Theropods, Mesoeucrocodiles and Pterosaurs Found from the Latest Maastrichtian Vitakri Formation of Balochistan, Pakistan; Description with Large Photographs and Comparison with Coeval Taxa from Indo-Pakistan Subcontinent

Theropods, mesoeucrocodiles and pterosaurs (along with titanosaurian sau-ropods) are found in two overbank flood deposited mottled muds/shale units (alternated by meandering river deposited sandstone unit) of the latest Maastrichtian (67 - 66 Ma) Vitakri Formation, Barkhan District, Balochistan, Pakistan. These vertebrates coexisted under the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary line of control and became extinct as mass extinction. Previously these taxa lack the detail description but here theropods, mesoeucrocodiles and pterosaur from Pakistan are being described well with large photographs which provide better understanding of fauna from Pakistan and comparison with coeval taxa from Indo-Pakistan subcontinent. These fauna with associated cranial and postcranial skeletons are significant for Gondwanan paleobiogeo-graphy and phylogenetic studies.


Introduction
From the first bone of dinosaur to about 3000 bones and or pieces of bones of archosaurs explored since 2000 from more than 25 localities [1] in the Latest Cretaceous (Latest Maastrichtian 67 -66 Mya) Vitakri Formation [2] [3] [4] [5] of Barkhan District, Balochistan Province, Pakistan [6]- [18]. Most of these bones  . Further at places the fossil locality name followed by locality number is represented in work like Alam 19 or central Alam 19c locality, here Alam or central Alam is locality name and 19 or 19c is locality number (Pakistan dinosaur locality number). These localities with maps are presented by [1].

Diagnosis of Vitakridrinda sulaimani Theropod
Vitakridrinda sulaimani theropod overlapping features with most derived Abelisauroidea Ceratosauria are as broad, small and low crown teeth, large hollow cavity in the centre enveloped by thick peripheral limb bones and medium to large sized amphicoelous vertebrae. Because in Indo-Pakistan, the poripuchian (all caudals are procoelous except first biconvex in a few taxa [6] [7] [8]) the most derived or most advanced titanosaurs coexisted during latest Cretaceous which lack amphicoelous caudal vertebrae. Further Induszalim mesoeucrocodile have relatively very small vertebrae than Vitakridrinda and Vitakrisaurus theropods. Vitakridrinda sulaimani shares with Vitakrisauridae as dorsal centrum with parapophysis on the upper part of anterior caudal centra and forwardly inserted anteriorly neural arch on the dorsal aspect of centra.  Vitakridrinda sulaimani is characterised by the following autapomorphies. Vitakridrinda teeth are anteroposteriorly broad with low crown and have triangular shape with triconvex cross section. Asymmetric convexity (one limb shorter than other limb showing one limb shorter than other limb with different angles) found on one side, and plain surface is found on other side. Vitakridrinda teeth cavity is enveloped by two layer enamel; the blue enamel layer and then outer white enamel layer, while in mesoeucrocodiles from Pakistan only one layer enamel is observed. The blue enamel layer is sandwiched between the teeth cavity and outer white enamel layer. The central cavity of teeth of Vitakridrinda is relatively large (Figure 1) than teeth cavity of mesoeucrocodile Induszalim bala ( Figure 11). The theropod teeth are compared with mesoeucrocodiles because the Vitakridrinda theropod and Induszalim mesoeucrocodile are found in one and same locality and same horizon. Outer cover and envelope on central hollow cavity of teeth of Vitakridrinda is relatively very thin (Figure 1), than the teeth of mesoeucrocodile Induszalim bala ( Figure 11) which have very thick bone enamel envelope or cover. Vitakridrinda have low crown, oval to D-shaped and typically triangular to triconvex teeth. Vitakridrinda have elongated, tall and ventrally expanded dorsal vertebrae while Vitakrisaurus have elongated cylindrical dorsal vertebrae and Rajasaurus [19] have short and tall dorsal vertebrae. Vitakridrinda have elongated and square shaped to cylindrical caudal vertebrae while Vitakrisaurus have elongated and tall caudal vertebrae. Anteroposteriorly elongated fossa on upper part of lateral side of dorsal centrum and extended into neural arch. This fossa also has neurocentral opening and suture. Further another upper fossa is present on the adjoining anterodorsal side which is again anteroposteriorly elongated while in Rajasaurus [19] [19] and Rahiolisaurus [20] have no groove and no lateral bonded ridges in ventral views of dorsal and caudal vertebrae. Vitakridrinda did not have ventral keel in dorsal (Figure 1) ( Figure 2) and also caudal centra (Figure 3), while Rajasaurus [19] and Rahiolisaurus [20] have ventral keel on dorsal and caudal centra. Anterior caudal have ventrodorsally oval shaped transverse process situated on the posterior articular ring. This oval transverse process is relatively thin in the ventral and thick in the mid and dorsal parts. Further this transverse process is not contacted with neural arch while in Vitakrisaurus and also in Rajasaurus [19] the transverse process is extended from centrum to the neural arch. Vitakridrinda has asymmetric oval shaped transverse processes (Figure 3), while Vitakrisaurus has subcircular transverse process and Rahiolisaurus have triangular (cross-section) transverse process. Neural arch on anterior caudal is forwardly inserted while some posterior part is not covered (Figure 3). Vitakridrinda neural canal is dorsoventrally tall suboval shaped in anterior caudal vertebrae while Vitakrisaurus neural canal is dorsoventrally compressed, transversely oval shaped in anterior caudal and also in middle caudal vertebrae. Vitakridrinda have amphicoelous biconcave caudal vertebrae (Figures 1-3), while Rajasaurus [19] and Rahiolisaurus [20] have amphiplatyan or flat articular surfaces or feeble amphicoely. Distal caudal is anteroposteriorly elongated subcylinder type with long parallel ridges alternated by long grooves on all sides (Figure 3), except the anterior and posterior concave articular surfaces. This distal centrum has no apparent neural arch connection. Femur shaft is transversely broad (Figure 1) with thick peripheral bone enveloped on the central hollow cavity (Figure 1). Femoral anterior trochanter is vertically oriented but blunted at tip (Figure 1).

