Impact of Land Use Changes in Florida Mega Region: Study of FDOT (D-5) from Year 2007-2015

The main objective of the paper is to study the land use change in the District 5 of Florida mega region to see how land use is changing from year 2007, 2009, 2010, 2012, 2014 & 2015. The study aims to look at the land use change from Agriculture open to development to various land attribute like residential, vacant residential, vacant nonresidential, industrial, institutional, ROW, Agriculture. The land use change study has become an important part of transportation planning initiative. The study uses land use data from university of Florida geo plan center for the year 2007, 2009, 2010, 2012, 2014 & 2015. The data is obtained as raster files which will be converted to vector for each attribute of land use parcels. The comparative analysis of the data considering year 2009 as base year will be used and statistical analysis. The statistical analysis will be used to see if the land use change is significant in comparison to base year. The similar data set will be created to using the ten miles buffer for the interstate and 5 miles buffer for the state highway. The study will help understand the land use change pattern over the year and predict future change.


Introduction and Motivation
Over the past few decades, the urbanization has been done at unprecedented pace. Some of it is because of growth of population in the urban areas and others because of rapid growth and economic transformation in urban areas, allowing millions of people to migrate from rural agriculture areas to more productive activities.
Megaregions are network of metropolitan centers and their surrounding areas. They are spatially and functionally linked through environmental, economic and infrastructure interaction. Land use change plays a major role in transportation and urban planning. However, the change in land use results in growth pressure in urban-rural fringe. Therefore, a thorough analysis of land use change pattern and its ability to predict these changes are important for the sustainable growth (Carmen et al., 2009).
With the rise of Mega region as new economic unit. There is substantial change in the way policies are framed considering new trends in transportation and urban planning. There is substantial change in the way (Figure 1).
Labor and capital are reallocated by the economic process. In this new economic unit land use is of vital importance since the planning and policies are now not specific region of a city or county. However, this has been replaced by a major region encompassing wider area functionally interlinked.
To understand the land use change in the mega region. Of the various megaregions in United States FDOT district 5 of Florida mega region has been considered ( Figure 2).  Create different data set using the available attribute from the Land use data and conduct the statistical analysis to check if the land use change has been significant with base year or not. This model can be used to study the impact of land use change on various areas like population, road network, trip generation, transportation.  The similar data set will be created for the parcels size within ten miles of interstate highway and within 5 miles of state highway. This analysis will be used to see if the land use change within interstate is more statistically significant or vice versa.

