Management of Ships and Shipping Companies the Digital Way: What Is Ahead?

As the world moves rapidly toward the fourth industrial revolution, and 5G, we analyzed the status of the international shipping industry, particular in Greece, which together with EU, lagged behind in relation to digital management. Throughout history, mankind has dreamed of automating mechanical processes, and succeeded in producing more goods with less power, based on the economic principle. But the quality of goods (and of human life) was left out of the analysis. We tried to correct this oversight in the Appendix. Not much has changed to this day as in the last 270 years, as robots, and other means, are used now to increase productivity. As we show, the tension now is between humans and machines. This antagonism is not about productivity, since there is no doubt that machines are more productive, but about who is more intelligent. Humans have natural intelligence, but machines have artificial one. Some argue that machines are inferior in many areas, such as medi-cine, agriculture, finance, management, education, distribution, transporta-tion and maritime management.

Remote management of ships, as applied today, and for many decades, ob-liged shipping companies to create many written instructions to guide vessel's personnel in a management process known as "formalization". This was combined with continuous monitoring of vessels by the operating company, using mobile phones and e-mails in carrying-out its daily duties. A traditional method of monitoring ships was to prepare written reports, after an on-board inspection by a qualified person from land-office. Remote management created certain costs, the level of which no one ever calculated. But it, while it may create some costs, will reduce others. Some argue that digitization will increase income, because there is an app on the market related to chartering (mentioned below).
Shipowners tried to reduce the impact of remote management by conducting "management by walking around" at land-based offices. In addition, the responsibility for managing ships remotely fell mainly on the shoulders of captains, as managers of ships, and secondarily on chief engineers, who are onboard. This situation unfortunately had a number of serious (economic) consequences.
The remote monitoring of ships, using means that were not totally effective and efficient, may have produced a false confidence among shipowners that they could manage their ships from a great distance. This may be seen as analogous to the problems on social media of fake news, where false stories circulate because it can be difficult to check authentic sources of information.
The ability for land-based managers, technical staff and insurance operators to see, in a video, or in real time using a number of cameras, an accident occurring on a ship which is hundred miles away, will be an extremely valuable service.

Literature Review
Digital management of shipping companies and ships is an entirely new subject, and there is little literature on the subject. Goulielmos (2020) devoted only a limited space to the topic. Lambrou et al. (2019) addressed the digitization of shipping management. Of their 51 sources, only two dealt with shipping, one with ports and one with EU transport policy. As Professor Lambrou commented in a private mail, their joint paper was like a second doctoral thesis for her.
Columbia Marlow (cited in Nicholls, 2018) argued that shipping digitization is an existential issue. In a survey for Singapore Maritime Week (2018), the audience indicated that digitization is a real issue (82%). Another recent shipping survey found that most maritime industry executives saw digitization and big data as forces of transformation. Only 9% of respondents saw digitization to be a major part of their operations.
Companies in Greece that wanted to be digitally transformed said that they could not find digitally educated staff. In recent research (IDC, 2019, April, for Microsoft) carried out in Greece, and in four other Eastern European countries including Russia, Greeks stated that there is a lack of persons who are digitally literate.

Global Technological Progress
Technological developments take place all the time (Table 1). Important changes have taken place, especially in personal communications. The technology of smart phones, cameras, sensors and tablets is constantly progressing and improving to make them smaller and, more important, tailor-made. The trend toward customizing is in the right direction, we believe. A manager should receive only the information he or she needs, avoiding overloading, as managers have limited time. Big data is also welcome, but only if tailor-made.

Technological Progress in EU
The three economic blocks: USA, EU, and China, compete and argue over digitization, and what is to follow (5G). Data will soon be a strategic product, and some countries will export them.
What can the EU can offer its business firms, including shipping firms, in advanced technology (Tables 2-5)?    As shown, chatbots, chip laboratories and 3-D food printing will be used in shipping and in business in general.
All the above technologies can be used in shipping, and not only those that seem to be specifically designed for. Blockchains are already used in shipping and in business in general.
Nanotechnology can replace ships' pipes. One revolutionary application is autonomous ships, which, if also electric, will kill two birds with one stone: zero emissions and zero crew.
Vessels might generate electric power using fuel other than diesel, and may include nuclear energy with zero emissions. Painting and coating ships using digital tools is already in use. But the EU fell behind in providing computers with faster memory, which is a serious disadvantage in projects such as 4-D printing.
More important are the applications that are related to cheaper, cleaner, safer and more abundant energy. All human endeavors were connected, since creation, with energy. Some talk today about "smart energy". As with the economy, EU thought it proper to establish a single data market, so that European firms would have better access to data produced within EU borders (Reuters, 2020).

