General Marxism by Production Dimension Model, Production Evolution, and Individualism-Collectivism Duality

In this 
paper, classical Marxism as special Marxism for the mid-nineteenth century is 
broadened and updated into general Marxism for the twenty-first century. 
General Marxism includes the 5W1H production analysis for all aspects of 
production and the individualism-collectivism duality for the individualistic 
Western civilization originated from the Middle East and Greece and the 
collectivistic Eastern civilization originated from India and China. The 5W1H 
production analysis consists of when (stages) to produce for the production 
evolution and what (types), how much (energies), why (purposes), who (people), 
and where (places) to produce for the production dimension model based on the 
Hofstede cultural dimension model. In the statistical analysis, the indexes in 
the production dimension model derived from the indexes in the Hofstede model 
correlate well with the observed Democracy Index (R2 = 0.4) and the GDP Growth 
Rate (R2 = 0.8). The production evolution has the interdependent individualism-collectivism 
at the beginning (hunter-gatherer) and the end (eusocial democracy) and the 
split individualism-collectivism in between (pastoral-agrarian and West-East). 
The first five stages of the production evolution match the five modes in 
special Marxism. In the twentieth century, class conflict in the mid-nineteenth 
century (Marx’s time) turned into class mobility in the true democratic 
governments (individualistic individual liberal democracy for individual 
liberty in the West and collectivistic common professional democracy for common 
wellbeing in the East) working for all people. In the twenty-first century, 
through increasing globalization in trade and investment, the individualistic 
West depends on the collectivistic East for consolidative production type from 
low-profit development, supply chain, economy of scale, and ration, while the 
East depends on the West for adventurous production type from high-profit invention, 
productivity, efficiency, and marketing. The result is the interdependent 
individualism-collectivism to bring about eusocial democracy based on interdependent 
division of labor between individual liberal democracy and common professional 
democracy in the stable interconnected world.


Introduction
Civilization comes from the Latin word civis which means someone who lives in a town. A civilization is a complex human society, usually made up of different cities, with certain characteristics of cultural and technological development. The pre-civilized society is a subsistence society without material accumulation, and civilized society is a surplus society with material accumulation. The civilized human society has been the most productive society on earth, so the most important aspect of human civilization is production combining various material inputs and immaterial inputs (plans, know-how) in order to make something for consumption (output). In the production analysis by Karl Marx (Marx, 1990), the five modes of production as the stages of the production evolution are the combinations of the production forces and the production relations for the relations among the production people and places. The five modes (stages) of production based on dialectic progress are tribal band as primitive communism mode, slavery mode ruled by patricians over plebeians, feudalism mode ruled by aristocrats over bourgeoisies, capitalism mode ruled by capitalists (bourgeoisies) over proletariats, and communism mode ruled by proletariats without class conflict. Marxism is a method of production analysis that views class relations and social conflict using a dialectical interpretation of production evolution. The core of Marxism is that the emancipation of the working class (proletariats) over capitalists by revolution is inevitable through the dialectical view of the production evolution.
Even though according to Jonathan Sperber in "Karl Marx: A Nineteenth-Century Life" (Sperber, 2013), Marx wrote in the mid-nineteenth century, some Marx's ideas are still useful in the twenty-first century according to John B. Judis (Judis, 2014). The production analysis and the production revolution are still useful. children through commitment, alliance intragroup relation to protect vulnerable individuals through reciprocity, division of labor intragroup relation from interdependent specialists to protect vulnerable pregnant females through interdependence, and multigenerational intragroup relation from older leaders-mentors to protect next generation through generativity (legacy).
Family intragroup relation benefits vulnerable children against neglect by forming kinship group (Hamilton, 1964) whose relations depend on commitment to a social group rather than reciprocal benefit of individuals. The origin of collectivistic intragroup relation is the social group of caregivers and vulnerable children. For non-primate vertebrates, the brain size for family intragroup relation is proportional to the duration and complexity of commitment (Shultz & Dunbar, 2007). The neurotransmitter to promote family intragroup relation is oxytocin, so people feel good when they are with their kin.
Alliance intragroup relation benefits vulnerable individuals against predation by forming an alliance group (Cozolino, 2006) whose relations depend on reciprocal benefit of individuals rather than commitment to a social group. The base of alliance intragroup relation is extensive and complex socialization. For primates, the brain size for alliance intragroup relation is proportional to the group size and the complexity of socialization. According to Dunbar, the proper group size based on the human brain size is around 150 (Dunbar, 1993). The neurotransmitter to promote alliance intragroup relation is endorphins, so people feel good when they have friends.
Division of labor intragroup relation benefits vulnerable specialists against handicaps by forming a specialist group from specialists whose relations depend on existential interdependence (Wilson, 2012;Chung, 2016). The early hominins formed the interdependent specialist groups consisting of the forest group of homemaker-forager for women and children and the woodland group of adventurist-forager for men in the mixed forest-woodland habitat. The handicap was the feet which were still suitable for climbing trees, and not suitable to walk long distance and run fast on the ground especially for pregnant women and small children in woodland area. Later, the division of labor became gatherer-hunter in open savanna habitat. This division of labor intragroup relation is called eusociality (Crespi & Douglas, 1995) characterized by the division of labor. Eusociality is the highest level of organization of animal sociality in certain insects, crustaceans, and mammals. Ants, bees, and termites are eusocial animals. Homo sapiens are also eusocial (Wilson, 2012). Division of labor requires mind-reading mentalization derived from theory of mind (Fonagy et al., 2002).
Unlike great apes, infertile women have long life after menopause allows multiple generations to live together. The caring of infertile women after menopause for their grandchildren and great-grandchildren is the base of legacy. Therefore, from specialists to benefit vulnerable specialists through interdependence, and multigenerational intragroup relation from multiple generations to benefit vulnerable future generations through generativity. These instinctive intragroup relations produce the default social structure with family group, alliance group, division of labor, and generational assistance.