Description of Fossils of Vitakridrinda sulaimani Theropod
Associated Teeth: Holotypic 10 teeth are exposed in irregular shaped lump holotypic specimen MSM-61-19 ( Figure 1) which is about 8cm long and 8cm wide, found with bones of Vitakridrinda theropod, Induszalim mesoeucrocodile and Gspsaurus titanosaurs from central Alam type locality. The teeth in lump cannot be assigned to Gspsaurus titanosaur because the teeth in the Gspsaurus skull [7] are circular and totally different than lump teeth. The teeth of Induszalim are circular and arced asymmetric D-shaped laterally slightly concave and medially convex but not triconvex. Further Induszalim have teeth with one enamel layer while the teeth in lump have two enamel; the blue and outer white enamel layer.
So the third fauna found is the Vitakridrinda theropod. So these lumpy teeth were assigned to Vitakridrinda theropod. Further these teeth are broad with low crown, which is the typical feature of abelisaurian theropods. These teeth are diagnostic and assigned with holotypic postcranial materials of Vitakridrinda which is again diagnostic. One labial convexity show both limb at about 90˚ and other anterior and posterior convexities show limbs angle about 45˚. Holotypic specimen MSM-61-19 includes one large tooth mostly exposed while many others are exposed as cross section. The large tooth is reduced transversely. Tooth crown is extremely low (significant character) and the ratio of the crown height to rostro-caudal width is about 1 -1.5. Tooth anteroposterior breadth is 2.2 cm, labial to lingual depth is about 1.3 cm. Teeth are found embedded in matrix so possible length seems to be low like 2.2 cm or slightly more as broad, this is interpreted due to seeing the decreasing tooth anteroposterior breadth. Teeth are heterodont and conical. About 5 teeth are short, asymmetrical triangular and triconvex, while others are oval and D-shaped teeth. D-shaped teeth have one side flat and other side convex. The large hollow of teeth covered by a thin blue enamel layer and finally outer thin white enamel layer cover (significant character), while the mesoeucrocodile Induszalim bala which show relatively thin hollow with thick enamel white cover. Further one tooth has another replacement tooth inside showing replacement of teeth phenomena ( Figure 1). A few cranial bones like eye peripheral bone/lacrimal and other trirays star like bones are also found in association with teeth in lumpy specimen ( Figure 1).
Teeth are slightly recurved and taper gradually. The ratio of the crown height to antero-posterior width of the tooth base in fully erupted teeth is 1 to 1.5 (like Indosuchus), where as the other carnosaurs this ratio is 3 to 4 [28]. Morphology  [20]. Theropod teeth are some of the most diagnostic fossils from dinosaur assemblages with taxonomic utility to the genus or even species level [30]. Theropod teeth are common because theropod have more than 50 teeth and majority of these lacks root and represent shed teeth upon replacements [31]. Theropod teeth are abundant in the fossil record and broadly used at distinct levels of taxonomic classification [31] [32] [33].