Electronic Technology in Shipping
Persons with a rather long experience in a shipping company remember the electronic applications used since 1970s ( Table 6). The transition from main frame computers (in dedicated, air conditioned cold rooms; batch technology) to personal computers was not always automatic in shipping companies.
Every shipping company has to move from analogue mechanical and electrical technology, to digital technology, if they have not done so already. This has been a change taking everywhere since 1980. All machines are expected to become digital by 2028.
Norway, a major maritime nation, established the Norwegian Maritime Competence Center in Aalesund in 2012, where digitization, automation and robotics were key areas for development. This made up of 18 shipowners, 13 design firms, 14 shipyards, a university campus (Norwegian University of Science and Technology), a hub, many closed seas (fjords), $14 m worth of sensors (for winds, waves and currents) and 8 ferry companies.
In that center, the data stream analyzed on vessels found that small adjustments to ship operations can have a great impact on fuel consumption, reduced by almost 20% on a test vessel. The United Arab Shipping Company estimated that it saved 3% -5% by having real time access to fuel prices, ship locations and routes.

Terminology Used
With digitization, it is better to be clear about what we mean (Graph 1). The first, simple job for shipping companies is the conversion of their environment from a traditional analogue one to digital. Most shipping managers, however, sit back and wait. The maritime industry cannot be classified among aggressive industries in digitization like those shown (Graph 2).
Moreover, four areas where digitization can be useful are shown (Graph 3). As shown, digitization can contribute not only to more efficient and effective management of ships, but also in the protection of the maritime environment and ships' safety. These two last areas are extremely important.

A Digital Maritime Control Center and Department
Shipping companies need to employ a chief digital officer. He/she will be in charge of the company's digital transformation, and he/she will have to transform IT department into a digital technology one. If there is already one IT manager, he/she will have to receive a digital education or appoint a chief digital officer as deputy manager. The next, more difficult, step is to establish an operations room. Shipping companies should organize it so that data (and sound/and or picture if possible) from ships come-in 24/7. This center will become company's global operations Graph 1. The meaning of terms used in digitalization. Source: author.
Graph 2. The aggressive industries in digitization. Source: author.
Graph 3. Areas where maritime industry can be ahead of other industries in digitization. Source: author. and control center, where a number of computer screens relay videos, data, and keep watch on company's ships and their operations in ports and at sea worldwide.
Thus company's operators will have online information on loading/unloading, maintenance, and the navigation of ships. Cameras and sensors need to be installed in all places of particular interest onboard, and can also be used by captain and chief engineer.

Managers as Digital Engineers
Nowadays, we have a number of methods of surveillance at a distance. These can be used to manage by looking into vessel's operations. These applications provide immediate, online, feedback, delivered by mobile devices or video (Goulielmos, 2019). Shipping managers nowadays must be digital engineers, by using digital tools (Graph 4).
In general management theory, a manager deals with digitization as part of planning. For a shipping manager, we suggest this to be his/her additional, 5 th function. As shown (Graph 4), there are two kinds of intelligence: 1) about a company's competitor s and 2) about a company's business (Tarras & Molz, 2006). The latter is different from external analysis in the SWOT model and it is called environmental scanning. For the shipping industry, environmental scanning is even more important than for land-based industries, because shipping is an international industry influenced by all major global events. The company should screen information to detect all emerging events that may affect company.
More important, however, is "competitor intelligence", or basic information about competing companies. Research indicates that competitor intelligence is available and accessible to the public, and it only needs digital tools (Zimmermann, 2002). Secretive shipping companies have revealed some of their secrets by creating websites and listed in stock exchanges.
Next section presents the case of a listed shipping company, as an example of competitor intelligence.

A Case-Study of a Tanker Company Listed on the NYSE (1992) (Stelmar Shipping Co Ltd.)
The company owned 31 ships, 1.76 m dwt, in 2002. Its emphasis was on handymax (46%). The company's shipbuilding policy was to focus next on Panamax (347,044 dwt; 62% of the total fleet). The company ignored economies of scale. Ships had a uniform speed (around 15 knots) and were flagged in Cyprus (22 new-buildings) and Panama (14 units).
The company's chartering policy (since 1997) is important. Company "stuck" to time-charters gaining a return 9.4% on average on capital employed. The reasons given for this policy were to achieve: 1) a steady cash-flow, 2) higher fleet utilization and 3) secure current and future income. The company stated that it also focused on cost-effective operations, to be below the industry average on cost.
The company missed profitable periods in the spot market by sticking to time charters, but argued that its chartering brokers determined the duration of time charters so that it could profit from rises in rates. These arguments may not be very convincing. The company provided its organizational chart as in Graph 5.
Company's six departments employed only 28 persons. This is a rather economic size. But two departments seem to be over-staffed: finance and technical. Indeed for tanker owners, emphasis on technical aspects of the ships is to be expected. A listed company may also have a large finance department. Persons in managerial posts above staff are not different from those in management of the departments.
A competitive advantage of this company is the low average age of its ships (7.2 years in 2002). Another competitive advantage is the limited off-hire days of ships (82/175; 100/215; 88/219; 308/321; 342/513 in 1998-2002). The denominator is the theoretical maximum. This is a result of the time-charter policy of the company, where no time is lost between charters.