Literature Review
Land use change in past decades have led to increased conversion of rural land in many urban peripherals and exurban areas in US. The growth of the exurban area has outpaced the growth in urban and suburban areas, resulting in pressure on urban-rural fringe (Carmen et al., 2009). A multinomial discrete choice model with spatial dependence using parcels-level data from Medina County, Ohio was used. This model extends to binary choice "linearized logit model" of Klier and McMillen (2008).
Land-use planning is usually a very local Function and there is a greater coordination and collaboration among many local governments provides an opportunity to tackle larger scale issues around land use and transportation. Similarly, collaborative area/regional planning involving multiple stakeholders can be used to overcome resistance to mixed-use, higher-density, and transit-oriented development.
Hui Ca et al. (2017), in their research "Urban Expansion and Its Impact on the Land Use Pattern in Xishuangbanna China", talks about how urban expansion and land use pattern are linked. The study predicts that Urbanization will affect land use change especially along the urban-rural gradients and lead to problems related to land use, such as land changed into discrete land uses, conversion from native to designed land cover or development into a non-contiguous or "leap frog" pattern. The study finds that these consequences could then affect the ecosystem and environment properties, including ecosystem services, biodiversity, biogeochemical cycles, climate conditions, etc. As an example, the rapid urbanization will contribute to the direct loss of agricultural land and increased agricultural land use intensity and, finally, affect food production. In the study of urban expansion, a radar graph is commonly used as an effective way to reflect the orientation characteristics of urban expansion by summarizing urban expansion indexes (like area or distance to urban center) in different directions (Hui Ca et al., 2017).
The study concluded that the city proper could further expand through either developing Gasa town southwest of the city proper or converting rubber between Jinghong Industrial Park and the downtown area into urban land. For the urban development of Xishuangbanna, no more rubber should be planted around urban areas. Rubber plantations also threaten natural forest and biodiversity and lead to soil and water degradation. Therefore, there is an urgent need for sustainable measures on rubber management and reforestation, such as eco-compensation mechanisms and ecological governance, combining science and indigenous knowledge. Land fragmentation is another problem that will make land management more difficult and increase conflicts between humans and wildlife. Urban planners and policy makers should find solutions to balance urban development and biodiversity conservation (Hui Ca et al., 2017).
According to Wu et al. (2010), substantial reduction in the arable land due to rapid urbanization has created threat to the food security and impact on availability of the land for the projects related to infrastructure. A system based dynamic method for assessing the urbanization land use change in policy with reference to practices in china has been introduced in this research. In implementing urbanization in China four typical policy scenarios identified are: 1) planning driven by balanced development; 2) planning driving uneven development; 3) uneven and balanced development driven by market and use of dynamic system model to analyze the impact of land use change. To assess the impact of four different land use changes urbanization policies in china the system dynamic method has been used.
China's Jinyun County case study predicts that Scenario 1 or Scenario 2 of planning policies will lead to decreased agricultural land use, slight decrease in open land after 2010 and urban construction land areas slow growth. Scenario 3 or Scenario 4 of the market driven policies will boost urban construction land area until 2010 and decreased open and agricultural land afterwards. Study aim to help predict the likely consequences of their decisions by decision maker and policy implementation adjustment to be made. SD models, therefore, can be used as a decision-making tool and to monitor land use change for development of urbanization policy (Wu et al., 2010).
According to Bettinger and Merry (2019), there are 13 major land classes and their subclasses assessment of land occupied by them, estimates of the confidence interval developed, and rates of management activities annually were estimated. Increased commerce space of the southern landscape and human living observed was mainly at the expense of ecosystem covered of tree (generally exclusive of woodlands in Texas and Oklahoma), pastures and cropland areas. Only 1.5% of the represented south area in 2013 was developed. 1.6% of the area represented for transportation. During study period one land use classes gained area from other land use classes.
The land use pattern and land cover in Florida has changed substantially since 1900. Population and tourism increase were coincident with the development which was facilitated by highway, railroad and marketing campaign focusing on visitors and new residents to come to state (Derr, 1998). Development of transportation network like interstate system like I-4, I-75, Florida turnpike, tourism in metropolitan region like Orlando has been the reason for the major land use change (Volk et al., 2017).
Land use change models are central for urban feature forecasting. Various land use change Binomial and multinomial logit model of various legged explanatory variables offers land dynamics insight. Various variables like parcel shape and size, slope, CBD access andtransit, distance to the nearest highway, and zoning policies, as well as each parcel's "neighborhood" attributes are recognized by these models. substantial predictive powers are offered by Neighborhood conditions however beyond 2 miles such efforts seem inconsequential (Zhou & Kockelman, 2008).
According to Rodriguez et al. (2004), two phase study was developed. First phase was focused on conducting a literature review comprehensively on connection between land use and transportation. All the municipalities in the counties were selected in North Carolina and surveyed for the land use plan characteristics, their presence and adopted tools and policies for the management of land development as they relate to the transportation factors. The study examined planned investment for all the communities in the transportation area in the state of North Carolina for the period of 2004-2010. The second, phase of the study analyzed the content of land use plans selected from 30 local plans from communities used in the first phase of survey. A legal primer to be used by state and regional planners was developed to comprehend the potential inconsistencies and relationship between land use or comprehensive plans and zoning ordinances.
The survey result by planners and the content analysis of municipal plans of thirty counties selected randomly ensured that they are representative of the state and suggest that in spite of awareness regarding connection between land use and transportation issues, this connection is not visible in the land use plans.
The results of both the studies suggested that land use plans implementation needs to be strengthened (Rodriguez et al., 2004).
According to Singh (2005) and Singh & Spainhour (2004) around 25 percent of the crashes in the study set data is not traditional ROR crashes but were crashes where the vehicle ran off the roadway at a gentle angle, then attempted to oversteered back onto the roadway, resulting in a loss of control and a subsequent crash either with another vehicle, a fixed object on the same or opposite side of the road, or due to overturning because of loss of lateral stability. The study also suggests the relationship between land use and its effect on crashes. (2016)

Data Description
The current research involves the FDOT-District-5 as area of study in the Flori- Since the data contained all these attributes in one raster image for each individual year. The first major step was the segregation of the each individual attribute data from each year raster image. Arc map was used as a tool to convert the raster image file in to shape files. Shape files of each year data was sorted by using command select by attribute feature, and individual shape files for each attribute was created. For extracting the data needed for the research 2007 was

Modeling Methodology
The main goal of the study is to understand the land use change based on various choices. The decision of parcel from one land use type to other depends on various factors such as type of land needed based on its end use, its accessibility to major road network, size of parcels, proximity of parcels from urban centers or central business district if close to city limits, population. The available land data shows that there are land use with agriculture open to development which can be converted to residential, retail/office, industrial, institutional based on the probable choices made by the developer.  The intension of this research is to figure out the relationship between land use change and various factors associated with land use change. Statistical t test will be done between the data of year like 2009-2010, 2009-2012, 2009-2014, and 2009-2015. If the "t" stats is more than "tcritical" then the land use change is significant.

Analysis and Results
Data analysis is done for year 2007, 2009, 2010, 2012, 2014 and 2015 land use data. The data is available in the form of parcels. For the analysis total thirteen attributes have been considered. The results justifies as year 2008-2009 was the period of economic slowdown and during this period there has been very slow growth rate in residential and commercial area but, this has picked up around 2015. During this period land use change to agriculture was very high and reduced as the economic growth picked up around 2015. The results can also be verified from Table 3 which shows that the land use change was significant during this period. Table 3 below shows the statistical analysis of land use change from Agriculture open to development to land use attributes of residential, agriculture, vacant residential, residential, Industrial, Institution, ROW, Public/Semipublic, retail/offices. The statistical analysis justifies the results shown in Table 2. Table 4 and Table 5 gives the statistical analysis of land use change within ten miles of interstate highway. Table 5 shows that percentage land use change with respect to actual land use change area.
The results in Table 6 and Table 7 shows that land use change within 5 miles of state highway is more consistent and significant then within ten miles of interstate highway.   Table 5. Percentage land use change within 10 miles of interstate highway.

Conclusion
The land use change from year 2007 to 2015 shows the economic growth during this period and shows that land use change is more significant within ten miles of interstate highway than within five miles of state highway. The land use change study is a valuable direction for the modeling of land use intensity, population, employment. Land use change study plays an important part in policy making, planning and other legislation.