The teeth of Vitakridrinda are triconvex and triangular and slight to strongly compressed sidewise to oval, while Indosuchus teeth are subequal antero-posterior and transverse diameter and highly compressed sidewise and noasaurid theropod teeth from Brazil which are elliptical [34]. Vitakridrinda teeth are triconvex with core large core cavity enveloped by blue enamel and then outer white enamel layer make differentiation from Indosuchus teeth and theropod teeth from India. Further replacement of teeth is also found in one tooth having developed another small tooth in the core of large tooth ( Figure 1). Some slender teeth may belong to last maxillary teeth because [28] mentioned that the last four maxillary teeth are more slender. The reference [35] reported six distinct teeth of theropod which may belong to one taxon [19]. The teeth of Vitakridrinda are broad and less crown than Arcovenator escotae [36] from France who has teeth high (3 -5.5 cm). Further Vitakridrinda has forwardly inserted neural arch on caudal centra while the Arcovenator escotae [36] has neural arch contact with caudal centra on most of the dorsal aspect of centra. The reference [36] mentioned that the paleobiogeographic closer affinity with Indo-Pakistan and Madagascar than South America. They further reported Arcovenator escotae more closely related to taxa from India and Madagascar than to South American forms. Vitakrisaurus has very feeble impression of groove and bounded lateral ridge ( Figure 6), Rajasaurus [19] and Rahiolisaurus [20] have no groove and no lat-  Figure 2). The neurocentral opening suture is found close to the dorsal margin of fossa ( Figure 2). Vitakridrinda has anteroposteriorly elongate lense shaped lower fossa ( Figure 2) like Carnotaurus [37], and unlike Rajasaurus which has subtriangular shaped fossa [19]. The upper fossa is found just above lower fossa on lateral view (  [19] and Rahiolisaurus [20] have no groove and no lateral bonded ridges in ventral views of caudal vertebrae. The cranial rim of the centrum is slightly more than the caudal articular surface. The centrum is in the shape of a subrectangular ( The preserved portions are the proximal shaft, anterior trochanter and subcircular head joint with shaft while interned head is broken. A pair of proximal femora shows hollow in the core and thick walled bone on the periphery. It shows evidence of inturned head with a distinct neck. Anterior trochanter is well developed and slightly blunted (Figure 1). Anteroposterior and transverse diameter of the central hollow cavity is about 5 and 5.5 cm. Thickness of peripheral bone is 1 cm on the ventral side and 2.5 cm just below the inturned head ( Figure   1). The femoral cross section just below the inturned head is slightly oval show the same with originally one femur parts. The distal femur has core hollow cavity same as proximal part. This core cavity is enveloped by thick peripheral bone dorsal side but on ventral side fibrous bone network replaced the hollow, revealing close approach to fibular and tibial condyles. The femur shaft is compressed anteroposteriorly and longer transversely than anteroposteriorly ( Figure   1). This animal may be 7 -10 m long and weighed 5 -10 tons. Huene distinguished two types of femur and tibia like stouter to Indosaurus and slender to Indosuchus. This division is also found in Pakistan like Vitakridrinda has stouter limb bones with thick bone envelope on hollow cavity ( Figure 1) and Vitakrisaurus has slender limb bones with thin bone envelope on hollow cavity ( Figure   6). A low but slightly blunted anterior trochanter on femora ( Figure 1 to that in Ceratosaurus [38] and basal tetanurans such as Allosaurus [39] and Sinraptor [40]. The proximal shaft is broader as in noasaurids [41]. The lateral view of proximal metatarsal II is convex and medial side is concave ( Figure 3).
Metatarsal III (MSM-1043-4) is relatively less thick than metatarsal II. This has central hollow cavity which is surrounded by thick peripheral bones ( Figure 3). This is the reason for referring to Vitakridrinda because Vitakridrinda have thick peripheral bone and Vitakrisaurus have relatively thin peripheral bones. Its end is slightly inflated or expanded. This end has also some rugosity. Metatarsal III is a relatively slender metapodial. The end of metatarsal III is convex, asymmetric and rugose.

Vitakrisaurus saraiki Theropod Dinosaur from Pakistan
Systematic paleontology of Vitakrisaurus saraiki is as follows.

Diagnosis of Vitakrisaurus saraiki Theropod
The Vitakrisaurus saraiki [26] [26] has the following autapomorphic characters. Vitakrisaurus saraiki has cylindrical elongated dorsal centrum ( Figure 6 6) have thick bones. Metacarpal I is short and relatively narrow, metacarpal II is thickest and longest, and metacarpal III are thick and long but slightly less than metacarpal II. Manual phalange I of digit I is longest, phalange II-I and phalange II-II are thick and long, phalange III-I, phalange III-II and phalange III-III are short and expanded on proximal and distal ends. Manual ungual or claw I is thick, robust and slightly recurved downward ( Figure 4).

Description of Fossils of Vitakrisaurus saraiki Theropod
Dorsal Vertebra: One referred dorsal vertebra MSM-57-3 ( Figure 10) from Shalghara 3 is being referred to Vitakrisaurus. This circular dorsal centrum being different than Vitakridrinda, Rajasaurus and Rahiolisaurus dorsal centra, and its location Shalghara 3 is close to holotypic locality of Vitakrisaurus, so it is being assigned to Vitakrisaurus. This vertebra MSM-57-3 include complete centrum ( Figure 6) and provide information especially differentiation from Vitakridrinda, Rajasaurus and Rahiolisaurus. This dorsal centrum is amphicoelous, slightly waisted and has lateral feeble fossa or pleurocoel ( Figure 6). The centrum length is 6.6 cm, width 6.6 cm and length 8.3 cm ( Figure 6). This dorsal centrum is elongated cylindrical with circular shaped articular surfaces ( Figure   6), while dorsal centra of Vitakridrinda is tall and elongated (  Figure 6). The dorsal centrum is not spool-shaped, with its articular faces not deeper than broad while Rajasaurus dorsal centrum is spool-shaped, with its articular faces deeper than broad [19]. Vitakrisaurus have well developed amphicoelous concave articular surfaces ( Figure 11) while the Rahiolisaurus [20] and Rajasaurus [19] have flat or gentle or faint amphicoelous nature. Vitakrisaurus has elongated dorsal centrum ( Figure 6) jointed on all dorsal view anteroposterior length with neural arch.