Worldviews
For social animals, instinctive worldview (intergroup relation) is derived from ingroup and outgroup. In ingroup, individuals share similar interests and attitudes, and produce instinctive feeling of ingroup favoritism as solidarity, community, and exclusivity (Turner & Reynolds, 2010). Individuals in outgroup outside one's own group are different in interests and attitudes, and produce instinctive feeling of outgroup derogation as inferiority and alienation. Morality is defined as proper behavior. Morality toward ingroup is opposite of morality toward outgroup (Cohen, Montoya, & Insko, 2006). Ingroup morality is cooperative connection derived from instinctive ingroup favoritism. Outgroup morality is zero-sum aggressive competition derived from mutual outgroup derogation among social groups. According to evolutionary psychologists, this discrimination between collectivistic ingroup morality and competitive outgroup morality has evolved because it enhances group survival in terms of instinctive cooperative connection toward ingroup and instinctive aggressive competition toward outgroup (Shultz, Hartshorn, & Kaznatcheev, 2009).
Such attitudes toward ingroup and outgroup are instinctive, appearing even in babies at few months old. As shown in the Infant Cognition Center at Yale University (Hamlin, Mahajan, & Wynn, 2013), babies prefer the objects (such as dolls) as ingroup objects that have similarities with the babies rather than the objects as outgroup objects that do not have similarities with the babies. Babies also prefer the objects with helpful behavior to the objects with bully behavior.
However, babies prefer the doll that bullies another doll that is not like the babies. In other words, even though babies dislike the individuals who harm other individuals, babies prefer the individuals who harm outgroup individuals that are not like the babies. The zero-sum competitive attitude toward outgroup is instinctive. On the basic level, the relation toward outgroup is individualistic without connection, while the relation toward ingroup is collectivistic with connection.
This bimodal ingroup and outgroup relate to the bimodal proactive aggression and reactive aggression, respectively (Wrangham, 2018). Proactive aggression generally results from the conflict toward outgroup, while reactive aggression generally comes from the conflict toward ingroup (Nesdale & Duffy, 2011). The distinction between the two types is centered on the aims of aggression. Proactive aggression aiming at outgroup involves a purposeful planned attack with an D. Y. Chung DOI: 10.4236/jss.2020.86025 288 Open Journal of Social Sciences external or internal reward as a goal. It is characterized by attention to a consistent target, and often by a lack of emotional arousal. By contrast, reactive aggression aiming at ingroup is a response to a threat or frustrating event, with the goal being only to remove the provoking stimulus. Proactive aggression toward outgroup is characterized by low physiological arousal, a lack of social communication, and targeting of vulnerable body parts, because outgroup is basically an individualistic group without any connection to the aggressor. By contrast, reactive aggression toward ingroup is associated with high physiological arousal and communication of intent including threats, because ingroup is basically a collectivistic group with connection with the aggressor. The two types are sometimes easy to distinguish. For example, when two animals compete with steadily escalating intensity, as frequently occurs in fights over food or mates, aggression is typically reactive without any proactive elements. Tulogdi et al. (Tulogdi et al., 2010) found that proactive aggression was associated with innervation of the central and basolateral amygdala, the lateral hypothalamus, and the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray. By contrast, reactive aggression was associated with the medial amygdala, the mediobasal hypothalamus, and the dorsal periaqueductal gray (Tulogdi et al., 2015). The results of Tulogdi et al. indicate the existence of two different pathways in a key neural circuit underlying aggression.
Humans were evolved with territorial worldview with rigid boundary to separate ingroup and outgroup. On the other hand, chimpanzee and bonobo have fission-fusion society with overlapping social groups in which the social group size and composition change throughout the year with different activities and situations. As a result they do not have rigid boundary between ingroup and outgroup. The natural habitats of chimpanzees and bonobos are separated by Congo River. The poor natural habitat where chimpanzees live has much higher resource competition than the rich natural habitat where bonobos live. Therefore, the core worldview of chimpanzees is individualism worldview adaptive to competition, while the core worldview of bonobos is collectivism worldview adaptive to cooperation. Individualism worldview in chimpanzee is shown in a high propensity for proactive aggression and reactive aggression, while collectivism worldview in bonobo is shown in a low propensity for proactive aggression and reactive aggression. Compared with chimpanzees and bonobos, humans have a high propensity for proactive aggression like chimpanzees and unlike bonobos, and a low propensity for reactive aggression unlike chimpanzees and like bonobos (Wrangham, 2018). In bonobos, no proactive aggression leading to intergroup killings has been observed (Wilson et al., 2014). Proactive aggression toward conspecifics is accordingly much more common in chimpanzees and humans than in bonobos, where it is infrequent or absent. The highly aggressive behaviors of adult male chimpanzees can be described as male warriors (McDonald et al., 2012). Because of division of labor intragroup relation based on interdependence in humans, chimpanzees and bonobos without division of labor intragroup relation both show higher reactive aggression toward ingroup than humans. The human low propensity for reactive aggression toward ingroup is shown in human small canine teeth unlike large canine teeth in other animals for ingroup fighting. The two important traits that distinguish early hominins from other apes are bipedalism and small canine teeth. The worldviews of human, chimpanzee, and bonobo are in Table 1.
Therefore, the evolution of the worldviews and human-bonobo-chimpanzee started with their common ancestors with territorialism and unseparated labor.
With bipedalism as mention in the previous subsection, human was split from the common ancestors to establish division of labor with territorialism. With flexible boundary, bonobo and chimpanzee were split into collectivistic bonobo and individualistic chimpanzee as in Figure 1.

The Mental Immune System
The immune system is a network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to provide countermeasures against harmful invaders (pathogens). Different immune subsystems provide different countermeasures against different harmful invaders. The balanced immune system has the immune system regulators to balance the activities of the immune system. As the highly imbalanced immune system without the proper immune system regulators, the overactive immune system causes allergies and auto immune diseases as physical disorders against ubiquitous harmful and harmless detected invaders.
In the same way, in the mental immune system, the different mental immune subsystems provide the different countermeasures against different adversities  (Chung, 2018a). The balanced mental immune system has the mental immune system regulators to balance the activities of the mental immune system. As the highly imbalanced mental immune system without the proper mental immune system regulators, the overactive mental immune system causes mental allergies and auto immune diseases as personality-mental disorders (American Psychiatric Association, 2013) against ubiquitous harmful and harmless perceived adversities.
The instinctive mental countermeasures in the mental immune system include comforter against hardship, hyperactivity against danger, and phobia against unfamiliarity-uncertainty. Each countermeasure has its regulator to avoid excess countermeasure. The excessive countermeasure without balancing by the regulator leads to the personality disorder. The mental immune system is instinctive, because it is mediated by neurotransmitters. can also be the religious enforcement of social bonds to enhance the survival chance of social group (Norenzayan et al., 2016;Shilling & Mellor, 1998). Robust religion is unique to humans, because robust theory of mind is unique to hu-  (Heyes, 2015). According to Maurice Bloch (Bloch, 2006), the first widespread human religion was derived from the imagination to produce imaginary female figurines and imaginary cave paintings to helps them to survive under existential pressure at the time of the Upper Paleolithic Revolution.

Theory of Imaginary Mind
According to a PET study, theory of mind activates the medial prefrontal node to handle the mental state of the self, the superior temporal sulcus to detect the behavior of other animals and analyzes the goals and outcomes of this behavior, and the inferior frontal region to maintain representations of actions and goals (Calarge, Andreasen, & O'Leary, 2003). According to Kapogiannis and Deshpande in the functional MRI study of the brains of both self-declared religious and non-religious individuals, individuals with stronger theory of mind activity were found to be more religious (Kapogiannis et al., 2014). Thinking about God activates brain regions associated with theory of mind (Kapogiannis et al., 2009). Autistic individuals with problems in imaginative capacities and pretend plays are incapable of theory of mind (Scott & Baron-Cohen, 1996;Angus et al., 2015;Chan et al., 2016). Autism with the deficits in theory of mind is linked to lower belief in God (Norenzayan, Gervais, & Trzesniewski, 2012).
Up to two-thirds of the children who have the ability for theory of mind between the ages of 3 and 8 have imaginary companions (Taylor, 1999). They need imaginary companions to provide comfort in times of stress, boredom, and loneliness, to help them make sense of the adult world, and to overcome traumatic experiences. Taylor feel imaginary companions are common among children and are part of normal social-cognitive development (Taylor et al., 2004). For adults, such childhood imaginary companions are replaced by adulthood imaginary guardians who intertwine closely with the real social brain and the real mental immune system. As a result, to believers, such imaginary guardians become real supernatural guardians to maintain cohesive large social group and to uphold believers' mental health. Large social groups and believers cannot survive well without adulthood imaginary guardians.

