Innovation through Urban Diversity and Achieving Comprehensive Sustainable Urbanism from a Community-Oriented Approach

In current urban studies focused on pathways of sustainable urbanism, the main discourse is on the development of all-inclusive approaches or comprehensive methods that could encompass multiple factors of sustainability. As a result, a bigger emphasis has been given to other dimensions of “cultural” or “governance” (also known as institutional). In more recent years, more scholarly research studies refer to governance as the fourth pillar of sustainability, and more research studies analyse the multi-dimensional methods of socio-cultural, socio-economic, etc. These factors all have major impacts on the social, environmental, and economic aspects of the city. As a result, this research study aims to test the notion of “sustainable urbanism” from a behavioural perspective, which includes market development behavior and political economy (or mixed economy). This study promotes urban diversity from the multiplicity of diversity across the physical environment, social and economic systems, cultural attributes, people backgrounds, professions and sectors, etc. This then leads to discussions on innovation through urban diversity. Hence, it is important to evaluate how diversity promotes sustainable urbanism through specific economic and social systems in contemporary city development scenarios. The findings from this study feed into matters of urban diversity and urban innovation, and towards pathways of sustainable urbanism.


Introduction
Globalisation is not merely the result of an economic process, but indeed, is considered as a trigger point of creating a paradox in the urban context (Adekola and Sergi, 2007;Rushing, 2009;Millott and Tournois, 2010); a set of events and cultures that confront and link with each other. These include spatial matters, social and economic factors, as well as cultural factors. Some of these trends appear as transformative processes that may, in fact, change the overall image, values, and characteristics of the urban context. The current globalisation movement tends to lead towards two major development patterns. Firstly, cities will develop by the continuing globalisation-or often considered as Americanisation-trend and people will be interpreted as consumers rather than citizens while the city will act as a commodity to be consumed; ignoring the distinctions of cities in redevelopment, the images of cities will be standardised and merged as a whole. In this way, cities will form commonalities that shape their common identity (Cheshmehzangi, 2020) through characteristics, certain values, images, and other factors. These could be evaluated from socio-spatial considerations and how our interrelationships with the surroundings may show a certain level of commonalities with other places and spatial configurations (Cheshmehzangi and Heath, 2012). Secondly, cities will anticipate hybrid and mixture of world cultural elements and traditions. This means a combined effect that may include some of those commonalities but could also show a hybrid model or even a distinctive one, too. Nevertheless, in the current rapid process of globalisation, sustainability is only employed to achieve economic growth. Thus, the development considerate solely for economic reasons is in conflicts with the social and environmental aspects of our contemporary developments and cities. This also means a possibility for new modes of development (Xie et al., 2020) and pathways that suggest new modes of identity-relations (Cheshmehzangi, 2014), socio-economic values, socio-cultural attributes, etc.
A major factor in this globalisation trend is the method of achieving sustainability, for instance from the perspective of sustainable urbanism. A comprehensive approach to sustainable urbanism would include the fourth dimension of either cultural (Hawkes, 2001;Cheshmehzangi et al., 2010), or institutional/governance (Spangenberg et al., 2002;Komeily & Srinivasan, 2015;Dawodu et al., 2016). In the former (Figure 1), the cultural dimension is added to represent the importance of quality of life. This considered from an array of values, aspirations, relationships, diversity, creativity, innovation, and vitality. This is added to the traditional dimensions of sustainability, namely social, economic, and environmental. In the latter example (Figure 2), we see the four dimensions shaping in various forms of point, Linear, and planar considerations (Valentin and A. Cheshmehzangi, H. M. A. Li DOI: 10.4236/cus.2020.82012 224 Current Urban Studies   Spangenberg, 2000 andDawodu et al., 2016). Spangenberg, 2000). In this approach, dimensions seem to be more of the imperative aspects that are related and co-exist with one another.