Anterior Caudal Vertebra: A holotypic anterior caudal centrum MSM-53-2 ( Figure 6) found from mid Bor locality. This centrum is 6.4 cm wide and 7.5 cm high. The anterior caudal vertebrae are relatively short, slightly tall to squarish, amphicoelous, slightly waisted and lack pleurocoel and ventral keel (  [19]. Mid-Caudal Vertebrae: Two holotypic mid-caudals MSM-54-2 and MSM-55-2 ( Figure 5) found from mid Bor locality. Further one mid-caudal vertebra K20/316 and two chevrons (K20/318) ( Figure 6) from Bara Simla hill, Jubbulpore, India [21] are being referred to Vitakrisaurus saraiki due to its similarity with holotypic caudal vertebrae shape and characters from Pakistan and considering India and Pakistan as one land during latest Cretaceous. The reference [21] assigned this amphicoelous (biconcave) caudal vertebra K20/316 of [42] and two chevrons K20/318 to Titanosaurus indicus [43] titanosaur. It is necessary to mention that Titanosaurus indicus [43] can not be used synonym because of dual affinity, one vertebra to Titanosaurs due to procoelous nature and another vertebra to theropods due to amphicoelous biconcave nature. But now we know that the titanosaurs from the latest Cretaceous of Pakistan are Poripuchian in which all tail vertebrae are procoelous (except first biconvex first caudal in a few taxa), while not lithostrotian in which anterior and mid caudals are procoelous. Poripuchians are most derived titanosaurs having full caudal row as procoelous (except first biconvex caudal of a few taxa) while the said vertebra K20/316 ( Figure 6) is amphicoelous biconcave. Its characters like tallness, strong amphicoely, occurrence of well developed chevron facets, ventral groove (without sagital keel) and size matches with Vitakrisaurus saraiki midcaudal vertebrae  Figure 4). The central cavity is trirays ( Figure 4) and also shows diverticulums. The outer morphology represents trirays structures. Its medial portion is relatively flat while the lateral portion has one ray extended lateroanteriorly for the attachment of radius. Its shaft is transversely broad and flattened medially (Figure 4). This element has no parallel in Rajasaurus [19].
Hand/Manus: Holotypic right hand/manus specimen MSM-303-2 was collected from mid Bor. It is best preserved with its some elements articulated and some elements have impressions (Figure 4). The manus is tridactyl. Manus/hand has thick bones. The digit I has carpal, metacarpal I (robust), phalanx I, and hand ungual I/claw I/toe I (Figure 4). The digit II has preserved carpal, metacarpal II, phalange II-1, phalange II-II and possibly ungual II/claw II/toe II). This ungual/claw II is found in the matrix (Figure 4). The digit III has bones and impression of bones like carpal, metacarpal III, phalange III-I, phalange III-II, phalange III-III and ungual III or claw III or toe III. Only one phalange is preserved in the relevant digit III row while other phalanges, toes and carpal found in the matrix just below the digit 1 ( Figure 4) and also may be in the matrix. The metacarpal III impression is preserved. The sample preparation will clear the remaining elements. The carpal I is anteroposteriorly thin plate and has anterior concavity. The metacarpal I is the smallest while Metacarpal II is largest ( Figure 4) and metacarpal III is relatively intermediate (Figure 4). The metacarpal I is expanded at proximal and distal ends while in the middle it seems to be constricted (Figure 4). The metacarpal II is the longest and also thickest ( Figure 4) but middle constriction is not clear. The metacarpal III is intermediate in length and also in thickness than metacarpal I and metacarpal II. The width of metacarpal I is about 7 mm (millimeter) while length is about 21 mm.
The phalanges are robust and elongated having expanded articular surfaces/condyles (Figure 4). The width of phalange of digit I is about 7 mm while length is about 21 mm (Figure 4). The manus elements were preserved in articulation with their position in the foot and provide the possible Phalangeal formula for Vitakrisaurus saraiki.
The possible manual Phalangeal formula 1-2-3 including manual ungual/claw/ toe formula 1-1-1. The central digit (digit II) is longest and also broadest while the left digit (digit I) is short or reduced than other digit II and digit III ( Figure  4).
The right digit (digit III) is intermediate than other digit I and digit II. It means the digit III is smaller than digit II and longer than digit I (Figure 4). The phalange of digit I is elongated. The phalanges of digit II are relatively less elongated. Phalanges of digit III are short and also expected short recurved claw. The non-ungual phalanges have expanded proximal articulation and concave nature while the distal articulation is ginglymoid, with separated condyles, although there is variation in shape.