The Thinking Brain
The brain includes the emotional-instinctive brain, the subjective thinking brain, and the objective thinking brain (Westen, 2008). The emotional-instinctive brain locates in the subcortex and the limbic regions, and the neurotransmitters include endorphins for individualistic intragroup relation and oxytocin for collectivistic intragroup relation. Emotion and instinct are blunt and black-and-white reactions without discerning. They occur extremely rapidly before conscious thoughts. The subjective thinking brain uses reasoning to defend the view derived from instinct and emotion against the opposite point of view. The subjective thinking brain locates in the orbital frontal cortex for the processing of emotions, the anterior cingulate for conflict resolution, the posterior cingulate for making judgments about moral accountability, and the ventral striatum for reward and pleasure. The neurotransmitters are glutamine and dopamine. The

The Hofstede Cultural Dimension Model and the Production Dimension Model
The Hofstede's six cultural dimensions (Hofstede et al., 2010) include individualism versus collectivism (IDV), power distance index (PDI), masculinity versus femininity (MAS), uncertainty avoidance index (UAI), long term orientation versus short term normative orientation (LTO), and indulgence versus restraint (IVR) to represent differences among national cultures, and each dimension in each national culture is given a numerical index from survey of people in different nations as publish in "Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind" (2010)" (Hofstede et al., 2010). The Production Dimension Model based on the Hofstede Cultural Dimension Model has three production force dimensions, consisting of the production types, the production energies, and the production purposes.

Production Types
The production types (adventurous-consolidative types) from the Production  (Nisbett et al., 2001). The production type for nomadic pastoral-trade tribe was the adventurous type to produce high-profit, high risk, and low coordination products from frequent migration, military plundering and risky trades. The production type for agrarian tribe is consolidative type to produce high (capital and labor) consolidative, low risk, and high coordination products from consolidative irrigation and infrastructure. The collectivistic mega empires were ruled by elite professionals.
In the production dimension model, the production types (adventurous and consolidative types) are derived from the combination of IDV and PDI. The production types are dualistic with yin and yang consisting of the consolidative type as yin and the adventurous type as yang. The adventurous type to produce high-profit, high risk, and low coordination products has the production relations of high IDV (high individualism) and low PDI (low power distance = liberty). Adventurous production type is adaptable to individual liberal democracy based on liberal individualism. The industrial adventurous production type is strong in high-profit invention, productivity, efficiency, and marketing.
Consolidative production type to produce high (capital and labor) consolidative, low risk, and high coordination products has the production relations of low IDV (high collectivism) and high PDI (high power distance = division of professional). Consolidative production type is adaptable to common professional democracy based on professional collectivism. The industrial consolidative production type is strong in low-profit development, supply chain, economy of scale, and ration.
The potential type index (PTI) is as follows.
( ) The high value of PTI represents the high propensity for individual liberal de- The correlation between PTI and DI is moderate (R2 = 0.4). The calculated result for the countries in the Hofstede culture model is shown in Table 2.
In Table 2, the preference to individual liberal democracy increases with the increasing potential type index (PTI), while the preference to common professional democracy increases with the decreasing PTI. From the PTI (about 15 points for each group), the five groups are the potential strong individual liberal democracy, the potential adequate individual liberal democracy, the potential neutral democracy with equal preference to both democracies, the adequate common professional democracy, and the strong common professional democracy. In Table 2, Arabic-speaking countries in the Hofstede model is represented by Saudi Arabia, East Africa is represented by Tanzania, and West Africa is represented by Nigeria. In Table 2, two regions in one country in the Hofstede model are combined into one according to their respective populations.
The results of the potential democracy types show that in terms of Christian culture, Protestant Christian culture prefers mostly potential strong individual liberal democracy, Catholic Christian culture prefers mostly potential adequate individual liberal democracy, potential neutral democracy, and potential adequate common professional democracy depending on locations, and Eastern Orthodox Christian culture mostly prefers potential neutral democracy and potential adequate common professional democracy. Israel prefers potential strong individual liberal democracy. In Asia, only Japan barely prefers potential adequate individual liberal democracy because of its active westernization since 1868 (The Meiji Restoration). All other countries with Confucian culture prefer potential adequate common professional democracy. India prefers potential neutral democracy, and all other countries with Indian culture prefer mostly potential adequate common professional democracy. Only Iran and Turkey prefer potential neutral democracy, and all other countries with Muslim culture prefer mostly adequate common professional democracy.
In Table 2, the % deviation is the deviation of actual DI from the expected DI.
Within ± 10% deviation can be considered as normal. >10% deviation occurs when the expected DI is >10% greater the observed DI which means the country is expected to be more individual liberal democracy than the observed. The abnormality is shown as political restriction. Political restriction as abnormality indicates abnormal threat to the country. In Table 2, the countries with the  ++I-L = potential strong individual liberal democracy, I-L = potential adequate individual liberal democracy, neutral = potential neutral democracy, C-P = potential adequate common professional democracy, ++C-P = potential strong common professional democracy. <−10% deviation occurs when the expected DI is <−10% less than the observed DI which means the country is expected to be more common professional democracy than the observed. These countries have misplaced democracy.
Without sufficient individualism with rule of law and liberty to form individualistic and independent individuals, people are loyal to their tribe-party, resulting in bitter tribal wars against one another, resulting in tribalization. The result is chaotic politics. In Table 2

Production Energies
The production energies (driver and amiable energies) from the Production Dimension Model are derived from the combination of masculinity versus femininity (MAS) and uncertainty avoidance index (UAI) from the Cultural Dimension Model. In Masculinity vs. femininity (MAS), high MAS represents a large difference between masculinity and femininity, while low MAS represents a small difference between masculinity and femininity: Masculinity is for achievement, heroism, assertiveness and material rewards for success. Femininity is for cooperation, modesty, caring for the weak and quality of life. In terms of social styles in the social style model (Merrill & Reid, 1999), masculinity represents task orientation, while femininity represents people orientation. The mental origin of high MAS is strong gender division of labor, while the mental instinct of low MAS is weak gender division of labor. The original source of high MAS is harsh environment which requires strong task orientation, while the original source of low MAS is hospitable environment which does not require strong task orientation.
In the uncertainty avoidance index (UAI), high UAI is uncertainty avoidance, while low UAI is uncertainty tolerance. Societies with uncertainty avoidance prefer clearly defined codes of behavior, guidelines, and laws based on absolute truth. Societies with uncertainty tolerance accept and even welcome different thoughts or ideas and free-flowing environments. Basically, uncertainty avoidance represents passivity with rigid protective boundary, while uncertainty tolerance represents activity with flexible protective boundary. The mental origin In the production dimension model, the production energies (driver and amiable energies) are derived from the combination of MAS and UAI. The production energies are dualistic with yin and yang consisting of the amiable energy as yin and the driver energy as yang. In terms of social styles in the social style model, the combination of task orientation and activity (tell) with flexible protective boundary is driver, while the combination of people orientation and passivity (ask) with rigid protective boundary is amiable. Likewise, the driver production energy has high MAS and low UAI, while the amiable production energy has low MAS and high UAI. The driver energy produces under high energy condition, while the amiable energy produces under moderate energy condition.
The potential energy index (PEI) = (MAS -UAI)/2. The driver energy has high PEI, while the amiable energy has low PEI. The PEI's of countries is listed in Table 3.

