtung. These areas have good potential for deeper blue colour, high priced aquamarine and merits further exploration and development.
Emerald: It is found in ophiolitic rocks of mélange zone of northern Indus Suture. The emerald deposits occur at near Khaltaro in Gilgit area [145]. In short it has great potential for enhancing emerald production and mining activities. Garnet: It is reported from Bash-Shigar and Khaplu Baltistan [5] and Harmosh range Gilgit [119]. Gem quality red spessartine is associated with pegmatites of Dusso and Shingus in northern areas. This deposit has yielded large transparent crystals [8].
Moonstone: It has been mined from pegmatites of Shingus and Bulechi in Sapphire: It is found in the Illaga Khorming Baltistan [5].
Spinel: It is a group with magnesium aluminium oxide composition. It is admired for its lovely vibrant colors, strong brilliance, and striking clarity. It can be withstand great heat without change and occurs in an extremely beautiful variety. Purple to blue and blue green varieties are also common. Spinal with its ruby red colour is closely associated with Hunza ruby deposits [146]. The red colour of spinel is due to presence of chromium, where as the bluish and plum (Alu Bukhara) colored varieties owe their colour to the presence of iron [121]. The Hunza spinels are larger than those customarily found in Burma and are far more attractive.
Topaz: It is fancied for its glowing, fiery sparkle and its wide range of colors ranging from yellow to golden brown, rose red to peach (Aro or Shuftalo) pink, blue to shining azure/sky blue and colorless to pure white. The yellow variety resemble citrine (yellow quartz), but it is more attractive mainly due to its higher refractive index (1.62), hardness 8, and specific gravity 3.5 -3.6. They mostly found in microcline-quartz-muscovite matrix. Topaz bearing pegmatites are found at Bulechi, Shingus and Gone near Dessu in the Skardu area. It is reported from Harmosh range, Iskere valley Gilgit [119]. It is found in Pakistan and if properly and correctly promoted in world market, its price can be very greatly enhanced [8].
Tourmaline: The gem varieties include rubellite, dravite, elbaite and liddicoatite [121]. It is believed to be stone for the October-born and is said to speed the writers' flow of thought. It is reported from Khaplu Baltistan [5], Harmosh range [119]. It is found in the pegmatites of the Haramosh range near Gilgit, Stak Nala (Between Gilgit and Skardu), Bulechi and Shingus (Gilgit Division). Some of the best and fairly large specimens of bicolor and tricolor tourmaline have been found in these pegmatites [134].

Gemstone and Jewelry Resources from Azad Kashmir, Pakistan
Azad Kashmir is producing following gemstones and jewelry resources.

Gemstone and Jewelry Resources from Balochistan Province, Pakistan
The

Conclusions
Pakistan has large number of cement resources, agrominerals, marble, construction, dimension and décor stone resources, gemstone and jewelry resources for

Conflicts of Interest
The author declares no conflicts of interest regarding publication of this paper.