The ungual/claw of manus is robust. Manual ungual or claw I is thick, robust and slightly recurved downward. The ungual/claw I is three time long than its transverse width and also ventrodorsal height (Figure 4). The thickness and width of claw is becoming less toward posteriorly and show a rounded asymmetrical recurved nature (Figure 4). The ungual phalange is curved, with their tips projected well beneath the base of the proximal articulation ( Figure 4) but not as raptorial as in later theropods [44]. Manus elements are robust in Vitakrisaurus ( Figure 4) than oviraptorid Khaan [45] [46] which have slender manus elements.

Mesoeucrocodiles from the Latest Maastrichtian Vitakri Formation of Pakistan
From India isolated teeth and vertebrae were reported by many authors [47] but these are not diagnostic upto lower level of Mesoeucrodiles. From Pakistan three diagnostic mesoeucrocodiles (Figures 7-12) are known like Pabwehshi pakistanensis [47] attributed on cranial materials (Figure 12), Induszalim bala based on cranial and postcranial materials (Figures 7-11) and Sulaimanisuchus kinwai also based on cranial and postcranial materials ( Figure 12) found from Pakistan.
Here the description of Induszalim bala and Sulaimanisuchus kinwai along with large photographs/photos of their fossils and comparison with Pabwehshi pakistanensis and some other mesoeucrocodiles are presented.

Induszalim bala Mesoeucrocodile from Pakistan
Systematic paleontology of Induszalim bala is as follows.
Induszalim bala has third premaxillary circular tooth (Figure 11), while Pabwehshi has strongly transversely compressed oval third premaxillary tooth ( Figure 12). Induszalim bala has one large D-shaped fenestra between the second and third premaxillary teeth which may accommodate the third dentary  (Figure 11), while Pabwehshi has a large fenestra but medially oriented and off set from teeth axis [47]. Induszalim bala has a diastematic fossa just lateral to a large D-shaped fenestra between the second and third premaxillary teeth ( Figure 11) which is trended anterolaterally, while Pabwehshi has a large fenestra but medially oriented and off set from teeth axis [47]. Induszalim bala has subrectangle shaped vomer ( Figure 11). Induszalim bala has two pair of relatively small parasaggital fenestrae located between the jaw axis and mid line, however one pair of fenestra is just close to midline (Figure 11), while Pabwehshi has only a pair of large fenestra. Induszalim bala has maxillary diastematic fossa probably between maxillary second and third teeth for the accommodation of possibly large dentary tooth 6. Induszalim bony secondary plate is formed by premaxilla, maxilla and palatine, while Pabwehshi secondary plate is formed by  (Figure 7), the circular or subcircular teeth with no compression or slight compression, asymmetric D-shaped arced teeth with lateroposterior side concave and anteromedial side is convex ( Figure   11). Induszalim bala has non-compressed or slightly compressed teeth ( Figure  11), while Sulaimanisuchus has moderately compressed teeth (Figure 12), and Pabwehshi has strongly compressed teeth ( Figure 12). Induszalim bala has asymmetric concavo-convexo arced teeth (Figure 11), while Sulaimanisuchus and Pabwehshi has no any teeth like this ( Figure 11). Induszalim bala has reduced premaxilla with only three teeth. The first premaxillary tooth in snout The first premaxillary tooth is circular to subcircular in Induszalim ( Figure  11), while the first premaxillary tooth in Pabwehshi is strongly transversely compressed ( Figure 12). The first premaxillary tooth is oriented on jaw axis in Induszalim (Figure 11), while it is off set from jaw axis in Pabwehshi. The second premaxillary teeth are asymmetric D-shaped arced (lateroposteriorly slightly concave and anteromedially convex) in Induszalim, while the second premaxillary tooth in Pabwehshi is strongly transversely compressed. In Induszalim the first and third premaxillary tooth are relatively large than premaxillary tooth second. In Induszalim, the size of teeth from premaxillary tooth 1 to tooth 2 decreasing and then again increases to premaxillary tooth 3. While in contrast in Pabwehshi the size of teeth from premaxillary tooth 1 to tooth 3 is increasing. The anterolaterally oblique fenestra seems to be found between the premaxillary tooth 2 and tooth 3 in Induszalim, while it is trended laterally between the premaxillary tooth 2 and tooth 3 in Pabwehshi. The one preserved maxillary tooth is large and circular to subcircular like premaxillary third tooth, and another tooth is arced asymmetric D-shaped with one side slightly concave and other side is convex like premaxillary second tooth. Both these maxillary teeth are separated by diastematic fossa. The posterior maxillary and posterior dentary teeth are relatively small and relatively more spaced than premaxillary teeth ( Figure 11). Induszalim has two sagital pair of relatively small fenestra on palatal which is relatively close to mid line (Figure 11), while Pabwehshi has relatively large and away from mid line. One pair of small fenestra is found close to midline while second pair is relative away from midline ( Figure 11). The vomer is subrectangular shaped and located on midline. These fossils show two diastematic fossae in jaws for the adjustment of opposite ramus large two teeth.