Production Purposes
The production purposes (ant and grasshopper purpose) from the Production Dimension Model are derived from the combination of long term orientation versus short term normative orientation (LTO) and indulgence versus restraint (IVR) from the Cultural Dimension Model. In long term orientation versus short term normative orientation (LTO), long-term orientation (high LTO) represents thrift for being sparing with resources, persistence for sustained efforts for slow results, willingness to subordinate oneself for a purpose, and concern with personal adaptiveness, while short-term orientation (low LTO) represents social pressure toward spending, efforts to produce quick results, concern with social and status obligations, and concern with personal stability.  Portugal −36.5 ++driver = potential strong driver energy, driver = potential adequate driver energy, neutral = potential neutral energy, amiable = potential adequate amiable energy, ++amiable = potential strong amiable energy.
orientation is strong generativity social instinct. The original source of long-term orientation is pious genealogical linkage which is important in Confucianism.
Many families have shrines for ancestors and genealogy books to go back hundreds years and even thousands years. The most important task in life is to carry on one's ancestral line in order to honor one's ancestors and to benefit one's future generations. Long-term orientation is in terms of generations. Through this pious genealogical linkage, a person becomes immoral with a very long-term goal. The mental origin of short-term orientation is weak generality without significant commitment to future generations. The source of short-term orientation is impious genealogical linkage without significant respect to ancestors and significant commitment to future generations. Short-term orientation is in terms of days and months. In Indulgence vs. restraint (IVR), Indulgence stands for a tendency to allow relatively free gratification of basic and natural human desires related to enjoying life and having fun. Its opposite pole, restraint, reflects a conviction that such gratification needs to be curbed and regulated by strict social norms.
The mental origin of indulgence is the emotional brain enjoying life and having fun. The mental origin of restrain is the rational brain curbing enjoyment and fun. The origin of restrain is the consolidative infrastructure in the consolidative agrarian society. The consolidative infrastructure had to be build and maintained constantly by the rational brain with little time for leisure. Societies of hunter-gatherers and horticulturalists were not burdened by the consolidative infrastructure, so people had time for leisure enjoying life and having fun, and to them, the purpose of production was to enjoy life and have fun as the fruit of production.
The production purposes are dualistic with yin and yang consisting of the grasshopper purpose as yin and the ant purpose as yang. The ant purpose to produce with strong firm purpose has the production relations of high LTO (long-term orientation) and low IVR (restrain), while the grasshopper purpose to produce with moderate firm purpose has the production relations of low LTO (short-term orientation) and high IVR (indulgence). The potential purpose index (PPI) = (LTO -IVR.)/2. The ant purpose has high PPI, while grasshopper purpose has low PPI. The countries with PPI are listed in Table 4.

Production Workforces
The production workforces consist of dynamic production workforce (driver production energy + ant production purpose) and easygoing production workforce (amiable production energy + grasshopper production purpose). Dynamic workforce has high production energy and high firm production purpose, while easygoing production force has moderate production energy and moderate firm production purpose. The potential workforce index (PWI) is as follows.
( ) where PEI = production energy index and PPI = production purpose index. Dynamic production workforce has high PWI, and easygoing production workforce has low PWI.
The PWI to qualify workforce is potentially a good indicator for the GDP Growth Rate. The developing countries (low GDP per person countries) just started to grow economically few years ago from low GDP per person and basically agricultural society, so they are under economic growth spurt like puberty growth spurt. The developed countries (high GDP per person) have mature economy from high GDP per person, so their growth rates are lower than the growth rates of developing countries. To compare the workforces of developing countries and developed countries on the same level, the PWI's of developing countries are adjusted by the spurt multiplier and industrialization booster constant as follows.  The correlation between PWI and GR is strong (R2 = 0.8). The calculated result for the countries in the Hofstede culture model is shown in Table 5.
The potential workforce index has no correlation with the Democracy Index (R2 = 0).
The summary of the production dimension model is listed in Table 6.
The production dimensions for the top GDP countries are listed in Table 7.

The Production Evolution
The production evolution is connected to human biological evolution (Chung, split individualistic-collectivistic nation, split individualistic-collectivistic mega nation, split individualistic-collectivistic democracy, and interdependent eusocial democracy stages, respectively. In the production evolution, the most important production force is the productions types consisting of adventurous production type and consolidative production type. The most important production relations among production people and places are individualism-collectivism and high-low power distance. Marxism explains evolution by dialectic. Hegelian dialectic comprises comprising three dialectical stages of development: a thesis, giving rise to its reaction; an antithesis, which contradicts or negates the thesis; and the tension between the two being resolved by means of a synthesis. The production evolution is explained by technological historic dialectic where the production evolution is driven by new technologies from technological revolutions. In technological historical dialectic, thesis is an old technology with old established political system, antithesis is a new technology without established political system, and synthesis is the new technology with new established political system. New technology is derived from technological revolution. For an example, thesis is stone technology and small egalitarian territorial band political system in the hunter-gatherer band stage. Antithesis is pastoral-agrarian technology without established political system. The synthesis is the pastoral-agrarian technology with large hierarchical territorial tribal political system in the split tribe stage.
Political system includes size, ruling-proletariat classes, production type, worldview, and rules. The technologies from technological revolutions increase the economic surplus which leads to the increase in political size in the order of band, tribe, nation, mega nation, split East-West, and the interconnected world. New political system has new ruling class and proletariat class to form class conflict as described in Marxism.
Class conflict in dialectic is usually considered as the consequence of power control. However, if we consider that food and shelter resulted from complex technology in complex social structure are quite unstable due to natural and man-made disasters, class conflict between ruling class and proletariat class is effectively a survival competition to be the last class to survive due to basically unstable source of food and shelter. Proletariat revolutions have occurred more often during food shortage. The instability was severe before industrialization, and is much less severe after industrialization. In effect, industrialization turns class conflict into class mobility. Class conflict is inversely proportional to affluence. Without the constrain of complex technology, the source of food and shelter was actually quite stable in the pre-historic hunter-gatherer society which is considered as affluent society without class conflict as described by Marshall Sahlins' "The Original Affluent Society" (Sahlins, 1968).

