Research on Marine Ecological Civilization Policies in Shandong Province Based on Content Analysis

The policies of marine ecological civilization involve multiple policy areas such as marine economy, marine environment, and marine society. This paper sorted out 54 related policies of marine ecological civilization in Shandong Province, constructed a co-word matrix of policy keywords, and used co-word analysis method to conduct quantitative analysis. Through the measurement of policy network centrality, policy theme groups and structural holes, the coordination of policy contents and the centrality of policy points were analyzed. The study has found that among the comprehensive policies for marine ecological civilization construction in Shandong Province, the marine ecological environmental protection policies have more focuses and have formed a relatively complete system, but the relevancy of the policy points of marine science and technology innovation related to marine support policies is not high, and the support for marine environmental protection technology innovation is not strong. These discoveries are also reflected in the subsequent content analysis of marine social support policies, and they also affect the coupling degree between the marine ecological environment and marine ecological society in Shandong Province to a certain extent.


Introduction
The policies of marine ecological civilization involve multiple policy areas such as marine economy, marine environment and marine society. They are the How to cite this paper: Ma, J. (2020) Research on Marine Ecological Civilization Policies in Shandong Province Based on summation of a series of public policies adopted by a certain region to promote the construction of marine ecological civilization. This paper will study the construction of marine ecological civilization from a policy perspective, and propose more targeted and operable countermeasures in combination with the evaluation index system. This paper will focus on the analysis of the policy groups of Shandong Province's marine ecological documents that have been issued since 2001 when the Tenth Five-Year Implementary Plan for the Construction of "Marine Shandong Province" was issued. This paper will focus on the following issues: What policies have been mainly introduced by relevant departments of marine administration in Shandong province and how should these policies be classified; how are the contents of the policy groups of marine ecological civilization construction in Shandong province coordinated? Thereafter, this paper will sort out and classify related policies of marine ecological civilization in Shandong Province, construct a co-word matrix of policy keywords, and use co-word analysis to quantify them. Then, this paper will draw a social network relationship diagram of the core content of the policies, and analyze the coordination of the policy content and the centrality of the policy point through the measurement of the policy network centrality, policy subject groups, and structural holes, with a view to providing a reference for the subsequent policy introduction.

Shandong Province's Marine Ecological Civilization
Policies and Their Formulation

Review of the Marine Ecological Civilization Policies in Shandong Province
With regard to the text selection of marine ecological civilization policies in Shandong Province, this thesis divides China's marine ecological civilization-related policies into three stages [1]:  In the selection of marine ecological civilization policy literature, this paper follows the following steps: 1) Using the policy database of Pkulaw to search the marine ecological civilization policies from 2001 to March 2019. In order to ensure the efficiency and accuracy of policy literature retrieval, this paper adopted the data source of "local regulations and rules" in the retrieval option of "effectiveness level and issuing department" according to the definition of the research scope mentioned above, and the administrative departments of marine ecological civilization con- "ecology", "waters", "islands", and "fisheries" were selected. The policy texts were selected with keywords such as "regulations", "outlines", "specifications", "opinions", "suggestions", "measures", "provisions", "decisions", "notifications", "schemes", etc. Then, keywords were entered in the search bar for retrieval and extraction.
3) Checking and filling the gaps in the relevant policy systems. This was done by searching the official website of the Provincial Party Committee, Provincial Government, Provincial People's Congress, and other administrative departments of marine ecological civilization construction such as the Department of Oceans and Fisheries (now the Department of Natural Resources), the Department of Agriculture (now the Department of Rural Agriculture), the Department of Environmental Protection (now the Department of Ecological Protection) and other competent authorities, so as to further check and fill in vacancies in policies that have not been collected by the Pkulaw Database.
Finally, the relevant policy texts of marine ecological civilization construction in Shandong Province were processed, and duplicate documents, irrelevant documents and invalid documents were eliminated, and a total of 54 policy texts related to marine ecological civilization were retrieved.
As shown in Figure 1, after the Development Plan of Shandong Peninsula Blue Economic Zone submitted to the State Council in 2011 was approved and the construction of Shandong Peninsula Blue Economic Zone was officially rose to a national development strategy, great importance has been attached to the development of marine ecological civilization, and the number of policies formulated and issued has been greatly increased. In particular, 2015-2017 is an important stage for the formulation and renewal of marine ecological civilization policies in Shandong province. The scope has also developed from the single marine economic policies from 2011 to 2013 to a policy system of marine ecological civilization based on comprehensive planning policies and with coordinated development of marine economic, marine environmental and marine