Of all globalisation trends, this study evaluates urban diversity from the perspective of sustainable urbanism. As we see more cities and communities are becoming diverse by various means, one of which is recognised as a mixed-use development. This mode of development is considered a very common approach  (Huston and Mateo-Babiano, 2013;Speck, 2014;Zamorano and Kulpa, 2014;Live Oak Contracting, 2015). If considered as just the physical mix, then we may not necessarily achieve a mixed-use sustainable development. But if combined with the ideals of diverse community, backgrounds, economies, sectors, the likelihood for sustainable mixed-use development is quite high. This could be expressed beyond the physicality of the mixed-use development, but understanding the multiplicity of factors. In fact, this should not only use any of the two above sustainability models but rather combine them all with the added dimensions of "physical" and "health". In doing so, we propose a broader un-

Methodology
This study is mainly conducted by desktop research and the use of available data for case study evaluation. The desktop research is based on the analysis of available data and documents, those that are available for the case study before 2004, in 2004, and afterwards. The main methods of this research are analytical study, which is based on case studies, available data, and the verification that is then done through case study reports and documents. For the case study, the study uses available data from a case of regeneration and extracts lessons learned from this particular example. The analysis uses the available data from the surveys of the case study in 2004 across multiple themes of the area. The 2004 data is mainly used as the source for the project assessment at the time of regeneration development. Also in 2004, the case study of research held the first Architecture Festival biennale, which then had a major impact on the regeneration of the area. Hence, the data of 2004 is not identified to be outdated as it represents the findings of the project impact at its crucial stage of regeneration, which are important for this study's assessment. Those themes are then used for further evaluation of sustainable development, from multiple perspectives. The evaluation is conducted by further research on the available documents on earlier development modes and projects (the 1960s till early 2000s) and more contemporary regeneration and redevelopment documents (early 2000s onwards). The data from 2004 is used mainly as the main themes of the case study and are evaluated based on the available data, with cross-referencing to some of these documents. The later documents after 2004 are also assessed through desktop research to ensure validity and continuation of the results from 2004 onwards. Current Urban Studies The two forms are either considered as sustainability to be achieved by matching the ecological niche and the organism, or through flexibility and adaptations.
We can argue that humans have evolved over the past million years in order to survive the greatest variations of environmental conditions as well as changing those environments in order to suit their needs. The success of survival in human generations is clearly shown in the ability to change and adapt to the surrounding conditions. As suggested by Wilson (1992), there is a current orthodoxy that the basis of the resilience of an ecosystem lays in its diversity. The sustainable evolution of cities is, therefore, a more relevant concept in the discussion of future development of the cities. This could be seen from the perspectives of city enhancement as well as the opportunity to evolve cities in a sustainable form that could respond to the needs of its people and communities.
Although it is obvious that the application of diversity is one of the most important factors in contemporary city planning, diversity is still poorly defined in the fields of design and urbanism. This is associated with the concept of mixed-use development but is recognised beyond the physicality of the place.
Hence, by definition, diversity should not only be a mere description of the physical properties of an urban form but also the socio-economic, cultural, and perceptual qualities of the place (Cheshmehzangi, 2020). This is related to a comprehensive understanding of the urban context, which represents more than just the physical form. For the design of diversity to become meaningful, it should certainly include awareness of the static to dynamic morphology, historical considerations over time as well as personal experiences through spaces.
Since diversity performs as an important role, especially under rapidly changing environments, the cost for maintenance can be interpreted as the cost for maintaining the efficiency of the population. As a result, diversity allows a sustainable development to happen, in which the social, economic, and environmental structures can work together as a whole in the urban context. Referring to Jane Jacob's (1969) comparison studies between "company town" of Manchester and "craftsman town" of Birmingham, we can identify how dependent one industry might lead to the economic collapse while the presence and application of diversity in trades allowed Birmingham to change and survive, which then led to city's revitalisation as a whole.