Human Biological Evolution
Around 6 millions of years ago, a major climate change reduced some part of forested area in Africa to woodland where Ardi (Ardipithecus ramidus) (White et al., 2009) was evolved. Ardi, the oldest human ancestor (4.4 million year old) discovered, lived on woodland. Similar to other apes, Ardi's skull encased a small brain -300 to 350 cc. She lived in the mixed habitat of grassy woodland with patches of denser forest, and freshwater springs. The appearance of woodland caused the evolution from the human-chimpanzee-bonobo common ancestor to produce the bipedal human ancestors, the early hominins. Woodland allowed increasingly amount of food from bushes and low branches, which could be seen and reached from the ground. According to the observation (Carvalho et al., 2012) in Africa, chimpanzees today move on two legs most often when feeding on the ground from bushes and low branches. When food resources are scarce or unpredictable, chimpanzees use upright locomotion to improve food carrying efficiency. It suggests that the same might have occurred among the early hominins. Comparing to forest area, woodland area had scarcer food resources.
For reaching food from low branches on woodland and to carry food, the early hominins came down to the ground partly (not entirely) from living among trees, and adopted bipedalism as the way to move on the ground. However, Ardi's foot was primitive with an opposable big toe that could not provide a push needed for efficient bipedal walking. Ardi had a more primitive walking ability than later hominins, and Ardi had a somewhat awkward gait when on the ground. Its feet were still adapted for grasping trees rather than walking for long distances and running fast on the ground. (For apes, the quadrupedal knuckle-walking like gorillas, bonobos, and chimpanzees was faster and better way than Ardi's primitive awkward bipedalism to move on the ground.) The movement handicap of bipedalism on the ground was serious for very young, very old, and pregnant early hominins. To the early hominins in the mixed habitats, the area with many tall trees was the safe home area where very young, very old, and pregnant hominins stayed, and where they could escape quickly to the safety in tall trees, and the area with few tall trees was the unsafe exploration area for the exploration to find extra foods that could not be found in the safe home area. The two free hands from bipedalism allowed the early hominins to carry a large quantity of food home from the exploration as proposed by C. Owen Lovejoy (Lovejoy, 2009) and to carry simple defensive weapons such as sticks and stones to defense against large predators in the unsafe area. The exploration also allowed them to scavenge meats left by carnivores.
Consequently, the bipedalism and the mixed habitat divided the early hominins into the interdependent specialists which were the homemaker-forager who took care of children and foraged in the safe home forest area and the adventur- gradually declines in the 30s, particularly after age 35. The division of labor allowed the early hominins to take full advantage of the mixed habitat in terms of security and food procurement. Such interdependent specialists group produced theory of mind (mind-reading) that recognizes that the others exist to think for themselves. Theory of mind is derived from theory of specialty (specialty-reading) in interdependent specialists group where each specialist has its own specialty of work and work plan. In theory of specialist, each specialist must recognize that each specialist has its own specialty different from the specialties of other specialists, and each specialist has its own work plan distinctively different from the work plans of other specialists. To work together interdependently, all specialists must have theory of specialist in order to avoid overlapping unproductively and dangerously each other's work. Theory of specialty turned into theory of mind where specialty was replaced by the mind of each person. In theory of generality, each generalist does not need to distinctively recognize the types of work and work plans of other generalists, because they are not distinctively different. As a result, theory of generality does not turn into theory of mind. Theory of mind is the base of mind-reading mentalization (Fonagy et al., 2002) which is the base of interdependent sociality. Interdependence required gentle temperament toward one another for interdependent relationship. Gentle temperament was shown in the disappearance of sharp canine teeth in early human ancestors as the only apes without sharp canine teeth for internal fighting.
The further gradual drying turned the mixed forest-woodland habitat into the mixed woodland-savanna habitat. Early Homos, such as Homo habilis and Homo naledi, lived in the mixed woodland-savanna habitat. They were good at tree-climbing and bipedal walking, and could run better than early hominins. Upon further drying, Middle Homos, such as Homo erectus, lived in savanna habitat originally. Without the foods from woodland, they had division of labor with the gatherer group to gather plant foods and the hunter group to hunt animals for meat. They were good at bipedal walking and running, but not tree climbing. The production type for hunters is adventurous production type which is high risk and high nutrition (high-profit) to hunt unpredictable and dangerous food targets, while the production type for gatherers is consolidative production type which is low risk and low nutrition (low-profit) to collect predictable and safe food targets. In the interdependent division of labor, hunters and gatherers understand each other through theory of mind, and share foods together. Homo erectus had medium size brains. The brain size increase was due to the intake of nutritious meat to supply energy and fat for the expanding energy-fat hungry brain. The period between 800,000 and 200,000 years ago is the period of strongest climate fluctuation worldwide, resulting in adverse habitat that endangered the existence of Homos. To increase reproductive success under such evolutionary pressure, the brain size increased. The result was the emergency of late Homos, such as Homo sapiens and Neanderthals. The production evolution started with interdependent cooperative hunter-gatherer band which is the cooperative primitive communism in Marxism.

The Interdependent Linked Hunter-Gatherer Band Stage by the Upper Paleolithic Revolution
The  (Zatrev, 2014). The human social brain can instinctively manage the social group size of about 150 people (Dunbar's Number) (Dunbar, 1993), so before the linked band stage, people in a band from 30 to 50 people could instinctively deal with several bands at the same time.
There was no evidence for extensive religious practice (Wunn, 2000), so from about 200,000 to about 40,000 years ago, humans were irreligious, basically, because there was no need for religion. During the Upper Paleolithic Period, a number of sudden temperature drops reduced significantly the area for forest in Europe and Asia. The Neanderthal became extinct during this period. The reduction of forest reduced the food supply, usable timber, and other non-food materials. The reduction of the number of trees forced humans to look for alternatives to wood to make tools. The new tools used bone, antler, and ivory. During this time, humans also learned to apply heat to clay objects in order to harden them. Humans also made advanced tools including fish hooks, rope, oil lamps, and eyed needles. The invention of complex tool led to the Upper Paleolithic Revolution in the Upper Paleolithic Period between 10,000 and 40,000 years ago before the Agricultural Revolution. Religions became necessary and permanent part of stable linked band social structure. Without religious imagination (Wunn, 2000), the Neanderthal became extinct during this period. The religions in the linked band stage included animism, afterlife, and shamanism. Female figurines and cave paintings are animism. Peoples, Duda, and Marlowe found the oldest trait of religion, present in the most recent common ancestor of present-day hunter-gatherers, was animism. Belief in an afterlife emerged, followed by shamanism. Ancestor worship and high gods who are active after the Upper Paleolithic Period were absent in early hunter-gatherer, suggesting a deep history for the egalitarian nature of hunter-gatherer societies (Peoples, Duda, & Marlowe, 2016). The pre-civilized small hunter-gatherer bands had rigid boundary without material surplus for material accumulation, so the pre-civilized production relation was territorialism, the production type was the subsistent production type, and the political type was egalitarianism. In Marxism, the linked band stage is the primitive communism mode.

The Split Agrarian-Pastoral Tribe Stage by the Agrarian-Pastoral Revolution
The The agrarian-pastoral technological revolution split the hunter-gatherer bands into settled agrarian tribes on fertile agrarian land and nomadic pastoral tribe on arid pastoral land. An exchange system grew up between agrarian tribes and pastoral tribes for the products such as hides, wool, milk, meat, horn and bone, and live animals from pastoral tribes for grain, peas, crafts, and tools from agrarian tribes. The exchange allowed some nomadic pastoralists to become nomadic traders to form nomadic pastoral-trade tribes. Most of the time, relations between settled agriculturalists and nomadic pastoralists-traders were harmonious with rigid boundary. The large differences in lifestyles and lands allowed settled agriculturalists and nomadic pastoralists-traders to stay in separate places Settled agriculturalists and nomadic pastoralists-traders developed different production types. The arid pastoral land brought about adventurous production type with high-profit, high risk, and low coordination frequent migration, military plundering, and risky nomadic long-distant trade. The production relation among pastoralists-traders was individualism which required individual independence in adventurous production type. The fertile agrarian land produced consolidative production type with consolidative, low risk, and high coordination agrarian irrigation and infrastructure. The production relation among agriculturalists was collectivism which required collective interdependence in consolidative production type. With rigid boundary between agriculturalists and pastoralists-traders, the worldview was still territorialism. The worldview of pastoralists-traders was individualistic territorialism, while the worldview of agriculturalists was collectivistic territorialism. The political type was tribalism ruled by tribal chiefs. In Marxism, the split tribe stage is the slave state mode ruled by tribal chiefs as absolute masters.
The egalitarian religions during the linked bands stage were transformed into hierarchical ancestor worship and high gods. Ancestor worship is defined as belief that the spirits of ancestors remain active in another realm where they may influence the living, and can be influenced by the living (Steadman, Palmer, & Tilley, 1996). Ancestor worship allowed the hierarchical social structure to be inherited. "High gods" is defined as single, all-powerful creator deities who may be active in human affairs and supportive of human morality (Swanson, 1960). Ancestor worship and high gods appointed hierarchical social structures. Each tribe had one dominant ancestor or high god.