Classification of Marine Ecological Civilization Policies in Shandong Province
The marine ecological civilization policies can be categorized into meta-policies, basic policies and specific polices at the policy level [3]. Among them, the marine ecological civilization meta-policies refer to a general term for a set of ideas and methods used to guide and regulate the government's marine ecological civilization policy behaviors, that is, "policies for formulating marine ecological This paper constructs an evaluation index system from the aspects of marine J. Ma Table 1. Classified statistics of marine ecological civilization construction policies in Shandong province.

Target Type Explanation Quantity
Comprehensive Planning The overall plans for the future goals of marine ecological civilization based on the development of the region, industry, environment, science and technology

Analysis on the Main Body of Policy Formulation of Marine Ecological Civilization in Shandong Province
In

Coordination Analysis of Policy Text Contents
Policy documents are the reflection of government behaviors and the most effec-

Choice of Policy Texts
The policy data should fully reflect the structural system of marine ecological civilization policies, and facilitate the comparison of policy focuses [5]. This study takes these 54 policies that are closely related to the construction of marine ecological civilization as the necessary analysis unit for the content analysis method. After selecting the policy texts, the reliability test of the coding consistency and classification accuracy of the main judge is also carried out by comparing the degree of mutual agreement among several text judgment analysts [6]. In order to ensure the objectiveness and preciseness of the text analysis results and reduce the interference of subjective factors, the coding of 54 marine ecological civilization policy texts in this paper was completed with three doctoral students studying public policy. It is generally believed that if the consistency ratio between different judges reaches 80%, the coding result of the main judge is acceptable. Through the reliability test of the two evaluation results, and after calculation and adjustment, the consistency ratio of the three judges reached 92.2%, which obviously ensures the acceptability of the encoding result of the main judge of the texts.

Keyword Frequency Analysis of Policy Samples
An analysis unit refers to a unit defined as a minimum analysis metric [6]. In this study, the text of a marine ecological civilization policy in Shandong Province are used as an analysis unit, and words related to the construction of ecological civilization are extracted or generalized, and the policy points distributed in them are selected so as to extract the information in the policy samples and carry out quantitative processing. In order to accurately and comprehensively reflect the policy points of each marine ecological civilization policy, this paper first extracts the keywords of the policy contents. In particular, the category of one particular policy and the number of keywords in each analysis unit are not taken into account at the beginning of keyword extraction [7]. In order to ensure the validity of the summary and statistics of policy points, on the basis of reflecting the content and purpose of the policies scientifically and objectively, synonyms like "marine ecological protection" and "marine ecological restoration", "marine disaster management" and "marine disaster prevention", and hyponyms and superordinates like "marine regulations system" and "sea-related policy system" were merged. Secondly, the keywords of marine ecological civilization policies in Shandong Province and their frequency of occurrence were separately counted by EXCEL, and the keywords were sorted in descending order according to the frequency of occurrence, so as to avoid the interference of low frequency words to quantitative analysis.
After the above data standardization and cleaning, the keywords of Shandong provincial marine comprehensive policies, marine economic policies, marine environmental policies and marine social support policies were selected separately. In comprehensive policies of marine ecological civilization in Shandong province, 44 high-frequency words were obtained, with a cumulative frequency of 160. The statistical results are shown in Table 2.  In marine economic policies, 42 high-frequency words were obtained, with a cumulative frequency of 180. The statistical results are shown in Table 3.
In marine environmental policies, 41 high-frequency words were obtained, with a cumulative frequency of 144. The statistical results are shown in Table 4.
In marine social support policies, 40 high-frequency words were obtained, with a cumulative frequency of 108. The statistical results are shown in Table 5.