The senses of diverse experiences in the urban landscape create a delightful range of physical and spatial qualities to the citizens. The dimensions of streets, buildings, materials, and construction details all contribute as the key factors of our experience in the urban diversity; however, the physical and architectural quality is inadequate to account for a diverse urban environment. A diverse architectural fabric is not sufficient to provide a diverse urban environment. To be experientially diverse, the city must have a diverse cultural and social life as well as having an economic diversity. Sensory experiences like sight, sound, smell, and touch also support society in creating a diverse lifestyle. Such applications of creating a sensory urban experience will maintain the strengths and possibilities

Mixed-Use Development and Pattern of Land-Use
The concept of ecology is composed of a structured system of inter-related organisms that are interdependent with each other (Molles, 1999). In the argument of whether diversity is equal to "mixing", the answer would be that a diverse urban space is composed of more structured forms and uses rather than unsystematic, or even considerably random, mixings. The sociological interpretation suggests that diversity is a property of an organic social form, and comprises the set of inter-relations between divisions of labour, along with the efficiencies derived from all these.
In order to examine the relationships between the diversity of the urban system and its impacts on the social and economic of the urban environment, it is important to understand and verify how urban physical and spatial patterns relate to social and economic systems. According to William Alonso's development on Von Thunen's theory of central spaces (Alonso, 1964), the rent of land and cost for transportation are linked together and it should be decided where to locate particular activities accordingly. The result is that the land-use pattern centered in the central business district consists of a concentric set of rings to reduce rent-producing land-uses. Therefore, the advantages of aggregation must outweigh the disadvantages of competition from one's neighbor. On the other hand, intelligibility can be interpreted as the systematic relationship between an individual's perceptual environment and those affordances of the environment outside their immediate perception; meaning that urban environments are systematized towards a particular diversity that can bring about a particular landuse and behavioural pattern in the urban context. This is also seen in transit-oriented development that suggests a sustainable land-use plan as well as a coordination system and integration into other sustainability strategies (Liang et al., 2020). In this regard, an urban planning approach is seen to be based on multiple aspects of development, particularly if to be seen and evaluated for the approach to sustainable development.
The role of diversity in urban environments is a response to the deficiencies of zoning methods in planning and is different from the concept of "mixed-use zoning" (Fiske, 2019). In terms of sustainable development ideals, there are overlaps with mixed-use development and diversity in design (Adams, 2017) that could suggest placemaking strategies (Blackson, 2013), diverse development and planning, diverse layout and configuration, and diverse design. Yet, a sound diverse community or urban environment should also include diverse back- In an ideal way, such diversity could create more than just a mixed-use of buildings, places, and sectors. We could then argue how these could be integrated into the urban environment over a course of time, and how they should be perceived and adapted at a gradual pace. From the consideration of morphology (Sadeghi and Li, 2019) to ideals of sustainable urbanism, diversity plays a major role in not only enhancing mixed-use development but also the opportunity to attract creative industries, diverse backgrounds, and healthier communities. This study focuses on the combination of the two, both from the mixed-use development mode and the idea of a diverse community. This is discussed by learning from case studies, such as VivaCity2020 pro-

Learning from the Case of VivaCity2020 Programme, Clerkenwell, London
For this study, we evaluate one specific visualization tool that offers virtual 2D and 3D environmental analysis/assessment by implementing technologies such as aerial maps and masterplans of the areas in order to develop a framework for the spatial understanding of the city. This application would then identify particular social and financial challenges in selected areas and also emphasises upon the impacts for future developments, if to be considered as part of the urban growth or redevelopment. This tool is also pertained to as an "urban regeneration 3D visualisation tool", which is mainly used as a tool for visualisation of performance indicators in the urban context (Zhang, 2005). Also, the greatest goal of VivaCity2020 programme is to comprehend both the dwellers' and city developers' daily activities and their requirements for "accurate and relevant information, which is often quite difficult to access, if it exists at all" (ibid). This 3D visualisation toolkit is, therefore, developed to support designers and planners to explore urban sustainability and diversity issues.
The project was carried out in London Clerkenwell, undertaken by Cities Institute at "LondonMet", and put diversity in the test by using observations and computer simulations. The key research is to test its accessibility to a larger scale.