The Split Individualistic-Collectivistic Nation Stage by the Bronze Revolution
The The collectivistic nations were dominated by consolidative production type with consolidative, low risk, and high coordination agrarian irrigation and infrastructure. The boundaries among nations were flexible, so the production relation was collectivism without territorialism, and the political production type was collectivistic authoritarianism. The nations in the East originated from India and China were dominated by consolidative production type and authoritarian collectivism. Nation is much more complex than tribe. Since collectivism is the worldview of extended ingroup where relation in ingroup is important, it was necessary to establish explicit rule of relation to rule complex collective nations. All people had explicit and clear relations with one another. Rule of relation (Jiang, Lo, & Garris, 2012;Chung, 2020) is derived from rule of intragroup including commitment, reciprocity, division of labor, and generativity. Rule of relation is the basic source of morality. The core rule of collective nation was rule of relation. At the same time, all nations consisted of both collectivism and individualism. It was necessary to have rule of law (Haakonssen, 1996;Chung, 2020) which is the rule of outgroup where all adult individuals are considered as independent individuals without relations. Under rule of law, all adult individuals are independent and equal. As a result, the core production relations of collective nations were collectivism and rule of relation, and the complementary production relations were individualism and rule of law. All nations had core production relations and complementary production relations.
The individualistic nations were dominated by adventurous production type with adventurous, high risk, and low coordination frequent military expansion, military plundering, and risky long-distant trade and the individualism production relation. The production relation was individualism, and the political type was individualistic feudalism. The nations in the West originated from the Middle East and Greece were dominated by adventurous production type and individualism. In Marxism, the split nation stage is the feudalism mode. The core production relations of individualistic nations were individualism and rule of law, such as the Mosaic Law, and the complementary production relations were collectivism and rule of relation.
In terms of perception, individualism worldview percept an objects as identity standing alone, collectivism worldview percept an object to have relation with another object. As a result, the Westerners with individualism worldview pay attention to the focal object separated from its surrounding based on individualis- broadly to the overall surroundings and to the relations between the object and the field (Nisbett, 2004;Yuki et al., 2005). One typical way to identify the East vs.
the West is to pair panda, monkey, and banana. Typically, the Westerners pair panda and monkey for the same category (animals), while the Easterners pair monkey and banana for the relationship (monkey eats banana). Because of the differences in perception, it is important for the Westerners and the Easterners to have theory of mind to recognize, respect, and understand each other's mind. During the split nation stage, the religion was polytheism. In polytheism, the chief deity was typically remote, and people worshiped their local deities. One typical example of polytheism is the polytheism in Canaan. Canaan, an ancient region between the River Jordan and the Mediterranean, located in the Levant region of present-day Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, and Israel. The chief deity was El. During the Bronze Age and the early Iron Age, each tribe had its own local tribal deity under El as el in the word of Israel (Davies, 2010). Israel and Judah shared Yahweh as their tribal god. The various tribal gods were more or less equal. Because of the intermarriages and alliance among these tribes, each tribe had altars for the national gods of neighboring tribes. According to archeological evidence (Stern, 2001), during this time, idols represented other religions were found commonly in Jewish homes.

The Split Individualistic-Collectivistic Mega Nation Stage by the Iron Revolution
The Iron Age (the Iron Revolution) started between 1200 BCE and 600 BCE, depending on the region. Iron is tougher and lighter than bronze and was used to make much better sharp objects like spears, swords, and sharp tools than bronze. The source for iron was much more abundant than bronze. The state with iron technology was strong enough with enough destructive power of iron weapons to form mega nations such as mega empires. The earliest proto-mega centralized empire is the Hittite Empire based on the advantages entailed by its high advancement on ironworking at the time (Muhly, 2003). The Hittite Empire was not very large, and did not last long. The earliest mega centralized empires were the neo-Assyrian empire (934-609 BCE) and neo-Babylonian empire (612-539 BCE). In some regions, such as China, the late bronze period and the early iron period were overlapped, so mega empires were formed in the late bronze period, and completely solidified in the iron period.  (Tan & Geng, 2005). All princes had to be educated and trained to be professional rulers.
In India, the Varna (caste) system was meritocracy based on division of pro- Vaishya. However, due to frequent foreign invasions, the Varna system became more rigid to protect the Varna system from the foreign invaders (Newar, 2016).
The Varna system is derived from the professional system in the earlier agrarian Indus Valley civilization (Wright, 2009) which was a highly professional civilization from 5000 BCE to 1900 BCE. One of the cities was Mohenjo-Daro.
Mohenjo-Daro was an elaborately constructed city with streets laid out evenly at right angles and a sophisticated drainage system. The Great Bath, a central structure at the site, was heated and seems to have been a focal point for the community. The citizens were skilled in the use of metals such as copper, bronze, lead, and tin as evidenced by artworks such as the bronze statue of the Dancing Girl and by individual seals. The seals were made of terracotta and were used by merchants to stamp their goods as the professional approval. The cities did not have large buildings for governments, religions, and military protection. Judah from the mega empires (Nikiprowetzky, 1975). Mark S. Smith shows how polytheism was a feature of Israelite religion until the seventh and sixth centuries after the defeat of Israel and Judah by the mega empires (Smith, 2001). Highly centralized mega empires in the collective East required highly centralized and