1) Drawing Network Diagram
According to the high-frequency words of the ecological civilization policies     According to the calculation results in Table 6, it can be seen that the com-     ( ) The node centrality of policies of marine ecological civilization construction in Shandong province is shown in Table 3.
As can be seen from Table 7 Behind these two are keywords such as financial support, diversified investment, "six reform" of fishery, fishery industrial agglomeration, etc.; these keywords are also the focal points in the social network, and together with marine ranching and modern fishery, these keywords constitute the core layer of the economic policy system of marine ecological civilization construction in Shandong province.
The economic policy system for marine ecological civilization construction in Shandong Province mainly focuses on marine ranching, modern fishery, "six  The analysis results are shown in Figure 6.
According to the calculation of the betweenness centrality of the marine environmental policies social network in Table 8, it can be known that the keyword with the highest centrality in the marine environmental policies of marine ecological civilization construction in Shandong Province is marine environmental protection, with a betweenness centrality of 44.500, occupying a core position in the marine environmental protection policy system in Shandong province. Behind it are keywords such as prevention and control of marine pollution, marine ecological protection and restoration, overall planning for regional and marine economic activities, marine disaster prevention, marine ecological redline, etc.
These are also the main policy points in social networks. Together with marine environmental protection, these keywords constitute the inner circle of the marine environmental policy system of marine ecological civilization construction in Shandong Province. It is worth noting that the betweenness centrality of the keyword marine ecological civilization construction is only 19.000, which is consistent with its relatively low frequency of occurrence. This may be due to the short development process of ecological civilization construction, which leads to its relatively minor position in the policy texts and social network. The statistical results are shown in Table 8.
The marine environmental policies of marine ecological civilization construction  in Shandong Province mainly focus on marine ecological protection and restoration, marine environmental protection, marine disaster prevention, prevention and control of marine pollution, overall planning for regional and marine economic activities, supervision and inspection, marine ecological compensation, classified regional management, marine ecological redline, etc. In terms of coverage, they are relatively comprehensive, and are also in line with the focus of marine ecological civilization construction at this stage. In the aspect of protection operations, Shandong province mainly zones different marine function areas, so as to determine the marine key protection areas and special protection areas by the way of classified regional management. The analysis results are shown in Figure 7.
In addition, in terms of marine protection, Shandong province also controls the total amount of pollutants discharged from land pollution sources and sewage outlets by means of land-sea coordination, conducts real-time marine environmental monitoring, innovates the "gulf manager" system to arrange managers to take charge of certain areas, strengthens the administrative law enforcement in marine environmental protection, and strengthens the restoration of coastline and offshore waters. In terms of marine disaster prevention and control, Shandong Province has also established a corresponding marine disaster prevention and control information system, which uniformly predicts and releases news, and has established a graded alert mechanism. However, on the other hand, Shandong Province's marine environmental policies have insufficient guidance for the construction of marine ecological civilization, especially for the protection and restoration of marine ecological environment. The support for marine environmental protection technology industry also needs to be Open Journal of Ecology strengthened.
From the calculation of the centrality of marine social support policies social network in Table 9, it can be known that keyword with the highest betweenness centrality in the marine social support policies of marine ecological civilization construction in Shandong Province is marine technological innovation, with a betweenness centrality of 41.667, which is far higher than other policy points and becomes the core policy point of the whole social network. Behind it are Figure 7. Social network diagram for high-frequency words in marine social support policies of marine ecological civilization construction in Shandong province. tion is also closely related to the modern fishery building, the research and development of improved aquatic species, marine informatization and marine equipment, and is limited to the application in traditional industries. This may also lead to a policy disconnection when marine technological innovation is clearly the core of marine social support policies.

Summary and Outlook
In the domestic context, the process of marine ecological civilization construction is deeply affected by related policies. Therefore, it is of great significance to analyze the policy system of marine ecological civilization construction in Open Journal of Ecology vilization construction in Shandong Province, the marine ecological environment protection policies have more focuses and have formed a relatively complete system. However, the degree of relevance of marine technological innovation policy points related to marine social support policies is not high, and the support for marine environmental protection technology innovation is not strong. These discoveries are also reflected in the subsequent content analysis of marine social support policies, and they also affect the coupling degree of marine ecological environment and society in Shandong province to a certain extent. In addition, the marine economic policies of marine ecological civilization construction in Shandong province are still mainly focused on traditional business forms such as fishery and aquaculture, and high-tech, high-value-added industries involved in the marine economy are not concerned much; however, industry-university-research cooperation on marine science and technology is mentioned in the marine social support policies. This also indicates that there exists the phenomenon of policy disconnection to a certain extent.

Conflicts of Interest
The author declares no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.