Analysis suggests that the survival of urban diversity over time depends on its lack of intelligibility. There is a predominant division between a residential North and a more commercial South. Also, there is an almost direct relationship between a land-use distribution and the urban grid configuration. Retail streets are part of areas with a denser and more intensified local grid (Perdikogianni and Penn, 2005;Zhang, 2005). The fragmentation of the area and the marginal economic status appeared to be the main survival reason in the face of wholesale development. For Clerkenwell, the role of urban diversity lies in resilience more than efficiency. The wholesale redevelopment will be driven by economic or so-  (Aiesha and Evans, 2006). This method is then used as part of urban design decision making (Cooper and Boyko, 2010), which response to sustainable development ideals of the urban design process. The mixed-use development approach then helps to consider a step-bystep process in developing people-oriented communities and those that could address multiple aspects of sustainable urbanism. In doing so, VivaCity 2020 provided an opportunity to visualize what is on the ground and how it could be changed in a process that comprises adequate planning and design meas-   (Hutton, 2011). This is also seen in studies of Evans (2014)

who refers to
Clerkenwell as a mixed-use urban village. Evans (ibid,p. 127) also argue that "the relationship between urban diversity and quality of life is a recurring assumption in mixed-use policy. However, how land-use diversity enhanced the quality of urban life is poorly understood". In this regard, it is evident that diversity in land-use alone cannot simply address the matters of quality life in urban living. As we see from the records in Clerkenwell, the lack of creative industries and sound transport system also suggest a lack of progressive development for this particular area. More importantly, from the findings, we notice, the absence of health and environmental dimensions are also visible in the selected themes of the survey that were then used for regeneration developments. The economic focus, and partly socio-cultural values of the area, also indicate tangible gentrification that is not nurtured by creative industries but residential and real estate redevelopment projects. The proximity of Clerkenwell to the central part of the city is a major driver for the economic transformation of this important cultural quarter of the city.
In addition, as Clerkenwell's economic development has been mostly developed based on the "district's unique internal spatiality and built environment" (Hutton, 2010: p. 128), we anticipate a more perceptible emphasis on the social, economic, and cultural dimensions-or better to say, socio-cultural or socio-economic attributes of the area. This represents the space-economy of the area from the agglomeration of land-uses, primarily based on the "financial, commercial, and professional office operations" (ibid, p. 130). As part of the larger process of regeneration, there are records of reduction in greenery, and some of the actual main green areas are mostly used for other uses of perfor-  (Cherry and Pevner, 1998); some that started as early as the 1970s and then through the era of urban renaissance in the UK. This also represents an earlier transformation of this major inner-city area and from a shift towards a more economic hub through a transformation of land-uses, re-configurations, occupancy, demographics, and the larger economic landscape of Clerkenwell (Hutton, 2010).
Finally, based on the finding we see that multiple dimensions of sustainability are addressed across various themes and in different ways. While the atmosphere of Clerkenwell has been appraised due to its historical and cultural characteristics, it is seen that there are significant transformation and/or regeneration of amenities, history and heritage, architecture, and the community. Under these themes, we see the significant presence of physical dimension, through which we indicate the importance of regeneration through physical development. On the contrary, we see transport and accessibility, both with the physical dimension as their priority but still lacking the progress in comparison to the cultural development of the area. Also, as indicated earlier, the lack of environmental and health dimensions presents an opportunity for further development and a reflective approach to a more community-oriented development approach.

Other Similar Studies: Diversity in the U.S. and Canadian Cities
The theory developed by Florida and Gates (2001) suggests that a city's diversity is the key to attract talented people. In other studies, this is also seen as potential gentrification (Florida, 2013). To do so and attract talented people, Florida and Gates (2001) Table 2).