Rostrum/Snout articulated with dentary symphysis from Alam: The rostrum/snout MSM-155-19 is ornamented with pitted and sculptured grooves and ridges that are distributed most densely on the lateral side of left dentary and also on maxilla. These sculptures are mostly found as anteroposteriorly elongate, discontinuous, pitted, rope like structure especially on the maxilla and nasal (Figure 8). This rostrum is D-shaped at cross section. The height of the rostrum is 3/4 (three-quarters) its width (Figure 7) like Pabwehshi. Toward the tip of the rostrum, these dimensions are nearly same. In Induszalim the external nares are sub terminal and not terminal (Figure 7) (Figure 8) while in Pabwehshi [47] it is terminal. The external narial fossa faces anterolaterally and laterodorsally. The external naris bordered anteroventrally by a broad, smooth fossa which is ventrally bounded by an elevated strip of premaxilla (Figure 7). This elevated premaxillary strip is found in Induszalim, while it is not found in Pabwehshi. The rostrum has many small and large internal pneumatic cavities.
The premaxilla is sub-quadrangular in left lateral and right lateral views and this statement is true for Induszalim but not for Pabwehshi. The Pabwehshi follows the [54] statement that "a bony secondary palate formed by these same two bones the premaxilla and maxilla" while Induszalim did not follow this.
One dorsal vertebra ( Figure 11) and two caudal vertebrae ( Figure 9) are described here. One dorsal centrum from Mari Bohri 15 is referred to Induszalim due to size and same horizon. The dorsal centrum ( Figure 11) is relatively robust, thick and big in size than caudal vertebrae. Its centrum is long, slightly tall and slightly waisted. Its width is 1.7 cm, height is 1.9 cm and length is 2.9 cm.
The  (Figure 11) in Induszalim while it is wavy in dorsal vertebrae of Campinasuchus dinizi [55]. A partial distal rib 3 cm long and more than 1 cm wide is preserved in the holotypic materials. It is strip and belt like slightly tapering to distal ends. This rib is transversely compressed and anteroposteriorly elongated. This holotypic rib of Induszalim bala matches with the holotypic rib of Khuzdarcroco zahri [15] found from Khuzdar. This is the reason the Khuzdarcroco zahri rib is here being referred to Induszalim bala. The referred mid rib is belt like slightly recurved and seems to be massive ( Figure 11).
This preserved partial mid rib length is 6 cm, width is 2.5 cm and depth is 1 cm The proximal ulna is tri-rays ( Figure 9). This is significantly expanded proximally. The proximal extremity of the ulna is more than three times wider than the diaphysis. The cnemial crest is prominent. The preserved cross section of shaft is subtriangular to oval shaped. One side of cross section is thick and another side is thin (Figure 9).
The iliac plate is partially preserved (Figure 10). It is slightly arced and thick plate. On one ventral side, it has the arc type shaped acetabulum for the adjustment of femur head and anteroposterior rotation of femur during locomotion.
The distal femur ( Figure 10) shows preserved distal length 7 cm, distal condyles width 3.5 cm and depth 2.5 cm. The complete femur may be 20 cm long.
The femur is moderately robust and expanded distally. The tibial condyle is greater in size than fibular condyle. The tibial condyle transverse width is 2.6 cm and depth is about 2 cm while fibular condyle width is 1.8 cm and depth is 1.5 cm. Cross section of shaft is elliptical and maximum on the distal condylar part and decreasing proximally. The shaft seems to be slightly curved/sigmoid. The Intercondylar fossa between the fibular and tibial condyle of distal femur is prominent ( Figure 10). The prominent dorsoventrally elongated convexities exposed anteriorly on the medial and lateral diaphysis margin (of distal femur) and join the respective tibial and fibular condyles. Induszalim has elliptical femoral shaft like Campinasuchus dinizi [55], while in contrast the Adamantinasuchus navae [56] and Mariliasuchus amarali [57] have oval femoral shaft.
The holotypic proximal tibia (Figure 9) is generally flattened type, transversely compressed and elongated anteroposteriorly. Its anteroposterior length of proximal tibia is strongly more than its transverse width. The cnemial crest is laterally directed. Its preserved shaft cross section is elongated anteroposteriorly.
The tibia is articulated with fibula ( Figure 9). The proximal fibula is strip or belt like, anteroposteriorly elongated and transversely compressed (Figure 9). Fibula has almost same anteroposterior length all along the reserved portion.
The collected metapodials (metacarpals and metatarsals; Figure 10) which are transversely wide and broad to strongly broad, and dorsoventrally compressed ( Figure 10) showing planatar or semiplanatar locomotion style. Their cross section shows oval to subcircular hollow cavity in the core which is enveloped by peripheral bone. The metacarpals and metatarsals shaft cross section are thick and long ( Figure 10). Any metacarpals/metatarsals collected did not show fused phalanges, revealing that the phalanges are unfused.