Artificial Intelligence
A vessel is a giant machine, or rather a set of machines and devices/appliances, where artificial intelligence (AI) finds extremely fertile ground. AI dates back to 1956(McCarthy et al., 1956, and is a set of ideas, technologies and techniques, related to the ability of a system, or of a computer, to execute orders, which in normal circumstances would require human intelligence. AI is connected with Graph 5. The organizational chart of "Stelmar Shipping Co Ltd.", 2002. Source: author, on data from company's report.
A. M. Goulielmos DOI: 10.4236/me.2020.117090 particular software, or with a particular system, which imitates the mental work of human brain.
There are programs, which comprehend human language, perform logical reasoning and learn from experience, like expert systems. Expert systems imitate the problem-solving methods used by specialists. They automatically translate, interpret images and sounds, and recognize speech. AI transcribes texts from a magnetic recorder or reads mechanical filters of a ship's waste water. It is important to be able to re-cast data and organize them the way the manager wants; or for a crew member to retrieve on a computer screen all the relevant information on a theme (laws, conventions, regulations, circulars, manuals etc.). AI makes formalization more practical and useful.
Machines have the (automatic) ability to learn from, and adapt to, new data (with no human intervention) (EU Observer, 2019). The help of intelligent machines emerged during the current fourth industrial revolution. Humans succeeded in devising methods to rectify certain of their weak points, as was also clearly indicated by the first three industrial revolutions. The fourth industrial revolution is based on two recent reinforcing/cooperating innovations: computerization and digitization.
Humans are intelligent creatures, and have used technology for the "common good", but they have certain disadvantages: they cannot process big data, have a lower processing speed, respect hierarchy which acts as brake on decision-making, and use sentimental thinking. Thus, humans called upon technology to make-up for their disadvantages. AI was promoted in the hope that one day mechanical intelligence will be superior to human intelligence … AI adds to human mental artillery. The dominant global players (USA; China; EU) understood the importance of this, but the EU is already behind. This is an important area. The problem today is not collecting information, as this was accomplished by computers a few decades ago, but to store, retrieve and handle big data for manager's benefit.
The EU rightly suggested a legal framework, so that AI would obey certain rules. Many people nowadays receive messages on their mobile phones from the state to be aware of a danger, or to act accordingly, a facility that was unknown before.
Data come-in (in big) waves and these will become the raw material for any future 5th industrial revolution ("Le Monde, 2019"). This will concern not only the business world, but the internet of things. People will be able to receive automatic messages on their smart phone, email, tablet or computer, only the information they are interested in 24/7. Table 7 summarizes the history of AI. It may be a surprise, but machines … may take over management from humans by being more intelligent. This might be called "mechanical management" or "management by AI", and shipping managers should be prepared for it. But care must be taken that (intelligent) machines should not be managers' masters, but their servants … A. M. Goulielmos Table 7. The evolution of AI, 1965. 1956-1970: Appearance of term (1956; AI used to solve complex mazes and puzzles (non-business cases) (1965); expert systems emerged (1965) 1971-1996: AI is in exploratory stage; academic interest attracted; computers were expensive; expert systems (using fuzzy logic due to Zadeh, L.) emerged stronger; Windows and Mac appeared; computer prices fell; society became computer-literate 1997-2009 AI proved superior than best humans in certain games (Othello and Chess); rule-based processing systems emerged  2010-2020: Machines learned and deeply; the convolutional neural networks (CNN) emerged; audio classification appeared (1988) and image (1989); AI closely related now to business; AI can be used in seamen selection providing a match between ship job & applicant; AI helped by Internet and data and big data; and by increased computer memory (1993); and by the use of GPUs! 2010-2020: Machines used for predictions in visual recognition & image recognition in advertising; prediction of weather prevailing ahead, wind's speed, wave's height; Captain can thus correlate data to the age of ship etc. and he/she may prefer a refugee port than ship's original route; recognition of: hand written characters (optical character recognition) 2010-2020: Recognition of defective products and spare parts; AI can be used to collect data on charterers; to predict seamen and ship accidents; AI can analyze information on ship and her equipment, where fuel economies can reach $20m per annum for a fleet of 35 ships; technical problems can also be pre-known; logs on ship performance and on her condition can be monitored 24/7 and detect abnormalities (Goulielmos & Gatzoli, 2012) Source: author; aided by Ando (2019). Machines, run by humans, served humanity over the past 270 years, through four industrial revolutions. Machines have superb properties: they work 24/7; they are accurate; they adapt to digitization; they welcome maintenance/repairs and supervision; and they co-operate with computers. Originally machines had a disadvantage: they could not think, or learn, as humans could. But machines now learn, and improve their intelligence, mimicking humans.