The Split Individualistic-Collectivistic Democracy Stage by the Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution contains four stages. The first industrial revolution began in Britain in the late 18 th century. It was centered on textiles, steam power, and iron. The second industrial revolution was between 1870 and 1914 after the civil war in America. It was centered on steel, railroads, petroleum, chemicals, and electricity. The third industrial revolution as the information revolution began in the 1980s with the proliferation of digital computers, digital record, personal computers, the internet, and information and communications technology. The fourth industrial revolution builds on the third industrial revolution, and combines robotics, artificial intelligence, nanotechnology, quantum computing, biotechnology, the Internet of Things (IoT), decentralized consensus, 3D printing, and autonomous vehicles (Schwab, 2017). The fourth industrial revolution allows highly individualized global production-distribution-information.
The the Eastern Europe. The Soviet Union developed the strong consolidative production type for development, supply chain, economy of scale, and ration. By the 1950s, consolidative production type allowed the Soviet Union to rapidly evolve from a mainly agrarian society into a major industrial power (Davies, 1998). The economy continued to grow afterward partially due to the skyrocketed world price of oil in the 1970s benefiting the oil-rich USSR. In terms of GDP, the Soviet Union maintained itself as the second largest economy for much of the Cold War until 1988. However, the Soviet Union neglected to develop adventurous production type as the complementary production type for invention, productivity, efficiency, and marketing until it was too late. Consequently, during the new information revolution in 1980's, the Soviet Union lost the competition against individual liberal democracy with adventurous production type, resulting in the breakup of the Communist bloc in Europe in 1989 and the collapse of the USSR in 1991. The breakup broke the well-developed consolidative production type, moving the economy backward, and the former European communist countries did not recover until recently.
Since the opening and reform in 1978 (Vogel, 2011), China who basically followed the Soviet Union has added adventurous production type as the complement to consolidative production type as the core, and has added individual liberal democracy on the local level as the complement as described by Daniel A.
Bell (Bell, 2015). Consequently, according to the World Bank, more than 850 million Chinese people have been lifted out of extreme poverty; China's poverty  2018). In China now, the private sector accounts for more than two-thirds of the economy and 90 percent of Chinese exports (43 percent of which are from foreign-owned firms) (Shan, 2019). Therefore, any robust democracy and production type have to have both the cores and the complements.
In the East, Japan with the third largest economy in the world is basically collectivistic under the strong influence of Confucianism. It has collective capitalism (Hundt & Uttam, 2017) which has been the main policy since WWII. The state has shaped economic institutions in order to achieve specific developmental goals. Industrial policy has been the primary means of state intervention. Ja-  (Payne, 1987;Hertel, 2016). Both democracies ultimately have the same lasting core value of serving all people, avoiding class conflict, and increasing intergenerational class mobility. However, in the twenty-first century, the decreasing class mobility in the West becomes troublesome as pointed out by Thomas Piketty in "Capital in the Twenty-First Century" (Piketty, 2013).
Democracy for all people allows religious pluralism. Atheism rejects any theism. Modern religions, including progressive and conservative modern religions, accept both religious pluralism and religions homogeneity. Progressive modern religion accepts religious pluralism more than conservative modern religion. ist in the world, said, "I used to play God but I can't do that anymore. I used to believe that pagans in far-off countries were lost and were going to hell-if they did not have the Gospel of Jesus Christ preached to them. I no longer believe that," he said carefully. "I believe that there are other ways of recognizing the existence of God-through nature, for instance-and plenty of other opportunities, therefore, of saying 'yes' to God." (Beam, 1978).

The Interdependent Eusocial Democracy Stage by the Intelligence Revolution
Toward the end of the twentieth century after the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the world felt only liberal democracy and free market economy would start the twenty-first century and all future centuries as claimed by political scientist Francis Fukuyama in "The End of History" (Fukuyama, 1992). After about sixty years of such extensive globalization, the West becomes very strong in adventurous production type and deficient in consolidative production type, while the East becomes very strong in consolidative production type and deficient in adventurous production type. The individualistic West depends on the collectivistic East for the products from low-profit development, supply chain, economy of scale, and ration, while the East depends on the West for the products from high-profit invention, productivity, efficiency, and marketing.
The At the same time, the fourth industrial revolution has accelerated in the twenty-first century. The fourth industrial revolution builds on the third industrial revolution, and combines robotics, artificial intelligence, nanotechnology, quantum computing, biotechnology, the Internet of Things (IoT), decentralized consensus, 3D printing, and autonomous vehicles. The fourth industrial revolution allows highly individualized global production-distribution-information. Different from the previous industrial revolution, the fourth industrial revolution can be called the Intelligence Revolution (Makridakis, 2017 changes that will also affect all aspects of our society and life. In addition, its impact on firms and employment will be considerable, which results in richly interconnected organizations with decision making based on the analysis and exploitation of "big" data and intensified global competition among firms. People will be capable of buying goods and obtaining services from anywhere in the world using the Internet, and exploiting the unlimited, additional benefits that will open through the widespread usage of AI inventions. The Intelligence Revolution started in the West. The East has made considerable progress in AI as described by Kai-Fu Lee in "AI Superpowers: China, Silicon Valley, and the New World Order" (Lee, 2018). Lee describes how China is rapidly moving forward to become a global leader in AI. In 2019, Daniel Castro, Michael McLaughlin, and Eline Chivot (Castro, McLaughlin, & Chivot, 2019) compares China, the European Union, and the United States in terms of their relative standing in the AI economy by examining six categories of metrics-talent, research, development, adoption, data, and hardware. Overall, the United States currently leads in AI, with China rapidly catching up, and the European Union behind both. The United States leads in four of the six categories of metrics (talent, research, development, and hardware), China leads in two (adoption and data), and the European Union leads in none-although it is closely behind the United States in talent. Out of 100 total available points in this report's scoring methodology, the United States leads with 44.2 points, followed by China with 32.3 and the European Union with 23.5. Nonetheless, in the future, when controlling for the size of the labor force in the three regions, the current U.S. lead becomes even larger, while China drops to third place, behind the European Union.
As in other technologies, in AI, the West is strong in adventurous production type, and the East is strong in consolidative production type including adoption and data. Because AI is still in the stage of invention, the West is strong in talent, research, development, and hardware which constitute the core technology of AI. The East certainly depends on the West for the products and services from invention, productivity, efficiency, and marketing. The West depends on the East for the products from development, supply chain, economy of scale, and ration. For AI, it means that no matter where core AI technological processes are being performed in the West, the AI products are being physically fabricated in the East (Domashneva, 2020). The East makes a very good use of adoption and data in terms of consolidative production types to make life convenient and safe, even though the core technologies belong to the West. Consequently, in the Intelligence Revolution, the West and the East are interdependent. In fact, the interdependent coexistence of adventurous production type and consolidative production type already exists in "Chimerica" to describe the symbiotic relationship between China and the United States according to Niall Ferguson (Ferguson, 2008).
Mentally, under individual liberty, people are happy due to liberty, but they are prone to chaos and fragile mentality without close relations with others  Politically in crisis, people under liberal individualism can detect widespread crisis faster due to individual initiative, but they are slower in stopping the widespread crisis due to the insufficient collective effort, while people under professional collectivism may detect widespread crisis slower due to the insufficient individual initiative, but they are faster in stopping widespread crisis due to collective effort. The East under professional collectivism managed to overcome the financial crisis in 2008 better than in the West under liberal individualism. It is important for liberal individualism and professional collectivism to work together during crisis. People should use different approaches in the different stages. In the early stage of production and widespread crisis, the approach of liberal individualism takes the lead in the breakthrough invention in production and detection in widespread crisis. In the late stage of production and widespread crisis, the approach of professional collectivism takes the lead in development, supply chain, economy of scale, and ration and in the overcoming of crisis. The 2010s were the hottest decade on record (Wu, 2020). Global warming crisis was first detected by liberal individualism, and can be overcome by professional collectivism. In the past, widespread recession crises were overcome by professional collectivism, and in the future, such widespread recession crises will be overcome by professional collectivism. In crisis, liberal individualism and professional collectivism are interdependent.
The Intelligence Revolution leads to new economic surplus which increases the political size from the split East-West to the interconnected world. Now in the world, all people are interconnected. Crisis in one area can be easily spread to other area. In other words, the world is facing continuous crises, some small and some large. Human society needs artificial intelligence to detect and to overcome such continuous crises. The global warming crisis and the Covid-19 crisis accelerate the transition to the intelligence age from the industrial age. It is similar to the acceleration of the transition from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age in 1177 BEC due to the drought-unrest crisis (Cline, 2014).
The stable whole world contains the interdependent individualism-collectivism.
Politically, the interdependence joins individual liberal democracy and common professional democracy into one eusocial democracy based on interdependent Rule of relation is based on the international community of common destiny as expressed by Chinese government (Zhang, 2018). The establishment of the religious-geographic boundaries ended the religious war in the Thirty Years' War among Protestant and Catholic states. In the same way, the establishment of the cultural-geographic boundaries will end the civilizational clash among civilizational types. As mentioned previously (Chung, 2020), one solution to the civilizational clash is the establishment of twelve international regional defense communities in the "International Regional Defense Community Organization" (the IRDCO) based on rule of boundary from the "Monroe Doctrine" to prevent the outside military intervention from hegemons. Every country in the world belongs to an international regional defense community. The common identities of a regional community include some or all of the shared geography region, shared existing regional international organization, shared dominant cultural-religion, shard dominant language, and shared dominant worldview. Each regional community has at least one economically strong country for its protection and strength. With the regional protective boundary, each regional community enforces the "Monroe Doctrine" that forbids military intrusion from the countries outside of a regional community except the intervention approved by the United Nations. As a result, all overseas military bases as the military intrusion from the countries outside of a regional community have to be abolished. All defense treaties connected to the countries outside of a regional community also have to be ended. The regional communities which are for military defense allow individual nations to maintain all international economic treaties inside and outside of the communities. Different regional communities will have different degrees of economic cooperation within the communities. The International Regional Defense Community Organization provides the permanent world peace and stability.
The interdependence between adventurous production type in the West and consolidative production type in the East based on interdependent division of labor requires rules. The most important rule is free trade between adventurous production type in the West and consolidative production type in the East.
Sanction and decoupling hurt both sides in this highly interlocking interdepen- In the twenty-first century, individualism from the West and collectivism from the East are interdependent. The interdependent individualism-collectivism brings about the interdependences between individual liberal democracy and common professional democracy, between free market economy and collective planned economy, between liberty and professionalism, and between adventurous production type and consolidative production type. Individual liberal democracy and common professional democracy become one eusocial democracy based on interdependent division of labor as in eusociality. The production evolution is described in Table 8 and Figure 2. The individualism-collectivism duality is described in Table 9 and Figure 3.