Based on the 1990 census numbers for 50 largest cities in the U.S. (also for Canadian Cities in 2002), the measure of high-tech growth is regarded as an indication  (Gertler et al., 2002;Rhule, 2017). This particular approach explores cities in terms of their potential for creativity and diversity in the society that can benefit the strategies for urban growth. The relationship between technology-intensive activities, creativity, talent, and diversity as major drivers for economies (particularly the local economies) is studied and analysed to give a broad range of economic knowledge for further developments in the future regeneration or design.
By indicating and including these indexes, the researchers (Florida and Gates, 2001;Gertler et al., 2002) suggest for the role of non-physical diversity in urban development decision making. This is particularly applicable to cases of urban regeneration and large-scale redevelopment projects. This understanding of diversity beyond the physicality and configuration of the urban environments suggest the role of people in their communities, workplaces, and their immediate context (Cheshmehzangi, 2020). Similar to the earlier example of Clerkenwell, we see the opportunity to combine the ideas of diverse built environment (e.g. through mixed-use development), with diverse communities, diverse sectors/ professions, and diverse aspects of the built environment. In doing so, the pathway to reinvent urban diversity in an all-inclusive approach can be a step towards sustainable urbanism from the community-oriented approach.

Discussions: Understanding the Parameters of Diversity in Design
Diversity, as defined in this paper, can be concluded by three ideas. Firstly, diversity is not equal to "mixed-use". It requires a higher degree of structure in which it creates spatial experience while we move to pass in time. Secondly, when taking into account diversity we must consider the cognitive dimension of intelligibility. Thirdly, the production of diversity is related to time. Urban forms and spatial structures evolve as the population and economy change over the centuries. This evolution is perceptible in many cities that valued or continue to value the role of diversity in their redevelopment processes. The unpredictability has, so far, shaped the many characteristics of diversity in our cities. Changes in political decisions and economic cycles (as well as social and economic systems) have all created particular trends and diversity of everyday life (Cheshmehzangi, 2020). It is believed that land-use functions are directly linked to open space structure as well as the efficiency of goods and services. Nevertheless, the main idea of diversity is the meaningful spatial relationship when one moves and the rate of exchange with the surrounding environment that is known as "intelligibility". This learnable process is associated with different factors of the environment such as the local geometry of space and the rate of perception by the observer. In the case study of VivaCity2020, it shows that cognition and intelligibil- Our interventions in the built environment are about representation and transmission of meaningful information. However, this information is not expressed in words but perceived through our movement in the city. It is in the essence of these information and meanings carried to generate both the social and the economic behaviours that a collaborative culture takes place. Diversity in design is not necessarily the disparities we image and experience in the physical dimension of design, but is indeed a hidden, but tangible, the value in economic and social dimensions of achieving sustainable design. This requires comprehensive thinking and should aim to address the needs of the community rather than reducing the capacity of the community. It should rather appear as a major force to support a community-oriented approach, and for that innovation through diversity is a necessity. For instance, a particular market is not only consisted of different parts; but also included various social classes and small economies. By applying diversity in an urban sense, we can categorise it into three elements: 1) diversity in spatial structures, 2) diversity of ecologies, and 3) diversity in the information.
Diversity in spatial structures is achieved by a well-structured yet fragmented network that appears to be intelligible on a local scale, unintelligent and scattered on a global scale. This provides opportunities for a diversity of ecologies, with a range of social, cultural, and economic behaviours and uses. The diversity in information is where we learn through correlations through our experience in the environment. As a result, the division of labour creates a diverse social and economic organism that evolves and reproduces over time. It is by this transmission of information that maintains a rich social and cultural life that can evolve in response to changes in the environment. The diversity created is then a kind of "genetic diversity" in a socio-economic form. It is always hard to define and investigate the "mix" of the urban environment. As shown in this study, diversity is not also mixed-use development. It is defined more than the physicality of the urban environments, as such the mixed-use development. Concluding from the above discussions, it is clear that the main idea is about time and space matters. From a historical perspective, the evolution of city and life assist in understanding the present behaviour and future development needs. Diversity is, therefore, a practice that should be better understood and applied in urban planning and economic policy. The economic diversity is the least considered element in planning, yet it is the key driver and decision-maker of maintaining life quality. As a result, a "mixed economy" would be a good manifestation in providing a sustainable urban development; and ultimately, affordable business premises would be as important as affordable housing.