Forces Pushing towards Maritime Digital Transformation
There are a number of developments/institutions, which will contribute to the digital transformation of shipping companies (Graph 6).
For a company to become digital, it must first obtain the data it needs, and buy suitable software, and then understand that the whole matter is a process, which needs not only tools, but also actions, money and time. Cloud computing (2015) is a very ingenious service, where computers' hard drives and/or a company's networks need not store data. But this is not the only benefit. The cloud is a place where one can find the data and information one wants about the company he/she manages.
One development (Graph 6) indicates indirectly the exceptional new products provided by industries, which manufacture sensors cheaper, better and able to give readings more frequently. Another is the long revolution in communications, where specialized companies sell bandwidths and private companies try to make connectivity faster and cheaper.
Shipping companies should create vessel support centers, installing fleet-wide satellite broadbands. Technology companies (manufacturers of all kinds of machines, appliances, and devices) are now interested not only in selling their products, but also in providing services (to shipping), supplementing their products, such as engines, navigational equipment and machinery. Graph 6. Important developments/institutions that will push shipping industry to become digital. Source: author.

The Role of Governments
An important push for land industries to digitize came from certain governments. In Germany this initiative named "Industrie4.0", meaning that industrial internet consortia/groups would improve the productivity of the internet of things. Germany adopted a high-tech strategic action plan-2020, which promoted R & D in shipbuilding (2011). Also there is there a push towards smart factories, using cyber physical systems.
Japan's Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, adopted a strategy, called Society 5.0, connecting industries, and using ICT data applications, and a diverse workforce. (2018). The Japanese Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism subsidized R & D costs to promote i-shipping and design, construction and operations of vessels

Robots as Painters
Small robots can be used to optimize the painting of ships, and applying coatings, using sensors to measure pressure, vibration, and temperature, and keep the spray-holes clean.

The Internet of Ships
Shipping is an excellent case of decentralized production, which digitization supports. Shipping managers should be among the first to the internet of things, or rather the internet of ships (https://www.forbes.com/ 16/12/2016).

A Chartering Revolution
Chartering was not influenced at all by the digital revolution before 2017. One shipping company (established in 2014) conceived an idea from the automatic identification system to achieve a $1000 increase in a ship's profits using technology. It found that AI could help in understanding data related to charterers and aid ship-brokers to improve their bargaining ability. AI provides information about the number and names of competitors, and managers can act accordingly.
To achieve this, one has to create, or buy, a platform (software plus algorithm), which will analyze, and process, the plethora of data coming-in from cargo brokers by email. The platform by providing to company's operating ships (Aframax) relevant data, was capable of providing an additional income of $3,500 per day above the global average in 2018 of $14,500.

Restrictive Factors in Ship Digitization
There are a number of restrictive factors, however, in the adoption of digitization by shipping firms (Graph 7).
Universities have not prepared chief digital officers for shipping and a proper staff to supplement existing IT departments. Greek shipping companies have not been quick to adopt new technology, and for a long-time, they used to be the world's secondhand ship owners. There is a variety of reasons for this, but that goes beyond the scope of this paper.
Greek shipowners preferred to let others pull the chestnuts out of the fire. But now matters are different, because classification societies took the initiative to boost digitization in shipping companies. New products, including software, will make shipping companies transform themselves from analogue to digital.

A Digital Strategy
One strategy is to apply digitization to vessels in a gradual way starting from areas of greater importance (Graph 8). When shipping companies see that digitization brings benefits, they will attempt the required transformation.
If we can predict the weather, say one week in advance, we can have route-recommendations that could save 1/3 of fuel cost, with no delay in arrival. What is generally recommended is to apply digitization in optimizing the performance of vessels (from trim to propeller). One can build predictive models based on analytics and data, from a vessel's past voyages. Vessels produce huge amounts of data, and where there are data, there is a digital opportunity … Graph 7. Factors for delaying adoption of digitization by shipping companies. Source: author.
Graph 8. Application of digitization to ship areas where the biggest impact is. Source: author.