Special Marxism and General Marxism
The core of both special Marxism and general Marxism is production. Special chain, economy of scale, and ration, while the East depends on the West for the products from high-profit invention, productivity, efficiency, and marketing.
The result is the interdependent individualism-collectivism. In general Marxism, individualistic individual liberal democracy and collectivistic common professional democracy become one eusocial democracy based on interdependent division of labor as in eusociality. In general Marxism, the production evolution has the interdependent individualism-collectivism at the beginning (hunter-gatherer) and the end (eusocial democracy) and the split individualism-collectivism in between (pastoral-agrarian and West-East).

Summary and Conclusion
In summary, classical Marxism as special Marxism for the mid-nineteenth century is broadened and updated into general Marxism for the twenty-first century. General Marxism includes the mental origin of production, the 5W1H production analysis (when, what, how, why, who, and where to produce) for all aspects of production, human biological evolution, and the individualism-collectivism duality for the individualistic Western civilization originated from the Middle East and Greece and the collectivistic Eastern civilization originated from India and China.
The mental origin of production explains all mental capacities to develop civilized production. The paper proposes that the mental origin of production consists of the social brain for instinctive intragroup relations and worldviews to form the original small human production group, the mental immune system for instinctive mental therapy, theory of imaginary mind for imaginary religious and political entities with their own minds to form cohesive large production group, and the thinking brain for rational rule to form rational civilization.
The 5W1H production analysis consists of when (stages), what (types), how much (energies), why (purposes), who (people), and where (places). In the production analysis of special Marxism, the modes (stages) of production are the combinations of production forces and production relations. In the proposed 5W1H production analysis of general Marxism, the modes (stages) in the production evolution are the combinations of the three production forces (adventurous-consolidative types, driver-amiable energies, and ant-grasshopper purposes) and their production relations among production people and places in the production dimension model based on the Hofstede cultural dimension In the production dimension model, the production forces (adventurous-consolidative types, driver-amiable energies, and ant-grasshopper purposes) are derived from the pairs of (IDV-PDI, MAS-UAI, and LTO-IVR, respectively) of cultural dimensions in the Hofstede cultural dimension model. In the statistical analysis, the indexes from the production dimension model derived from the indexes of the Hofstede model correlate well with the observed Democracy Index (R2 = 0.4) and the GDP Growth Rate (R2 = 0.8). Countries can be characterized by the production forces.
In human biological evolution, the hunter-gatherer band was evolved to have the interdependent division of labor between hunters and gathers. The foundation of the interdependent division of labor is theory of mind for hunters and gatherers to recognize, respect, and understand each other's mind in terms of different hunter's mind and gatherer's mind. The production type for hunters is adventurous production type which is high risk and high nutrition (high-profit) to hunt dangerous and unpredictable food targets, while the production type for gatherers is consolidative production type which is low risk and low nutrition (low-profit) to collect safe and predictable food targets. The production evolution starts with interdependent cooperative hunter-gatherer band stage which is the primitive communism mode in Marxism.
The agrarian-pastoral revolution split hunter-gatherer band into nomadic pastoral tribe and settled agrarian tribe. Nomadic pastoralists were dominated by hunter mentality with adventurous production type in high risk-profit and adventurous frequent migration, military plundering, and risky nomadic trade.
Settled agriculturalists were dominated by gatherer mentality with consolidative production type in low risk-profit consolidative irrigation and infrastructure.
Pastoralists developed individualism, while agriculturalists developed collectivism as shown by Richard E. Nisbett. The split agrarian-pastoral tribe stage corresponds to the slave state mode in special Marxism.
In the Bronze Age, pastoralists with horse-powered wheeled vehicles and cha- In the twenty-first century, during the terrorism crisis and the financial crisis, individualistic individual liberal democracy with free market economy turned into collectivistic common professional democracy with collective planned economy to overcome the crises. As a result, liberal democracy with free market economy and common professional democracy with collective planned economy become interdependent. Through increasing globalization in trade and investment, the individualistic West depends on the collectivistic East for consolidative production type from low-profit development, supply chain, economy of scale, and ration, while the East depends on the West for adventurous production type from high-profit invention, productivity, efficiency, and marketing. As a result, production types become interdependent. The result is the interdependent individualism-collectivism for democratic systems, economic systems, and production types.
At the same time, with additional surplus, the Intelligence Revolution in the twenty-first century increases the political size from the split West-East to the interconnected world. The stable interconnected world contains the interdependent individualism-collectivism for eusocial democracy based on interdependent division of labor between individual liberal democracy and common professional democracy. Economically and politically, after the split for more than ten thousand years, hunters (the West) and gatherers (the East) again converge in the form of interdependent division of labor based on theory of mind to recognize, respect, and understanding each other's mind.
In conclusion, the surpluses from the Upper Paleolithic Revolution, the Agricultural-Pastoral Revolution, the Bronze Revolution, the Iron Revolution, the Industrial Revolution, and the Intelligence Revolution increase the political sizes dialectically in the order of band, tribe, nation, mega nation, the split West-East, and the interconnected world, respectively. The core of general Marxism is that eusocial democracy based on the interdependent division of labor between individual liberal democracy and common professional democracy in the stable interconnected world is inevitable through the dialectic view of the production evolution. Only humans can have eusocial democracy, because only humans and no other animals have theory of mind to recognize, respect, and understand each other's mind in interdependent division of labor.

Conflicts of Interest
The author declares no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.