Further the egg ( Figure 11) collected from late Cretaceous strata of Karkh locality, Khuzdar District, Balochistan (in the western Kirthar Range) is being assigned to a large turtle or crocodile due to its size. The egg ( Figure 11) is oval shaped with white thin outer spongy layer and fine muddy amorphous internal core may be preserved after hatching or before the development of infant. The outer shell cover is porous with white and grey colors. Preserved half egg length is 4 cm, diameters are 3.8 and 4.2 cm (Figure 11).

Discussion on Induszalim bala and Its Paleobiogeographic Affinity
Induszalim and Pabwehshi have relatively deep rostrum, and divided anterolaterally facing external nares exclude these from Neosuchia, which is characterized by a dorsoventrally compressed rostrum and confluent, dorsally facing external nares [54]. Induszalim and Pabwehshi has a smooth narial fossa surrounding the ventral and lateral portions of the external naris, as in baurusuchids (Baurusuchus), peirosaurids (Peirosaurus, Stolokrosuchus), and Araripesuchus. Chimaerasuchus but differs in this respect from other notosuchids (Notosuchus, Malawisuchus, Simosuchus). The reference [52] mentioned that Pabwehshi has a sagital torus on its maxillary palatal shelves -a character that is absent in baurusuchids.
The neurocentral suture line found on the lateral side of centra is generally straight but with butt type in fine tuning in Induszalim bala while it is wavy in dorsal vertebrae of Campinasuchus dinizi [55]. A partial rib is belt like slightly recurved and seems to be massive.  [67] from Madagascar, which revealed the early common seed radiation during Early Cretaceous when these lands united or connected with land bridges. In this way latest Cretaceous mesoeucrocodiles, theropods and titanosaurs showed more affinity to Gondwana lands (Southern Earth), and titanosaurs showed also some affinity to Europe and South America (Laurasia, Northern Earth).

Sulaimanisuchus kinwai Mesoeucrocodile from Pakistan
Sulaimanisuchus kinwai [26] holotypic dentary and associated humerus ( Figure   12) found from the latest Maastrichtian (67 -66 Ma) Vitakri Formation of Kinwa, Barkhan District, Balochistan. Anteriormost snout (MSM-140-3) ( Figure   12) from Shalghara is being referred to Sulaimanisuchus kinwai due to overlapping of moderately compressed teeth (autapomorphy), because Induszalim has mostly non-compressed (autapomorphy) to weakly compressed teeth, and Pabwehshi has mostly strongly compressed teeth (autapomorphy). Sulaimanisuchus kinwai have autapomorhies of moderately compressed teeth, first dentary tooth is small and circular, first mandibular tooth is D-shaped moderately compressed moderate size tooth, subcircular proximal epiphysis and a feeble lateral ridge started from proximal epiphysis to midshaft of humerus ( Figure 12). The premaxillary and mandibular teeth show mostly moderately compressed to a few subcircular teeth. Further the first premaxillary tooth of Sulaimanisuchus kinwai is asymmetric moderately compressed oval shaped (anterior side thick and posterior side thin), while in Induszalim the first premaxillary tooth is circular or subcircular, and in Pabwehshi the first premaxillary tooth is highly compressed oval shaped. The mandibular rami symphysis consists of fused dentaries and splenial preserved from their posterior margin at the fifth alveolus forward. This mandible is D shaped arc with less shallow at the anterior part and relatively more deep in the posterior part. Its transverse width is maximum at the position of d4 (dentary tooth 4) and become gradually decreasing toward anterior to d1 and abruptly decreasing towards posterior to d5. The first dentary tooth is thin and peg like which is close to mid line. The d2 and d3 are relatively thicker than d1. The d4 is relatively enlarged and more thick and oval than d1, d2 and d3.
The d5 is also enlarged and thicker than d1, d2 and d3, and located close to splenial and midline relative to d4 and d3. In this way d5 is off set strongly  p7-10, Pabwehshi pakistanensis referred dentary GSP/MSM-6-3 (GSP-UM-2001; [47]) discovered and collected by present author from Shalghara 3 locality. Scale, each black or white digit is 1 cm. Abbreviations, d1, dentary tooth 1; d2, dentary tooth 2; d3, dentary tooth 3; d4, dentary tooth 4; d5, dentary tooth 5; di, diastema; df, diastematic fossa; f, foramen; m1, maxillary tooth 1; m2, maxillary tooth 2; pm1, premaxillary tooth 1; pm2, premaxillary tooth 2; pm3, premaxillary tooth 3; sp, splenial; v, vomer. medially (autapomorphy). Possible a diastema may be existed between d4 and d5 or d5 and d6. The arrangement of dentary teeth is different than Induszalim and Pabwehshi. The separation displacement of d1 and d2 is slightly more than the inter displacement between other teeth. The portion of splenial anterior to d6 is preserved. The splenial contacts the medial aspects of the dentary along its height from the base of the jaw ramus to the alveolar margin. The splenial extends medially to the midline and participates in the symphysis. Splenial contacts are clear and straight forming V-shaped seen on ventral view. The dentary portion of the mandibular symphysis extends from the back of the mid alveolus of d4 anteriorly, whereas the splenial makes up the portion from the back of the mid alveolus of d4 posteriorly. Only the first dentary tooth is rounded while remaining most of preserved teeth are moderately compressed oval shaped. The size difference is found in many teeth. The dorsal part of preserved dentary is mostly covered by matrix, however the ventral side is comparatively clean and show pitted surface. The midline contact of splenial and dentary is butt suture type but in general mostly straight ( Figure 12). The holotypic proximal humerus ( Figure 12) is expanded transversely and very wide in the proximal surface while decreasing toward down forming suboval to oval shape diaphysis. The deltopectoral crest is partially preserved and partially destroyed. The preserved humerus shaft seems to be straight. The humerus proximal epiphysis is located on medial corner. The epiphysis shape is subcircular in Sulaimanisuchus ( Figure  12), while it is dorsoventrally long oval shaped in Induszalim (Figure 9). A feeble lateral ridge started from proximal epiphysis of proximal humerus and travel downward upto preserved shaft (Figure 12), while this ridge is prominent in Induszalim bala ( Figure 9). Cross section of shaft have oval hollow cavity in the centre enveloped by thin peripheral bone ( Figure 12).