The Limitation of Research and Recommendations to Future Research
in achieving sustainable urbanism. This is looked from the perspective of a community-oriented approach that suggests the multiplicity of the urban regeneration project. One case study is used to discuss this important point in the field of research. This study uses the available research materials from one event in one specific case study, which had a major impact on that specific location.
This limited selection is aimed to highlight one aspect of research, which is the focus area of this paper. As a result of this selection, this research is limited to one case study only with some additional support from other examples. It is also narrated in this way to ensure the focus point is kept at the overarching topic of innovation through urban diversity. If to conduct more elaborate research on this specific topic, it is recommended to do a comparative analysis of multiple cases in the same category, which allows us to evaluate how urban diversity plays its part in regeneration development projects. However, this requires careful selection of case studies that could be comparable or at least in the same timeline.
In doing so, the parameters of comparison should be selected sensibly to ensure consistency across multiple case studies. This comparison approach may also include certain limitations or deficiencies in subjective or biased comparison evaluation. Thus, an elaborate study that includes multiple cases may require further assessment and a range of comparative parameters that are beyond the scope of this research paper. It may also be beyond the scope of a short research study as it would require to consider multiple parameters for an adequate comparative evaluation. Moreover, another recommendation for future research studies is to use one case study that could be assessed throughout a longer period of time.
This is likely to be more feasible than the other recommended research direction. Nevertheless, this research approach is not applicable to the selected case as the later impacts are not completely related to the 2004 event but are partially associated with that time. To do such a study by the consideration of temporal dimension, it is vital to evaluate the regeneration progression throughout multiple stages of pre-development, development, and at least two later stages (short-term and mid-to-long term) after the regeneration project. In both recommended research approaches, it is important to evaluate the role of urban diversity in both positive and negative narratives. In doing so, we could provide more enhanced research that is context-specific and is also related to other topics such as regeneration, community development (or redevelopment), and sustainable urbanism.

Conclusion: Towards Sustainable Urbanism
From the case study of VivaCity2020 and referring to the building trend nowadays, it is corroborated that "wholesale redevelopment" fails to generate diversity in the environment and creates limited development of the socio-economic uses.
The spatial disintegration (or often spatial fragmentation) may prevent the area from redevelopment, but it is also this complex history that accounts for today's diversity (Perdikogianni and Penn, 2005). Referring to the traditional cities, we successful examples that thrived through modern age are often best-facilitated expansion through trade and expression and are also able to adapt continuously to the drastically changing economic, social, and cultural situations. This idea is similar to the "knowledge economy" as it is becoming the defining paradigm of the way we live and work in the 21st century (Harrison et al., 2004;Fachinelli et al., 2014;Fan et al., 2019;Liu et al., 2019). This approach connects demands with various supplies and emphasises upon the creation of ideas. It shows, that in the case study of diversity in the U.S., the attraction of people living in the city is the most determining factor in economic success by reflecting on people and demands, as well as the linking quality of space with the overall urban success.
To conclude, this study explores the idea of applying diversity to create a sustainable urban environment towards undertaking the socio-economic dimension of sustainability. Starting with an ecological analogy, the authors assert the appliances of diversity by land-use patterns and human movement observations as the major methods for such studies or research programmes. The discussion is further supported by the Clerkenwell and the U.S. case studies that suggested the advantages of diversity applications towards achieving sustainable urbanism.
Diversity is clearly a concept that ought to be reinforced in sustainable urbanism (in both planning and design), not just in the community scale but also in design for the suburban areas and extensions to the new towns. It is the interaction and exchange between these spatial, social and informational aspects of the built environment that produce the richness and diversity in everyday life; and as a result, define, re-define and ultimately reproduce genetic sustainable urban environments.