A. M. Goulielmos
There needs to be an online tracking and information system to provide information on ship security, navigation (location) and weather, giving information about where a ship is and what is doing. Digitization may modify captain's traditional role; he used to handle most information to and from the vessel. Digitization may, and should, reduce the reporting time of the moon reports. Changes in activity may be logged by pressing a button, while an automatic data collection of speed, fuel consumption, and so on, is already in use.

The Role of Classification Societies in Ship Digitization
Around 86,000 ships, worldwide, are designed and constructed on plans drawn by naval architects. These plans are approved (and supervised for their implementation) by classification societies, or classes for short. Classes are the official historians of ships, because they write ship's history from design, construction, and operation, on innovation, major repairs and accidents. And in response to the question of what to do with the data, everyone agrees that they should be used effectively from the ship's keel-laying to her scrapping (i.e. from birth to death).
One positive aspect of classes is that they compete with each other to attract ships to their lists. One service they offer is to prepare standards and guidelines for ship digitization. They also provide infrastructure, and platforms, and contribute to the digitization of the whole, or greater part, of shipping industry. Certain classes have already established a digital transformation center. Classes collect information digitally, but equally important is that they store, access and interpret data from (classified) vessels in a rather rapid way.
Another push to shipping digitization is from shipyards, which provide services, in co-operation with the shipping company and her class, during the construction of the vessel and at the stage of equipping her. In Figure 1, a ship and her digital twin are shown.

A. M. Goulielmos
A number of important issues are related to the activities of classes: 1) Hull maintenance: a specially designed information service is created to organize/categorize information collected from class surveys to provide owners/managers with full ship maintenance information; 2) Analysis of ship data: from onboard sensors (plus appropriate algorithms) to monitor the condition of a ship's machinery; 3) In-voyage optimization: planning, monitoring and following-up of ship operations to spot operational savings; 4) A secure data platform is provided for clients; 5) At least four important ship areas are monitored: hull, machinery, cyber security and sea condition (present/forecast).

Conclusion
The dream of shipowners to be at their office, thousand miles away from the ship they manage, and at the same time see into her entire life, in real time, is becoming true. A ship manager, artificially, has come back to his/her cabin onboard.
Greek shipowners used to be slow in adopting new technologies since they rested on the principle that foreign shipowners could take-up all the risks and sort out difficulties first. They were slow in adopting steam, in building new ships and gas carriers. Greeks disliked early adoptions. Progress in the country arrived first at the national branches of transnational enterprises, and then diffused to shipping. But a number of strong forces are already pushing shipping firms towards digital transformation, including shipyards, classes, governments, manufacturers, the cloud and shipping research. Digitization, as has been shown, is not only a means to reduce costs, but also a way to obtain higher profits/income. Moreover, safety is definitely increased, and piracy can be detected earlier and perhaps somehow prevented or avoided using drones onboard. (Drones are used already by classes.) Many applications mentioned here can improve analysis to increase management's efficiency and effectiveness by providing information and knowledge to managers from ships on line. The ship, being a floating steel construction, a set of machines, appliances and devices, can use AI to become smarter. She may reduce black-outs and shut-downs, caring for herself. She can also ask for maintenance and repairs and talk to people in the land-office. She can choose the most economical navigational route and correlate her safety in relation to her condition to future weather. The available applications do not all centers on vessel, but also on crew, and passengers, as the case may be.
One by one the problems of ship digitization are being solved: broader broadbands, cheaper/safer clouds, a safer internet of ships, i-shipping, more effective and cheaper connectivity (more satellites), interoperability of all sources of data and information within a company and from all ships, to make for them better decisions and reduce operating costs. Data from all ships can give the whole picture of a company's entire production, and one ship can be compared with another to benchmark performance. Bandwidth is important for ships with a great number of crew and passengers. A typical cruiser in 2013 required 1 megabit/second and by 2018 needed 300 times that. Moreover, classes were proud to provide 9 main digital services, some mentioned above, to aid both shipping and shipbuilding, at a cost. This paper has two limitations: 1) it deals with a subject in the making, and there are not many published sources, and established applications, and 2) it is based on the efficiency and effectiveness not so much of the shipping industry, which is in a deep slumber and dreaming of past glories, but of a number of strong players like classes, shipyards, manufactures, and governments. This "tsunami" will push the shipping industry up the hill of a new digital world, providing that humans remain in control of technology. Technology is a blessing and a curse at the same time.