Saraikisaurus minhui Pterosaur-the Flying Reptile from the Latest Cretaceous of Indo-Pakistan Subcontinent
The reference [72] were the first to report jaw fragment of pterosaur in a latest  [9] reported holotypic dentary ramus (lower beak) with articulated teeth (Figure 13) of Saraikisaurus minhui [9] Saraikisauridae Pterodactyloidea from Pakistan and the referred jaw with overlapped teeth from the latest Cretaceous Lameta Formation of India [72] to Saraikisaurus minhui. Here main purpose is to present large photo for better understanding. Saraikisaurus minhui is large sized, latest and youngest pterosaurs and have basal characters survived upto end Cretaceous extinction. Its beak ramus is slender with internal pneumatic texture. Its teeth are anteroposteriorly long and transversely compressed, oval to suboval, mostly overlapped and obliquely oriented. Its sockets are close to each other showing large number of teeth as a basal character which is contrary to most of the coeval pterosaurs. The preserved beak ramus is 5.8 cm long, 2 cm high and 1 cm wide. The first tooth on preserved dentary beak ramus is 6 mm anteroposteriorly and 4 mm transversely wide, the second tooth is 8 mm anteroposteriorly and 4 mm transversely wide, the third tooth is 6 mm anteroposteriorly and 4 mm transversely wide, the fourth tooth is 7 mm anteroposteriorly and 4 mm transversely wide, the fifth tooth is 9 mm anteroposteriorly and 5 mm transversely wide, sixth tooth is small in size and may showing replacement tooth, the tooth seven is 4 mm anteroposteriorly and 3 mm transversely wide and the eight tooth is 6 mm anteroposteriorly and 4 mm transversely wide ( Figure 13). These measurements reveal that the transverse widths are mostly constant and also half of anteroposteriorly length. Open Journal of Geology kistan. P4, estimated line drawing of teeth in jaw reported from Kotah, Rajasthan, India [72] was referred [9] to Saraikisaurus minhui. Scale, each black/white digit is 1 cm. Scale bar in line drawing is 1 cm.
All the teeth crown are eroded. The teeth are heterodont in size. The teeth central cavity and peripheral bone are dominantly exposed as cross section. Most of the teeth are obliquely set having direction from anterolaterally to medioposteriorly and show overlapping with each others. Saraikisaurus minhui pterosaur is freshwater riverine pterosaur distributed in Indo-Pakistan while the other Jurassic Rhamphorhynchus [74] and Campylognathoides indicus [75] are the lacustrine pterosaurs from Indo-Pakistan subcontinent.

Conclusions
Two theropods Vitakridrinda and Vitakrisaurus are recognized from Pakistan. Three mesoeucrocodiles are recognized from Indo-Pakistan like Induszalim which consists of circular or subcircular teeth or slightly compressed teeth, the Sulaimanisuchus which consists of moderately compressed teeth, and the Pabwehshi which consists of strongly compressed teeth, while all these 3 taxa have distinct teeth orientations and morphologies. A pterosaur Saraikisaurus minhui recognized from the latest Cretaceous of Indo-Pakistan. Four Poripuchian most derived titanosaur were recognized from Indo-Pakistan like Pakisaurus [6] and Isisaurus [6] [76] pakisaurid poripuchian and Gspsaurus [7] and Saraikimasoom [8] gspsaurid poripuchian titanosaurs. Beside these some other biota were recently recognized from Pakistan [9]. Most of these latest Cretaceous vertebrates have cranial and postcranial skeletons and show strong link to Gondwana lands like Madagascar and Malawi (Africa) and Argentina and Brazil (South America). However some features show correlation with Laurasian taxa. These vertebrates have significant cranial and postcranial fossils for paleobiogeography, comparisons, systematic and phylogenetic studies.